柚皮素纳米晶体的制备及体外性质研究

目的:制备一种新型的柚皮素纳米晶体并对其进行表征和体外评价。方法:通过高压均质法制备柚皮素纳米结晶;对制备得到的柚皮素纳米晶体进行粒径测定、DSC分析、X-射线衍射分析和傅里叶红外图谱分析,并测定柚皮素纳米晶体的溶解度和体外溶出度。结果:柚皮素纳米晶体的平均粒径为(467±12) nm,DSC、X-射线衍射及傅里叶红外图谱结果表明将柚皮素制备成柚皮素纳米结晶并未改变药物的晶型和化学结构,溶解度和体外溶出度实验结果表明,与柚皮素原料药相比,柚皮素纳米晶体的溶解度和溶出度均有显著地提高。结论:本文通过制备柚皮素纳米晶体,显著地提高了柚皮素的溶解度和体外溶出度,为柚皮素的临床应用提供了新选择。     

尼索地平纳米混悬液的制备及其体外溶出度

目的制备、优化尼索地平纳米混悬液,检测研磨介质残留,评价尼索地平纳米混悬液的体外溶出度。方法采用介质研磨法制备尼索地平纳米混悬液,以粒径为指标筛选、优化处方,利用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪测定研磨介质的残留,采用浆法评价尼索地平纳米混悬液的体外溶出。结果最优处方为尼索地平与PVP-K30质量比4∶1,其平均粒径为(445.5±2.8)nm,zeta电位为(0.294±1.00)m V,20 min时纳米混悬液累积溶出(87.0±4.5)%,在4℃和20℃条件下,该纳米混悬液30 d内物理稳定性良好。结论采用介质研磨法制备的纳米混悬液可以提高尼索地平的体外溶出度。     

介质研磨法制备他达拉非纳米混悬液研究

目的:采用介质研磨法制备他达拉非纳米混悬液,以提高他达拉非的溶出度和生物利用度。方法:以粒径、多分散指数(PDI)、Zeta电位和物理稳定性为评价指标,优化处方和工艺参数;采用扫描电镜(SEM)、X-射线粉末衍射法(XRPD)、差示扫描量热法(DSC)对样品进行表征,HPLC法测定他达拉非纳米混悬液体外溶出度,UPLC-MS/MS法检测大鼠中他达拉非的血药浓度。结果:他达拉非纳米混悬液最优处方为他达拉非质量分数2%、HPC 1%和SDS 0.1%;最优工艺为粒径0.1 mm氧化锆珠,转速3 000 r·min^-1,研磨时间30 min。制备的他达拉非纳米混悬液PDI为0.173±0.013,Zeta电位为(－22.6±0.4) mV,纳米颗粒为棒状结晶,粒径为(218.2±1.3) nm,分布均匀,晶型稳定;体外溶出度10 min内达到99%,大鼠体内生物利用度为原料药的4.01倍,在室温条件下放置6个月稳定性良好。结论:介质研磨法制备他达拉非纳米混悬液方法简单,产品稳定性好,能显著提高他达拉非溶出度和生物利用度。     

柠檬苦素纳米混悬剂和冻干粉的制备及体外评价

目的:制备柠檬苦素纳米混悬剂及其冻干粉末，并进行体外评价。方法:以纳米混悬剂粒径为指标，单因素考察投药量、稳定剂用量、大豆磷脂(SPC)占稳定剂的比例等影响。采用Box-Behnken响应面法优化柠檬苦素纳米混悬剂的处方工艺，测定粒径及Zeta电位，并采用扫描电镜法观察纳米粒子形貌。冷冻干燥法制备柠檬苦素纳米混悬剂冻干粉，X射线粉末衍射法分析存在状态，平衡法测定溶解度，透析袋法评价其体外溶出度。结果:柠檬苦素纳米混悬剂最佳处方为：投药量为30 mg,稳定剂用量为88 mg,大豆磷脂占稳定剂比例为60%。平均粒径为(187.29±6.46)nm,与Box-Behnken响应面法预测值接近。Zeta电位值为(-31.58±1.77)mV,柠檬苦素纳米粒子外貌为球形或类球形。X射线粉末衍射法结果显示柠檬苦素纳米混悬剂冻干粉中以无定型状态存在，溶解度提高至95.63倍，纳米混悬剂在240 min累积溶出度达到96.11%。结论:将柠檬苦素制备成纳米混悬剂冻干粉可以提高其溶解度和溶出度，为进一步临床开发奠定了基础。     

