甲状腺手术中甲状旁腺显露及功能保护的临床研究

目的 探讨甲状腺手术中甲状旁腺显露及功能保护的临床研究。方法 回顾分析2018年1月~2019年1月在天津第三中心医院行甲状腺切除术的54例患者临床资料,术中充分显露甲状旁腺,并保护显露的甲状旁腺和相关血供,观察术后甲状旁腺的功能状态。结果 54例患者术中50例患者甲状旁腺及血管充分显露,4例未清晰显露,未显露率为7.41%;术后15例发生低钙血症,发生率为27.77%。5例发生甲状旁腺功能降低,发生率为9.25%。治疗15 d后均恢复正常,未出现永久低钙血症。结论甲状旁腺位置与血供联系紧密,甲状腺切除术中应仔细解剖,并做好原位功能保护,可以有效避免术后甲状腺功能异常的发生,确保良好的手术效果,具有临床应用的重要价值。     

甲状腺癌手术中纳米碳示踪保护甲状旁腺的研究

目的探讨在甲状腺癌手术中采用纳米碳淋巴示踪剂保护甲状旁腺的作用。方法回顾性分析我院2014年1月至10月收治的65例甲状腺癌患者的临床资料,按是否在甲状腺内注射纳米碳分成2组,实验组30例患者操作开始前在甲状腺内注射纳米碳,对照组35例未注射纳米碳,实验组行甲状腺患侧腺叶+峡叶+对侧腺叶次全切除术22例,行双侧甲状腺全切除术8例,对照组行甲状腺患侧腺叶+峡叶+对侧腺叶次全切除术25例,行双侧甲状腺全切除术10例。2组患者均联合中央区淋巴结清扫术。结果纳米碳可使中央区淋巴结黑染,而甲状旁腺不黑染。实验组每例显露(2.6±0.8)枚甲状旁腺,误切0枚;对照组每例显露(1.9±0.7)枚甲状旁腺,误切3枚,2组之间差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。2组患者均未发生永久性甲状旁腺功能低下,实验组有1例暂时性甲状旁腺功能低下,对照组有2例甲状旁腺功能低下,差异无统计学意义。结论纳米碳混悬液有利于术中甲状旁腺的识别,降低甲状旁腺误切率,但不能降低术后甲状旁腺功能低下的发生率。     

甲状腺全切术喉返神经解剖方式选择对甲状旁腺功能影响的临床研究

目的：通过对比甲状腺全切术中不同喉返神经(RLN)解剖方式对术后甲状旁腺功能的影响,寻求甲状腺全切术最佳的RLN解剖方式,指导临床实践,在RLN解剖安全的前提下减低全甲状腺术后甲状旁腺功能低下的发生率。方法选择已确诊甲状腺癌需行甲状腺全切除手术的120例患者随机分成三组(a、b、c),各40例,分别完成全甲状腺切除术基础上三组不同喉返神经解剖方式(A甲状腺下动脉解剖法、B气管食管沟解剖法、C环甲关节下方解剖法)各40例的手术。观察比较三组患者术后甲状旁腺功能低下的发生率。同时观察比较三组患者术后喉返神经损伤的发生率。结果 c组患者术后甲状旁腺功能低下的发生率明显低于a、b两组。结论甲状腺全切除术时喉返神经解剖方式应选择经环甲关节下方解剖方式,有利于保护甲状旁腺功能,可明显减少甲状腺全切除术后甲状旁腺功能低下的发生率。     

甲状腺被膜解剖技术在甲状腺肿瘤切除术中的应用

目的 探讨甲状腺肿瘤切除术中甲状腺被膜解剖技术应用疗效及对喉上神经外支(EBSLN)的保护作用。方法 回顾分析2012年6月—2016年6月安阳市人民医院收治150 例甲状腺肿瘤切除术患者的临床资料,依据术中是否采用甲状腺被膜技术分为观察组和对照组,分析对比两组患者手术时间、术中出血量、术后24 h出血量以及对EBSLN损伤的影响。结果 患者均顺利完成手术。观察组与对照组比较,手术时间、术中出血量、术后24h出血量差异均无统计学意义(P值均＞0.05)。术后150例均获随访,随访时间10～36个月,平均17个月。观察组EBSLN损伤发生率2.7%(2/75),明显低于对照组12.0%(9/75),差异有统计学意义(χ²=4.807,P＜0.05)。结论 在甲状腺肿瘤切除术中应用甲状腺被膜解剖技术可以有效降低EBSLN损伤的发生率,对EBSLN具有保护作用,具有较高的临床应用价值。     

甲状腺结节再次手术47例临床分析

目的 探讨甲状腺结节再次手术的原因和手术方式的选择.方法 回顾性分析我院47例甲状腺结节再次手术患者的临床资料.结果 全全组无手术死亡.术后并发暂时性喉返神经麻痹2例,喉上神经损伤l例,甲状旁腺功能低下4例(暂时性陛3例、永久性1例),甲状腺功能减退3例.结论 甲状腺结节再次手术有一定难度及并发症,临床医生应加强对甲状腺结节的认识,重视首次手术方式的选择及术中探查.     

