小胶质细胞在脑缺血再灌注损伤中的作用

炎症反应在脑缺血再灌注损伤机制中十分重要,而脑内小胶质细胞的激活是炎症反应中的重要环节.在脑缺血再灌注损伤过程中,小胶质细胞被激活,并对神经细胞发挥了损伤与保护双重作用.小胶质细胞对脑缺血再灌注损伤机制作用的复杂性,使其在脑缺血再灌注损伤研究中的意义也越来越受到重视.研究从小胶质细胞在脑缺血再灌注损伤后被激活参与炎症反应,与活化的小胶质细胞自身对脑缺血再灌注损伤的作用对小胶质细胞在脑缺血再灌注损伤中的双重作用很有意义.     

吲哚丙酸抑制小胶质细胞M1极化治疗脊髓损伤

背景：吲哚丙酸被证明可减轻糖尿病所致的中枢神经系统炎症,但其能否抑制小胶质细胞M1极化治疗脊髓损伤,目前仍缺乏相关研究。目的：通过细胞实验及动物实验探究吲哚丙酸抑制小胶质细胞M1极化治疗脊髓损伤的机制。方法：(1)体外实验：CCK8法检测BV2细胞活性并筛选最佳的吲哚丙酸使用浓度;然后将BV2细胞分为对照组、单纯给药组(50μmol/L吲哚丙酸)、脂多糖组(100 ng/mL脂多糖)、治疗组(100 ng/mL脂多糖+50μmol/L吲哚丙酸),采用Griess法检测一氧化氮含量;实时荧光定量PCR、Western Blot检测促炎相关因子的mRNA和蛋白的表达;细胞免疫荧光染色检测诱导型一氧化氮合酶的表达;Seahorse实验检测BV2细胞糖酵解压力水平。(2)体内实验：将30只SD大鼠随机分成3组：假手术组、脊髓损伤组、吲哚丙酸组。采用BBB评分与斜板实验评估大鼠脊髓损伤后功能恢复情况;免疫荧光染色检测脊髓组织中小胶质细胞诱导型一氧化氮合酶的表达情况;ELISA检测脊髓组织中促炎因子白细胞介素1β及肿瘤坏死因子α蛋白表达水平。结果与结论：(1)体外实验：当吲哚丙酸浓度> 50...     

米诺环素对糖尿病大鼠脊髓小胶质细胞极化的影响

目的:研究米诺环素对糖尿病大鼠脊髓小胶质细胞极化的影响。方法:27只成年雄性SD大鼠分为对照组(control)、糖尿病组(DM)、米诺环素处理组(minocyline),利用腹腔注射链脲菌素(STZ)方法制备糖尿病大鼠模型,检测大鼠的血糖及体重变化,免疫荧光染色检测大鼠脊髓Iba-1的表达,酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)检测大鼠脊髓肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素6(IL-6)、转化生长因子β(TGF-β)和白细胞介素10(IL-10)的水平变化,Western Blot检测大鼠脊髓CD68、精氨酸酶-1(Arg-1)、髓鞘相关糖蛋白(MAG)和髓鞘碱性蛋白(MBP)的表达变化。结果:STZ注射成功制备了糖尿病大鼠模型;免疫组化染色显示糖尿病模型大鼠脊髓Iba-1阳性细胞增多; ELISA检测结果显示糖尿病组大鼠脊髓组织中M1型小胶质细胞特异性细胞因子(TNF-α和IL-6)水平增加,米诺环素处理组大鼠脊髓组织中M2型小胶质细胞特异性细胞因子(TGF-β和IL-10)水平增加;Western Blot结果显示STZ组大鼠脊髓CD68表达上调,MAG和MBP表达降低,而米诺环素...     

雷公藤甲素调节小胶质细胞极化反应保护损伤的神经元

背景：将小胶质细胞从M1表型转变为M2表型被认为是治疗神经退行性疾病的一种有希望的策略。多项研究表明,雷公藤甲素可以抑制神经炎症,改善多种神经退行性疾病,但是其机制尚不明确。目的：探讨雷公藤甲素对脂多糖激活小胶质细胞诱导SH-SY5Y细胞损伤的保护作用及其机制。方法：CCK8法检测BV2细胞活性筛选最佳的雷公藤甲素使用浓度;然后将BV2细胞分为3组：对照组,模型组(1μg/mL脂多糖),雷公藤甲素组(1 nmol/L雷公藤甲素+1μg/mL脂多糖),收集上清液,采用Griess法检测一氧化氮水平,ELISA法检测促炎因子白细胞介素6、肿瘤坏死因子α、白细胞介素1β和抗炎因子白细胞介素10水平;免疫荧光染色和Western blot法检测BV2细胞诱导型一氧化氮合酶和精氨酸酶1的表达。收集3组小胶质细胞条件培养液并分别作用于SH-SY5Y细胞：分为对照条件培养液组、模型条件培养液组和雷公藤甲素条件培养液组,TUNEL染色法检测SH-SY5Y细胞凋亡率,免疫荧光染色和Western blot法检测caspase3、Bax和Bcl-2的表达。结果与结论：(1)与对照组比较,模型组BV2细胞上...     