盐酸雷洛昔芬纳米晶体的制备及口服生物利用度研究

摘要：目的:制备盐酸雷洛昔芬纳米晶体（RLX-NCs）,并考察其口服生物利用度。方法:以泊洛沙姆188和十二烷基硫酸钠作为稳定剂,采用高压均质法制备RLX-NCs,并经喷雾干燥固化成固体粉末;比较RLX-NCs在固化前、后的粒径分布及Zeta电位的变化情况,在扫描电镜下观察RLX-NCs及其固体粉末的微观结构,测定RLX-NCs在不同pH介质溶液中的溶解度,考察RLX-NCs的体外溶出情况,评价RLX混悬液和RLX-NCs经大鼠口服给药后的体内药动学以及生物利用度。结果:RLX-NCs在喷雾干燥前后的平均粒径、PDI和Zeta电位值基本无变化;在扫描电镜下可观察到RLX-NCs呈不规则颗粒状分布,喷雾干燥后呈多孔球状;RLX-NCs在不同pH介质溶液中的溶解度明显提高;RLX-NCs的溶出速度明显加快,在10 min内药物可完全溶出;将RLX制备成纳米晶体后其口服生物利用度显著提高。结论:本研究将盐酸雷洛昔芬制备成纳米晶体,处方设计合理,易于放大生产,可显著提高盐酸雷洛昔芬的口服生物利用度。     

阿奇霉素固体分散体制备工艺研究

目的比较不同方法制备难溶性阿奇霉素固体分散体的体外溶出度,优化制备工艺。方法选择不同载体,并采用热熔挤出法和喷雾干燥法制备阿奇霉素固体分散体,并与气流粉碎技术制备的样品比较。采用饱和溶解度和体外累积溶出度判定不同方法所制备成品的差异。结果 2种固体分散体制备技术均能加快药物的溶出度,同时均优于气流粉碎制备的样品。结论相比热熔挤出法,采用喷雾干燥法制备的固体分散体更能显著提高药物的饱和溶解度和溶出度。     

羟基喜树碱纳米晶制备及药剂学性质研究

目的：制备羟基喜树碱纳米晶体并进行药剂学性质研究。方法：采用湿法介质研磨制备羟基喜树碱纳米晶体;用马尔文激光粒度仪测定羟基喜树碱纳米晶体的平均粒径和多分散指数（PDI）;用扫描电镜观察晶体形态;用X-射线粉末衍射法（XRPD）、差示扫描量热法（DSC）及傅里叶红外光谱法（FTIR）分析晶型和化学结构有无变化;用透析袋法测定纳米晶体的溶出度。结果：制备的羟基喜树碱纳米晶体平均粒径为104 nm,PDI值为0.215;羟基喜树碱纳米化前后晶型和化学结构没有发生明显的改变;纳米化后的药物溶出度明显提高,药物溶出参数T₅₀和T_D（药物溶出50.0%和63.2%所需时间）显著减少。结论：湿法介质研磨制备羟基喜树碱纳米晶体方法可行,平均粒径较小且分布较均匀;研磨后的羟基喜树碱晶型未被破坏,仍为结晶态;制成的羟基喜树碱纳米晶体溶出性能明显改善。     

