69株肺炎链球菌的体外抗菌药物活性研究

目的探讨医院内肺炎链球菌分离株对青霉素等抗菌药物的体外活性,为临床治疗肺炎链球菌感染及研究细菌耐药性提供参考。方法研究我院2002年11月～2004年2月从临床标本分离的69株肺炎链球菌,用法国BIOMERIEUX公司的ATBSTREP5测定其对11种抗菌药物的活性。结果检出青霉素敏感(MIC≤0.063mg/L)株占58%,低耐青霉素(MIC0.125～1mg/L)株占36%,高耐青霉素(MIC≥2mg/L)肺炎链球菌株占6%。肺炎链球菌对红霉素、复方新诺明、四环素耐药率在60%以上,对万古霉素、阿莫西林耐药率为0.0%。结论肺炎链球菌对青霉素的耐药性以低度耐药为主,对红霉素、四环素、复方磺胺类耐药性高。     

肺炎链球菌对泰利霉素等抗菌药物的体外抗菌活性

目的了解本院分离的肺炎链球菌对泰利霉素等抗菌药物的体外抗菌活性。方法对本院2005--2007年从各种临床标本收集的97株肺炎链球菌，用K—B纸片法进行药敏试验，测定这些菌株对泰利霉素等3种新近上市和其他7种临床常用抗菌药物的耐药性。结果97株肺炎链球菌对泰利霉素和利奈唑胺的敏感率均为100％，对喹奴普丁-达福普汀也未发现耐药菌株，只是有18．8％的菌株表现为中介。其他抗菌药物的耐药情况如下：对红霉素、克林霉素、万古霉素、左氧氟沙星、氯霉素和四环素的耐药率分别为60．8%、58．8％、0％、2．1％、12．8%和64．5％，对青霉素的敏感率为85．6％。结论本院尚未用于临床的3种新近上市的抗菌药物泰利霉素、利奈唑胺和喹奴普丁-达福普汀，对本院分离的肺炎链球菌有良好的体外抗菌活性。而上述细菌对红霉素、林可霉素以及四环素有较高的耐药性。     

肺炎链球菌192株对新喹诺酮类体外耐药性测定

目的：调查192株肺炎链球菌对青霉素、红霉素和环丙沙星等的耐药现状，并与新喹诺酮类进行比较。方法：根据美国国家I临床实验室标准委员会(NCCLS)2002年标准使用微量肉汤稀释法检测192株肺炎链球菌对青霉素、红霉素、克林霉素和喹诺酮类抗菌药物的最低抑菌浓度(MIC)。结果：肺炎链球菌对青霉素的耐药率(中介率 耐药率)已达42．7％，对红霉素的耐药率为77．6％，克林霉素、白霉素和环丙沙星的耐药率分别为66．7％、65．6％和57．3％，新喹诺酮类抗菌药物对之有较好的抗菌活性，敏感率皆大于90％；并与是否对青霉素、红霉素耐药无关。结论：在我国，肺炎链球菌对青霉素、红霉素的耐药率较高，新喹诺酮类抗生素有较好的抗菌活性。     

肺炎链球菌243株耐药性研究

肺炎链球菌是引起儿童肺炎和败血症的常见致病菌 ,随着抗生素的广泛使用 ,肺炎链球菌耐药现象日益严重 ,如中国周边一些国家青霉素不敏感肺炎链球菌 (penicillin nonsensitivestreptococcuspneumoniae ,PNSP)的发生率高达57 9%～ 79 7% [1],而在儿童中的耐药率更是高于成人[2 ]。中国关于肺炎链球菌的研究相对较少 ,为此我们对浙江大学附属儿童医院分离的 2 43株肺炎链球菌进行了耐药性研究。一、材料与方法1.菌株来源 :2 0 0 1年 8月～ 2 0 0 2年 7月浙江大学医学院附属儿童医院从临床标本分离的 2 43株肺炎链球菌 ,2 12株分离自肺部感染…     

90株肺炎链球菌的耐药性测定

肺炎链球菌是儿童呼吸道感染的主要致病菌,而且此菌对青霉素耐药率持续增高,给临床治疗带来困难.为了了解肺炎链球菌的耐药情况,我们收集了本院呼吸科肺炎患儿痰标本中分离到的90株肺炎链球菌,应用琼脂扩散法测定了青霉素及其他8种抗生素的耐药情况.并对苯唑西林≤19 mm的菌株用青霉素E-test法确定.     