醛糖还原酶在小鼠损伤脊髓小胶质/巨噬细胞中的表达及其作用

目的:观察小鼠在脊髓损伤(SCI)后,醛糖还原酶(AR)在脊髓损伤后修复过程中的作用及可能的机制。方法:采用C57BL/6-ar+/+(B6野生型小鼠)和C57BL/6-ar-/-(B6-AR基因敲除)小鼠,建立脊髓重度夹伤模型。首先分析了AR分子在损伤脊髓中的细胞表达类型及脊髓损伤后AR分子mRNA的表达水平变化情况;通过BBB运动学分析,比较AR基因敲除小鼠和野生型小鼠脊髓损伤后运动功能恢复情况,对比损伤区面积变化;通过qRT-PCR方法,检测对比M1/M2型巨噬细胞特异分子iNOS和Arg I的表达变化。结果:AR分子在野生型小鼠损伤脊髓中的小胶质/巨噬细胞中高表达;qRT-PCR研究发现:脊髓损伤后AR表达逐渐升高,在损伤后第3天达到高峰。AR敲除小鼠在脊髓损伤后,其运动功能恢复好于野生型小鼠(P<0.05),同时损伤区面积也小于对照组。AR基因缺失后,损伤脊髓中的小胶质/巨噬细胞通过高表达Arg I向M2型巨噬细胞方向极化。结论:AR通过调节脊髓中小胶质/巨噬细胞的极化来影响脊髓损伤后的修复。     

胶质细胞移植治疗脊髓损伤的研究进展

脊髓损伤具有高发生率、高致残率、高生存率、高消耗、青壮年多发等特点。其相关治疗的研究主要是从挽救神经元的迟发型损害和死亡，促进神经元的再生和组织移植替代等方面进行。由于哺乳动物中枢神经系统损伤后期内源性修复能力有限，所以细胞移植可能是更为可行的修复途径。目前细胞移植分为神经干细胞移植、胶质细胞移植、基因修饰的细胞移植等。胶质细胞通过广泛分布的凸起构成神经组织的支架，对神经元胞体和突起有支持作用。出生后保持一定的分裂能力．受到创伤刺激时进行分裂增殖，形成胶质瘢痕。星形胶质细胞一方面位于神经细胞的附近．另一方面附着于毛细血管的终足。参与物质运输和血脑屏障的形成。此外，星形胶质细胞可能在神经元生成、突触网络形成、神经元电活动以及特异性神经系统疾病等过程中发挥着调控作用。基于上述理论．国内外进行了一系列胶质细胞移植修复脊髓损伤的实验研究．现就相关研究进展综述如下。     

骨髓间质干细胞移植促进大鼠脊髓损伤后巨噬/小胶质细胞极化方向的改变

目的:探索骨髓间充质干细胞(BMSC)移植促进脊髓损伤后修复的新机制.方法:通过体外培养获得CD29+CD90+ CD45-的大鼠BMSC,并将BMSC移植到重度夹伤的大鼠脊髓中.通过BBB行为学评分,检测BMSC移植后,大鼠后肢运动功能恢复情况;经免疫组化和Western blot等方法,进一步检测巨噬/小胶质细胞的极化标志性分子iNOS(M1型细胞)及Argl(M2型细胞)分子的表达水平.结果:经BMSC移植治疗的大鼠,其脊髓损伤面积明显减小,同时后肢运动功能明显恢复较好;BMSC可以促进脊髓损伤区域中iNOS+细胞数量减少,Arg1+细胞数量增加;Westem blot法检测结果显示:给予BMSC处理的大鼠,在脊髓损伤后各时间点上,M1型巨噬/小胶质细胞标志分子iNOS蛋白水平逐渐降低,而M2型巨噬/小胶质细胞标志分子Arg1蛋白表达水平则明显升高.结论:脊髓损伤后,移植BMSC可以促进脊髓损伤区中的巨噬/小胶质细胞向M2型细胞方向极化.     