格列本脲纳米片的制备及溶出度考察

目的：制备格列本脲纳米片,并对其体外溶出度进行考察。方法采用介质研磨法制备格列本脲纳米混悬液,然后通过流化干燥工艺将其脱水干燥成固体颗粒,并制备成片剂。考察纳米混悬剂的粒径分布、Zeta 电位和形态。比较格列本脲纳米混悬颗粒、纳米片和原料药的溶出速率和溶出量。结果格列本脲纳米混悬颗粒的粒径为（264.4±43.5）nm,多分散系数为0.269±0.021,Zeta电位为（-37.3±4.5）mV;扫描电镜显示纳米混悬颗粒粒径均一。制备的格列本脲纳米干混悬颗粒和片剂的体外累积溶出度明显高于格列本脲原料药。结论介质研磨法制备格列本脲纳米混悬颗粒的工艺简单易行,格列本脲纳米片能显著提高药物的体外溶出度。     

纯水飞蓟素纳米结晶制备及体外性质研究

目的:探索采用高压均质法制备稳定性佳的纯水飞蓟素纳米结晶的可能性,为后续纯药物纳米结晶体内研究奠定试验基础。方法:采用高压均质技术,通过筛选药物投入量、高剪切分散时间、均质压力、均质次数等关键参数,以粒径、多分散指数(PDI)等为指标,筛选出最佳的纯水飞蓟素纳米结晶处方及工艺,并对所制备纳米结晶的粒径、外观形态、晶型、溶解度、溶出行为及稳定性等体外性质进行研究。结果:所优选的纯药物纳米结晶的平均粒径为(449.8±7.56) nm,PDI为0.281±0.017。与含有稳定剂的水飞蓟素纳米结晶相比,纯水飞蓟素纳米结晶显示出相似且良好的稳定性。此外,所制备的纯药物纳米结晶将水飞蓟素在纯水中的溶解度提高了1.41倍,在不同水性介质均提高了水飞蓟素的溶出速率,其中在纯水中溶出速率增加最为显著,30 min内溶出度由38.5%增加至92.2%。结论:本研究成功制备了稳定的纯水飞蓟素纳米结晶,为后续系统开展纯药物纳米结晶的促口服吸收机制及药动学等研究奠定了工作基础。     

微型化介质研磨法制备延胡索乙素纳米混悬剂

目的制备延胡索乙素纳米混悬剂(tetrahydropalmatine nanosuspension,THP-NS),对其形态和晶型进行表征,并考察其体外溶出特性和制剂稳定性。方法以25 mL螺口玻璃瓶作为研磨室,以磁力搅拌装置作为动力来源,构建微型化介质研磨设备。采用单因素试验法对THP-NS的稳定剂的种类和用量进行优选,得到最佳制备处方:延胡索乙素固定为0.8 g,羟丙甲纤维素E5(hydroxypropyl methylcellulose E5,HPMC-E5)40 mg与十二烷基硫酸钠(sodium dodecyl sulfate SDS)10 mg作为THP-NS的稳定剂联合使用,蒸馏水0.01 L;采用正交试验法对其制备工艺中的研磨介质体积、研磨转速以及研磨时间进行优化,得到最优的制备工艺参数:研磨介质体积为10 mL,研磨转速为1 600 r·min~(-1),研磨时间为4 h。结果以最优处方和工艺制备的3批THP-NS样品的粒径均在200 nm左右,多分散度指数(polydispersity index,PDI)均小于0.2,在稳定性考察中其平均粒径波动也均在30 nm内;而在其体外溶出考察中,THP-NS在磷酸盐缓冲液(pH 6.8)中,5 min即可溶出(95.91±2.09)%,体外溶出效果明显优于药物的粗混悬液。结论采用微型化介质研磨法制备THP-NS,为NS的研究发展提供了更多参考。     

Preparation,characterization and pharmacokinetics of 10-hydroxy-camptothecin nanosuspension