106株肺炎链球菌耐药性调查

目的 了解本院住院患者鼻咽部链球菌耐药性。方法 对本院2003年1～11月分离的106株肺炎链球菌进行药敏试验。结果 青霉素耐药率3.7％，苯唑西林耐药率77.4％，耐苯唑西林同时也耐红霉素、林可霉素。结论 肺炎链球菌耐药性上升迅速，且耐药程度高。     

38株呼吸道肺炎链球菌的耐药性分析

目的研究呼吸道肺炎链球菌的耐药情况,为临床用药提供指导。方法对本院2009年1月至2010年6月呼吸道住院患者的痰液进行培养,将获得的38株肺炎链球菌用微量稀释法测定青霉素等15种抗生素的最低抑菌浓度(minimum inhibitory concentrations,MIC)检测。结果 38株肺炎链球菌中,对青霉素敏感的有22株(57.9%),中介4株(10.5%),耐药12株(31.6%)。其中克拉霉素的耐药率最高为78.9%,万古霉素、美洛培南的耐药率最低,为0%。且青霉素不敏感菌株的耐药率高于青霉素敏感菌株。结论本院肺炎链球菌对多种药物耐药率较高,临床应合理选择用药。     

90株肺炎链球菌的耐药性测定

肺炎链球菌是儿童呼吸道感染的主要致病菌 ,而且此菌对青霉素耐药率持续增高 ,给临床治疗带来困难。为了了解肺炎链球菌的耐药情况 ,我们收集了本院呼吸科肺炎患儿痰标本中分离到的 90株肺炎链球菌 ,应用琼脂扩散法测定了青霉素及其他 8种抗生素的耐药情况。并对苯唑西林≤ 1 9mm的菌株用青霉素 E- test法确定。材料和方法　　一、材料1 .菌株来源　 1 999年 1月至 1 2月间 ,我院呼吸科肺炎患儿痰标本分离的肺炎链球菌 ,共 90株。2 .标准菌株　肺炎链球菌 ATCC 4961 9。3.抗生素　阿莫西林 /克拉维酸药敏纸片为Oxoid公司商品 ,其他为中国…     

127株肺炎链球菌分布及耐药性监测

对各种标本分离培养出的127株肺炎链球菌(SP)进行分析。结果分离出SP的标本主要为痰,科室主要分布在呼吸科、心外科、放疗科,血培养及脑脊液培养以儿童和老年人为主;79株SP对万古霉素、头孢噻肟耐药率低,对达福普汀、左氧氟沙星相对稳定,青霉素的耐药率约50.0%,红霉素、四环素、林可霉素、复方新诺明在60%以上。     

肺炎链球菌耐药性调查

目的探讨肺炎链球菌分布,对其耐药性进行连续监测,为临床抗感染治疗提供应用依据。方法收集本院2004年5月-2005年3月入托健康儿童体检1500人,取咽拭子进行细菌培养,分离出肺炎链球菌114株,检出率7.6%。同期本院852名住院患者为对照组,取咽拭子和痰标本进行细菌培养,检出146株肺炎链球菌(其中内科患者检出20株,儿科检出122株),执行NCCLS2001年抗微生物药物敏感实验的执行标准,然后对两组进行耐药性比较。结果追踪健康儿童与住院患者分离出的肺炎链球菌,它们的同源性与耐药性基本一致,对青霉素耐药率较低(患者4.1%,健康儿童1.8%),而对苯唑西林、红霉素、林可霉素、四环素、复方新诺明有较高耐药率,而头孢菌素类药、喹诺酮类药普遍耐药率呈上升趋势。因而本地区分离肺炎链球菌以耐苯唑西林、克林霉素、大环内酯类、复方新诺明多重耐药株为主,应引起临床重视,合理使用抗生素。     

In vitro bactericidal activities of ABT-773 against ermB strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae

The bactericidal activities of ABT-773, a new ketolide, were compared to those of cefuroxime and amoxicillin-clavulanate against 10 strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae containing the ermB gene. MICs and time-kill curves were determined in duplicate per NCCLS guidelines with cation-adjusted Mueller-Hinton broth with 3% lysed horse blood. Viable counts were done at 0, 2, 6, and 24 h. Antibiotic concentrations tested were two and eight times the MIC. ABT-773 MICs ranged from 0.008 to 1.0 micro g/ml. Bactericidal activity was observed with ABT-773 at eight times the MIC against 4 of 10 strains at 24 h compared to 10 of 10 strains with the beta-lactam antibiotics.     

In vitro antibacterial activities of doripenem, imipenem, and meropenem against recent Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates

We investigated the in vitro activities of carbapenems against 347 Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates from Korea. While doripenem and imipenem resistance was displayed by only 1.2% and 3.2%, respectively, 21.3% of the isolates were resistant to meropenem. One isolate displaying very high carbapenem MICs and susceptibility only to vancomycin was also identified.     

In vitro activities of five fluoroquinolone compounds against strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae with resistance to other antimicrobial agents.

Ciprofloxacin, clinafloxacin, PD 131628, sparfloxacin, and trovafloxacin were tested against 236 strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae, most of which were resistant to other agents. Resistance to multiple antibiotics did not affect the organism's susceptibility to the fluoroquinolones. The fluoroquinolones with in vitro antipneumococcal activity might be particularly useful against strains that are resistant to the more traditional therapeutic agents.     