过表达PYNOD调控LPS介导BV2小胶质细胞极化的机制研究

目的:研究PYNOD对脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)介导的BV2小胶质细胞极化的影响,并探讨其作用机制.方法:体外培养BV2细胞,建立LPS介导的细胞模型,并将细胞分成对照(control)组、LPS组、空质粒对照组(NC+LPS组)和过表达PYNOD组(PYNOD+LPS组).采用real-t...     

不同刺激因子对小胶质细胞系N9极化的影响

目的:揭示不同的炎症因子在体外培养的条件下,对小胶质细胞系N9不同极化方向的影响。方法:将小鼠小胶质细胞系N9细胞分为四组:空白对照组(正常培养基)、LPS组、LPS+INF-γ组、IL-4组。各组细胞在上述刺激条件下培养24 h,以及撤去上述刺激条件,继续培养24 h后,分别提取各组细胞总RNA,利用荧光实时定量PCR的方法检测各组N9细胞表达的细胞因子在mRNA水平的变化;利用Western blot检测各组N9细胞极化相关蛋白的变化。结果:在LPS以及LPS+INF-γ刺激条件下培养24 h,M1型巨噬细胞特异性标记物iNOS和CD86的mRNA及蛋白表达水平在N9细胞中明显升高,并且LPS+INF-γ刺激组升高更为明显;而撤除LPS+INF-γ刺激因子后继续培养24 h,N9细胞表达的iNOS和CD86 mRNA的水平均有下调,但仍明显高于对照组。在IL-4刺激条件下培养24 h,M2型巨噬细胞特异性标记物Arg1和CD206的mRNA及蛋白表达水平均在N9细胞中明显上调;同样撤除IL-4刺激因子后,继续培养24 h,N9细胞表达的ArgI和CD206的mRNA水平均有明显下调,但仍然高于对照组。此时ArgI的蛋白表达变化也与其mRNA水平的变化相符。结论:小胶质细胞的分型分化具有明显的细胞因子依赖性,LPS和LPS+INF-γ可使N9小胶质细胞向M1型巨噬细胞方向极化;IL-4可促使N9小胶质细胞向M2型巨噬细胞方向极化;LPS与IFN-γ二者在极化N9小胶质细胞中具有协同作用。极化后的N9细胞在去除刺激因子后,仍可在一定程度上维持其极化状态。     

小胶质细胞自噬在阿尔茨海默病中的作用

阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer's disease,AD)是一种以渐进性记忆力和认知能力减退为特征的中枢神经系统退行性疾病.自噬(autophagy)是机体一种重要的防御和保护机制.先前的研究主要集中于神经元自噬在神经退行性疾病中的作用.新近研究表明,小胶质细胞自噬影响其吞噬淀粉样蛋白,凋亡细胞和髓磷脂碎片的作用,调控炎症反应,进而调节AD病理进程.小胶质细胞自噬的研究将为AD的病理机制研究提供新思路.     

Neurological heterotopic ossification following spinal cord injury is triggered by macrophage‐mediated inflammation in muscle

Neurological heterotopic ossification (NHO) is the abnormal formation of bone in soft tissues as a consequence of spinal cord or traumatic brain injury. NHO causes pain, ankyloses, vascular and nerve compression and delays rehabilitation in this high‐morbidity patient group. The pathological mechanisms leading to NHO remain unknown and consequently there are no therapeutic options to prevent or reduce NHO. Genetically modified mouse models of rare genetic forms of heterotopic ossification (HO) exist, but their relevance to NHO is questionable. Consequently, we developed the first model of spinal cord injury (SCI)‐induced NHO in genetically unmodified mice. Formation of NHO, measured by micro‐computed tomography, required the combination of both SCI and localized muscular inflammation. Our NHO model faithfully reproduced many clinical features of NHO in SCI patients and both human and mouse NHO tissues contained macrophages. Muscle‐derived mesenchymal progenitors underwent osteoblast differentiation in vitro in response to serum from NHO mice without additional exogenous osteogenic stimuli. Substance P was identified as a candidate NHO systemic neuropeptide, as it was significantly elevated in the serum of NHO patients. However, antagonism of substance P receptor in our NHO model only modestly reduced the volume of NHO. In contrast, ablation of phagocytic macrophages with clodronate‐loaded liposomes reduced the size of NHO by 90%, supporting the conclusion that NHO is highly dependent on inflammation and phagocytic macrophages in soft tissues. Overall, we have developed the first clinically relevant model of NHO and demonstrated that a combined insult of neurological injury and soft tissue inflammation drives NHO pathophysiology. Copyright © 2015 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effect of Schwann cell transplantation combined with electroacupuncture on axonal regeneration and remyelination in rats with spinal cord injury