10-Hydroxycamptothecin (HCPT) is a broad-spectrum anticancer drug, while its low solubility and instability severely limit its application. In this study, HCPT nanosuspension (HCPT-NSP), also known as nanocrystal, was prepared by micro-precipitationcombined with high-pressure homogenization method. This nanosuspension was characterized by size, shape, zeta potential, drug loading efficiency and in vitro drug release behavior. Preferred formulation and process showed that particle size was (129.8±13.9) nm, PDI was 0.20±0.07, and drug loading efficiency was 36.5%±9.5%. Moreover, HCPT nanocrystal concentration reached(1.35±0.2) mg/mL in HCPT-NSP, which was more than 1000-fold higher than that of HCPT. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) results showed that the nanosuspension was short rod in shape. X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), derivative thermogravimetric analysis (DTA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) further elaborated the crystal state of the HCPT. The drug concentration-time curve of HCPT-NSP in rats was in accordance with the three-compartment model, showing prolonged half-life. Taken together, our data suggested that HCPT-NSP was a promising drug delivery system.     

Felodipine nanosuspension: a faster in vitro dissolution rate and higher oral absorption efficiency

In the present work, nanocrystals were prepared to improve oral bioavailability of felodipine. Several important formulation factors and process parameters were explored, optimized and analyzed systematically. The prepared nanocrystals were characterized for morphology, particle size, zeta potential, possible crystallization changes, release behavior and oral absorption. The morphology of the obtained nanocrystals was found to be rod shape. The particle size and zeta potential were 140 ± 10 nm and -29.11 mV, respectively. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis indicated that felodipine had undergone crystal form transition. The dissolution rate of felodipine was significantly increased and the AUC_0 -t value of felodipine colloidal dispersion in beagle dogs was approximately 1.6-fold greater than that of the commercial tablets. Nanocrystals impose a faster dissolution rate and higher oral absorption efficiency than raw crystals, and show great potential as an effective strategy for improving oral bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs.     

Preparation,characterization and pharmacokinetic studies of total paeony glycoside nanocrystals

Total paeony glycoside (TPG) is obtained from Radix Paeoniae Rubra with a variety of bioactivities. However, the low solubility and bioavailability limit its application. The present study aimed to develop TPG nanocrystals to increase the dissolution and then improve the oral bioavailability. TPG nanocrystals were prepared via precipitation and high-pressure homogenization method. The physical-chemical properties of the optimal TPG nanocrystals in terms of particle size, zeta potential, morphology and crystallinity were evaluated. The results showed that TPG nanocrystals had a mean particle size of (210.2±2.5) nm, a polydispersity index of 0.191±0.033 and a zeta potential of (–22.4±1.2) mV. The result of differential scanning calorimetry showed that the nanocrystals were still in crystalline state after the preparation procedure. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) results showed that the nanosuspension was in spherical shape. The pharmacokinetics of TPG nanocrystals for rats was investigated by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectroscopy (LC-MS/MS). Compared with the TPG coarse suspension, TPG nanocrystals exhibited significant increase in AUC_0–∞ (approximately 1.85-fold). Taken together, TPG nanocrystals could be used as a promising drug delivery system due to the enhanced oral bioavailability of TPG.     

紫杉醇纳米晶混悬液的制备及表征

目的 对紫杉醇纳米晶混悬液的处方和制备工艺进行优化,对所优化的混悬液进行物理表征,并考察其体外释放特征。方法 采用单因素试验法筛选高压均质机制备紫杉醇纳米晶混悬液的处方工艺;使用透射电镜等考察纳米晶外观形态、粒径分布;采用高效液相色谱法考察其平衡溶解度、体外释放特征。结果 制备的纳米晶的平均粒径为(239.5±1.98)nm,PDI为0.111±0.011,Zeta电位为-(24.6±1.13)mV;电镜下紫杉醇纳米晶呈短棒状,均匀分布;纳米晶体在水和pH 7.4的PBS溶液中的平衡溶解度分别是原料药的1 800倍和250倍;在0.5%SDS-PBS(pH 7.4)溶液中紫杉醇纳米晶体5 min释放91.6%,物理混合物2 h释放67.7%。结论 制备的紫杉醇纳米晶混悬液粒径分布均匀,处方简单,制备工艺简便可行,且显著提高了紫杉醇的溶解度和释放速率。     