In vitro activities of oxazolidinones U-100592 and U-100766 against penicillin-resistant and cephalosporin-resistant strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae.

Two oxazolidinones and ceftriaxone, imipenem, rifampin, and vancomycin were tested against 162 penicillin-intermediate and 68 penicillin-resistant strains of pneumococci. U-100592 is two- to fourfold more active than U-100766 against penicillin-resistant pneumococci. The MICs of U-100592 at which 90% of the isolates were inhibited were 0.25 and 0.5 microgram/ml for penicillin-intermediate and -resistant strains, respectively, and 0.5 microgram/ml for ceftriaxone-susceptible, -intermediate, and -resistant strains. U-100592 MICs for 7 of 230 strains (2 from blood, 3 from middle-ear fluid, and 2 from the upper respiratory tract) were 1 microgram/ml.     

126株肺炎链球菌临床菌株的耐药率分析

目的 调查呼吸道感染肺炎链球菌对常用抗生素的耐药情况。方法 肺炎链球菌用全自动细菌鉴定仪及GPI卡鉴定,药敏试验采用琼脂扩散法。结果 126株肺炎链球菌中,青霉素耐药的肺炎链球菌（PRSP）占16.7％,青霉素中度敏感的肺炎链球菌（PISP）占23．0％,肺炎链球菌对红霉素、复方磺胺甲嗯唑、克林霉素的耐药率分别为69．0％、67．5％和65．9％。结论 我院呼吸道感染肺炎链球菌对青霉素的耐药率较低,其不敏感性以PISP为主。     

126株肺炎链球菌临床菌株的耐药率分析

目的调查呼吸道感染肺炎链球菌对常用抗生素的耐药情况。方法肺炎链球菌用全自动细菌鉴定仪及GPI卡鉴定,药敏试验采用琼脂扩散法。结果126株肺炎链球菌中,青霉素耐药的肺炎链球菌(PRSP)占16.7%,青霉素中度敏感的肺炎链球菌(PISP)占23.0%,肺炎链球菌对红霉素、复方磺胺甲口恶唑、克林霉素的耐药率分别为69.0%、67.5%和65.9%。结论我院呼吸道感染肺炎链球菌对青霉素的耐药率较低,其不敏感性以PISP为主。     

Comparative activities of ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin against Streptococcus pneumoniae in an In vitro dynamic model

The activities of levofloxacin (500 mg every 24 h) and ciprofloxacin (750 mg every 12 h) against six pneumococcal isolates in an in vitro dynamic model were compared. For one strain, levofloxacin reduced the inoculum by over 4 log CFU/ml and ciprofloxacin reduced the inoculum by over 2 log CFU/ml. For four isolates, both drugs reduced inocula by 4 log CFU/ml within 6 h, suggesting that this dose of ciprofloxacin should be as effective as levofloxacin against these pneumococci.     

Activities of garenoxacin against quinolone-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae strains in vitro and in a mouse pneumonia model

Garenoxacin is a novel des-F(6) quinolone with enhanced in vitro activities against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. We compared the activity of garenoxacin with that of trovafloxacin (TVA) against Streptococcus pneumoniae, together with their efficacies and their capacities to select for resistant mutants, in a mouse model of acute pneumonia. In vitro, garenoxacin was more potent than TVA against wild-type S. pneumoniae and against a mutant with a single mutation (parC), a mutant with double mutations (gyrA and parC), and a mutant with triple mutations (gyrA, parC, and parE). Swiss mice were infected with 10(5) CFU of virulent, encapsulated S. pneumoniae strain P-4241 or its derived isogenic parC, gyrA, gyrA parC, and efflux mutants and 10(7) CFU of poorly virulent clinical strains carrying a parE mutation or gyrA, parC, and parE mutations. The drugs were administered six times, every 12 h, beginning at either 3 or 18 h postinfection. The pulmonary pharmacokinetic parameters in mice infected with strain P-4241 and treated with garenoxacin or TVA (25 mg/kg of body weight) were as follows: maximum concentration of drug in serum (C(max); 17.3 and 21.2 micro g/ml, respectively), C(max)/MIC ratio (288 and 170, respectively), area under the concentration-time curve (AUC; 48.5 and 250 microg. h/ml, respectively), and AUC/MIC ratio (808 and 2000, respectively). Garenoxacin at 25 and 50 mg/kg was highly effective (survival rates, 85 to 100%) against the wild-type strain and mutants harboring a single mutation. TVA was as effective as garenoxacin against these strains. TVA at 200 mg/kg and garenoxacin at 50 mg/kg were ineffective against the mutant with the parC and gyrA double mutations and the mutant with the gyrA, parC, and parE triple mutations. The efficacy of garenoxacin was reduced only when strains bore several mutations for quinolone resistance.