Axonal impairment and demyelination after compressed spinal cord injury lead to serious neurological dysfunction. Increasing studies have suggested that Schwann cells (SCs) transplantation is a reliable, effective, and promising method for treating spinal cord injury. However, single SCs transplantation is insufficient to promote the full recovery of neurological function. Additional approaches are required to support SCs transplantation as a treatment for spinal cord injury. In the study, we investigated whether the combination of electroacupuncture (EA) and SCs transplantation was a reliable intervention for spinal cord injury. We found that rats in the combination group had significantly higher functional locomotor scores than those received single treatment. By immunostaining, we found EA can not only improve survival and proliferation of transplanted SCs but also inhibit SC apoptosis and block the formation of an astrocytic scar. Additionally, EA promoted regenerated axons extending “bullet-shaped” growth cones into the lesion. Remarkably, EA can modify astrogliosis to promote axonal regeneration following SCs transplantation through inducing extension of astrocytic processes in the SCs graft interface. More importantly, the combination of SCs engraftment and EA can enhance corticospinal-tract axonal regeneration and remyelination after spinal cord injury through up-regulating neuregulin 1 type III in SCs and its downstream signaling mediators. Thus, it is concluded that SCs effectively promote axonal recovery after spinal cord injury when combined with EA stimulation. The experimental results have reinforced the theoretical basis of EA for its clinical efficacy in patients with spinal cord injury and merited further investigation for potential clinical application.     

复方丹参注射液对大鼠急性脊髓损伤后神经再生的影响

目的　探讨丹参对急性脊髓损伤的影响及作用机制。方法给实验性脊髓损伤大鼠腹腔注射复方丹参注射液 ,观测脊髓组织学及超微结构变化。结果用药后大鼠脊髓内髓鞘断裂减轻 ,吞噬细胞清除组织降解物 ,神经元变性恢复。结论　丹参对大鼠急性脊髓损伤后神经修复及再生有促进作用     

基于体素的形态学分析在脊髓损伤中的研究进展

创伤性脊髓损伤（SCI）通常会导致大脑皮质发生继发性损害,造成神经元凋亡或萎缩。基于体素的形态学（VBM） 技术凭借其无创性、精确性的优点,已在SCI患者大脑微观结构变化的研究中得到了广泛应用。本文主要从损伤后皮质 萎缩情况及其与患者临床表现间相关性的横向研究结果,损伤早期进行性神经退变的时空模式及其对患者临床结果预测 能力的纵向研究结果,损伤持续时间（亚急性、慢性等）、损伤严重程度（完全性、不完全性等）、临床康复情况（感觉运动功 能、神经性疼痛等）等因素对研究结果的不同影响这3个方面对VBM在SCI中的研究进展进行综述,并指出未来研究应进 一步提高VBM技术的可靠性,同时完善研究方案的设计,以促进VBM在脑功能探索和SCI康复治疗中的作用。     

Angelica Sinensis attenuates inflammatory reaction in experimental rat models having spinal cord injury

This study was aimed to evaluate the effect of Angelica Sinensis on experimental rat models in which spinal cord injury was induced by studying different factors. Different factors causing inflammation play a key role in pathophysiology of SCI. Here three groups of rats (n=15, each was used). These included a sham control group where only laminectomy was performed, SCI group where SCI was induced and AS/SCI group where although SCI was induced but Angelica Sinensis was also administered to study its effect and draw a comparison with control. The expression of I-kBα and NF-kB p65 was also studied using western blotting and after recording optical density (OD) values of western blots. MPO activity was used to measure the effect of 20 mg/kg Angelica Sinensis. The levels of proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 were also studied. As compared with SCI group and sham control it was observed that Angelica Sinensis significantly reduced the expression of I-kBα and NF-kB p65, (P<0.05), while MPO activity was also significantly reduced. Proinflammatory cytokine level was also reduced in treated group as compared to both other groups. On the basis of this study we concluded that the use of 20 mg/kg Angelica Sinensis in rat models can attenuate the secondary damage caused by SCI and thus help in controlling the pathology of SCI in rats.     