Studies on the preparation, characterization and pharmacokinetics of Amoitone B nanocrystals

Amoitone B, as a new derivative of cytosporone B, has been proved to be a natural agonist for Nur77. It exhibits remarkable anticancer activity in vivo and has the potential to be a therapeutic agent for cancer treatment. However, the poor solubility and dissolution rate result in low therapeutic index for injection and low bioavailability for oral administration, therefore limiting its application. In order to magnify the clinical use of Amoitone B, nanocrystal was selected as an application technology to solve the above problems. In this study, the optimized Amoitone B nanocrystals with small and uniform particle size were successfully prepared by microfluidization method and investigated by morphology, size distribution, and zeta potential. The differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed there was no crystalline state changed in the size reduction process. For Amoitone B nanocrystals, an accelerated dissolution velocity and increased saturation solubility were achieved in vitro and a markedly different pharmacokinetic property in vivo was exhibited with retarded clearance and magnified AUC compared with Amoitone B solution. These results implied that developing Amoitone B as nanocrystals is a promising choice for intravenous delivery and further application for cancer therapy.     

Preparation and in vitro–in vivo evaluation of surface-modified poly(lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticles as controlled release carriers for flutamide delivery

Abstract

This investigation explores the use of methoxy polyethylene glycol (mPEG) functionalised poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) nanocrystals of flutamide (FLT) with enhanced solubility, bioavailability and blood circulation time for targeting prostate cancer. FLT had Log P 3.27, short half life 5–6?h, low water solubility, permeability and bioavailability with extensive first-pass metabolism. FLT-loaded nanocrystals were prepared using nanoprecipitation method with surface coating by mPEG and characterised through differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, scanning electronic microscopy, particle size, zeta potential, percent entrapment efficiency (% EE), in vitro dissolution, haemolysis, sterility, bioavailability and stability studies. The percent cumulative drug release and % EE of optimised formulation was found to be 95.21?±?1.18 and 88.36?±?1.20, respectively, for 48?h. In addition, FLT-loaded PEGylated PLGA nanocrystals exhibited significantly delayed blood clearance with drug level of about 766.71?ng/mL at 48?h. In conclusion, PEGylated PLGA FLT nanocrystals could be demonstrated as a novel approach to enhance solubility, bioavailability and blood circulation time.     

K237修饰的紫杉醇热敏脂质体的制备、处方优化和体外释放度研究

目的：以紫杉醇（PTX）为模型药物,构建K237修饰的热敏脂质体（K237-PTX-TSL）,系统研究K237-PTX-TSL的制备工艺、理化性质,处方优化和体外释放特性。方法：采用NH2末端PEG化技术合成靶向磷脂材料DSPE-PEG-K237,采用薄膜分散法制备K237修饰的紫杉醇热敏脂质体（K237-PTX-TSL）,HPLC法测量药物的包封率和载药量;采用马尔文激光粒度仪测定K237-PTX-TSL的粒径及粒径分布和Zeta电位;利用差示扫描量热法（DSC）测量相变温度（Tm）;采用透析袋法测量相变温度下的释药规律并拟合释放曲线。结果：优化的处方为：DPPC：DSPG：MSPC：DSPE-PEG-NHS=9：1：1：1,药脂比为1/20,磷脂浓度为5.0%,DSPE-PEG-K237占处方磷脂总量为1%。制备得到的K237-PTX-TSL包封率为（94.23±0.76）%;粒测得K237-PTX-TSL粒径为（88.3±4.7） nm,电荷为-4.5 mv,PDI值为0.13±0.01;K237-PTX-TSL的相变温度为40.805℃,K237-PTX-TSL在42℃时的体外释放最优拟合为一级动力学模型,方程为In（100-Q）=-0.063 8t+4.713 0（r=0.994 4）。42℃时20 min内紫杉醇累计释放度为72.45%,60 min的累计释放度为98.84%。结论：K237修饰的热敏脂质体载药量和包封率较高、粒径较小,热敏释药性质良好,1 h内药物基本释放完全。