神经组织工程修复脊髓损伤的研究进展

由于脊髓损伤的重大影响,针对损伤后促进神经轴突的再生进行了大量的研究。作为一个新兴的迅速发展的领域,因能作为神经轴突生长的导向,组织工程已经受到了广泛的关注。众多的组织工程基质包括:支架材料、细胞和生物分子,其已经显示出支持轴突再生和促进功能恢复的潜力。就促进神经修复的支架材料、细胞、生物分子和目前治疗脊髓损伤的方法做一综述。     

Effect of cyclosporin A on functional recovery in the spinal cord following contusion injury

Considerable evidence has shown that the immunosuppressant drug cyclosporin A (CsA) may have neuroprotective properties which can be exploited in the treatment of spinal cord injury. The aim of this study was to investigate the cellular environment within the spinal cord following injury and determine whether CsA has an effect on altering cellular interactions to promote a growth-permissive environment. CsA was administered to a group of rats 4 days after they endured a moderate contusion injury. Functional recovery was assessed using the Basso Beattie Bresnahan (BBB) locomotor rating scale at 3, 5 and 7 weeks post-injury. The rats were sacrificed 3 and 7 weeks post-injury and the spinal cords were sectioned, stained using histological and immunohistochemical methods and analysed. Using stereology, the lesion size and cellular environment in the CsA-treated and control groups was examined. Little difference in lesion volume was observed between the two groups. An improvement in functional recovery was observed within CsA-treated animals at 3 weeks. Although we did not see significant reduction in tissue damage, there were some notable differences in the proportion of individual cells contributing to the lesion. CsA administration may be used as a technique to control the cell population of the lesion, making it more permissive to neuronal regeneration once the ideal environment for regeneration and the effects of CsA administration at different time points post-injury have been identified.     

直流电场诱导神经干细胞桥接横断脊髓的实验研究

目的:探讨直流电场(direct current field,DC)诱导神经干细胞(neural stem cells,NSCs)桥接横断脊髓的作用。方法:将54只雌性成年SD大鼠随机分为脊髓损伤(spinal cord injury,SCI)组、NSCs移植组、NSCs移植联合直流电场诱导组(DC+NSCs组),各组分7,14,28d三个时间点取材,HE染色观察神经纤维再生情况,透射电镜下观察脊髓白质内髓鞘结构变化,免疫荧光染色检测髓磷脂碱性蛋白(myelin basic protein,MBP)表达变化。结果:在光镜下,DC+NSCs组神经纤维较其他两组都多,排布均匀且走行较规则,部分纤维穿越损伤脊髓断端两侧。在电镜下,DC+NSCs组髓鞘松散程度明显减轻,部分髓鞘结构规整,排列有序,线粒体肿胀减轻,微管空泡样变较轻,可发现大量突触,薄髓的再生髓鞘明显增多。DC+NSCs组大鼠脊髓组织中可见直径大小不等的MBP阳性的圆形结构,MBP阳性表达最多,较其他两组有显著性差异(P0.01)。结论:直流电场诱导NSCs治疗SCI可以促进损伤处脱髓的轴突再髓鞘化和MBP的表达,促进神经纤维再生,从而起到桥接横断脊髓的作用。     

脊髓发育和损伤修复过程中巢蛋白的作用及机制

背景：巢蛋白作为一种神经元特异标记物,其表达活性在一定程度上反映了脊髓神经细胞增殖、分化、迁移的演变规律。 目的：综述巢蛋白的分子结构、生物学功能及其在脊髓发育及损伤修复中的表达分布规律,进而为脊髓损伤后神经干细胞的移植治疗提供前期研究基础。 方法：应用计算机检索1990至2012年维普、万方数据库相关文章,检索词为“脊髓,巢蛋白”,并限定文章语言种类为中文。同时计算机检索1990至2012年PubMed和Springer外文电子期刊及电子图书(全文)数据库相关文章,检索词为“spinal cord,nestin”,并限定文章语言种类为English。共检索到文献343篇,最终纳入符合标准的文献35篇。 结果与结论：作为神经干细胞的分子标记物之一,巢蛋白在胚胎期呈现时空性表达,与神经前体细胞的发育成熟程度呈反相关,即随着神经细胞分化发育的不断成熟,其表达强度则会逐渐减弱甚至消失。在脊髓损伤等病理情况下,受损组织区内巢蛋白的表达强度和数量能够反映损伤脊髓组织的修复能力。故脊髓组织发育过程中巢蛋白的表达强度、数量及分布现已作为判断脊髓神经细胞发育的一项重要指标,为临床脊髓损伤治疗提供重要前期研究基础。     

磁刺激在脊髓损伤康复治疗中的应用进展

磁刺激在脊髓等中枢神经系统损伤疾病的康复治疗中得到了广泛应用,磁刺激作用于不同部位以及不同的治疗频率,将产生不同的治疗效果。本文综述近年来有关磁刺激治疗在脊髓损伤后运动功能障碍、神经病理性疼痛、肌张力增高、神经源性膀胱、直肠功能等方面的治疗文献,以期为临床治疗提供相关依据。