甲状旁腺术中保护研究和探讨

目的：探讨甲状腺术中对甲状旁腺保护方法。方法选取本院自2002年1月~2014年1月行甲状腺手术患者60例,采用资料回顾性观察甲状旁腺术中保护以及血供方法,观察其术后低血钙发生情况。结果本次试验显露了60枚上甲状旁腺,其中41枚血供来自甲状腺下动脉上行支,占68.33%,13枚血供来自甲状腺上动脉分支,占21.67%,另外有6枚血供来自甲状腺表面血管分支,占10.00%。经本院的术后监测,测得血钙降到正常范围一共有21例,占35.00%,其中低血钙症状5例,则低血钙发生率为8.33%。所有低血钙患者给予术后补钙治疗之后,其血PTH水平均低于术后2w水平,且逐渐恢复正常,无永久性甲状旁腺功能下降。结论甲状旁腺血供来源与其位置存在着密切关联,其中甲状旁腺功能减退主要是由于术中未精细解剖,需尽可能保护甲状旁腺以及其血供。     

甲状旁腺素检测试剂于术中快速识别及保护甲状旁腺的作用

目的 探讨甲状旁腺素(PTH)检测试剂在甲状腺全/近全切除联合中央区淋巴结清扫术中快速识别及保护甲状旁腺的临床价值。方法 纳入44例甲状腺癌患者,根据术中是否使用PTH检测试剂分为观察组(使用PTH检测试剂)和对照组(未使用PTH检测试剂),每组22例。观察组患者于术中遇到疑似的甲状旁腺,由手术医生进行标记,对疑似的甲状旁腺进行PTH检测,根据检测结果确定是否切除;对照组根据经验判断是否切除。记录2组患者甲状旁腺检出结果,并比较2组患者手术前后血清钙、PTH水平及术后并发症情况。结果 2组甲状旁腺检出比较,差异无统计学意义(P 0. 05)。2组患者术前血清钙及PTH水平比较,差异无统计学意义(P 0. 05);观察组患者术后PTH水平及血清钙水平明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P 0. 05)。2组术后低钙症状比较,差异有统计学意义(P 0. 05); 2组患者术后均未出现永久性甲状旁腺功能受损。结论 PTH检测试剂可快速识别甲状旁腺,防止其被误切除,从而降低患者术后甲状旁腺功能减退及低血钙的发生。     

甲状腺再次手术中手术入路探讨

目的：探讨甲状腺再次手术的技术要点及其术后并发症的预防,重点讨论再次手术入路。方法：回顾性分析103例甲状腺再次手术患者的临床资料,其中因甲状腺恶性肿瘤而再次手术48例,因甲状腺良性疾病再次手术55例。结果：术后并发暂时性喉返神经损伤发生率为6.79%（7/103）,永久性喉返神经损伤发生率为1.94%（2/103）;暂时性甲状旁腺功能低下发生率为4.85%（5/103）,永久性甲状旁腺损伤发生率为0.97%（1/103）。结论：甲状腺再次手术难度大,其成功实施的关键在于术中操作技巧。     

HCT患者实施全切术结合131Ⅰ清甲治疗的临床疗效及安全性

目的：探讨甲状腺嗜酸细胞肿瘤( HCT)患者行甲状腺全切术结合131Ⅰ清甲治疗的临床疗效及安全性。方法选取2001年1月至2013年1月我院收治的20例HCT患者为研究对象。所有患者行甲状腺全切术结合131Ⅰ清甲治疗,观察其治疗后的并发症、甲状腺旁功能减退情况和肿瘤复发情况等。结果 HCT患者实施全切术结合131Ⅰ清甲治疗总有效率100%,未出现声嘶、感染等并发症,随访未发现肿瘤复发或死亡;甲状腺全切术联合中央区淋巴结清扫术使甲状旁腺损伤的概率增加;单纯甲状腺全切术和甲状腺全切术联合中央区淋巴结清扫术的患者在131Ⅰ治疗不同阶段,PTH水平差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论单纯甲状腺全切术结合131Ⅰ清甲治疗使甲状旁腺损伤的概率较小,损伤也仅为暂时性甲状旁腺功能减低,多为1个月内恢复,安全性高。     

结节性甲状腺肿58例手术治疗体会

目的：总结结节性甲状腺肿（ NG）的手术治疗经验,提高NG的治疗效果。方法：2009年4月至2012年6月我院收治NG患者58例,均采取手术治疗。17例单侧NG患者中,4例行患侧甲状腺腺叶全切除＋峡部切除术,9例行患侧甲状腺腺叶切除术,4例行患侧甲状腺腺叶次全切除术。41例双侧NG患者中,行一侧甲状腺腺叶全切除＋峡部切除＋对侧部分切除术9例,一侧甲状腺腺叶全切除＋对侧部分切除术18例,双侧甲状腺次全切除术7例,一侧甲状腺腺叶次全切除＋对侧大部分切除术3例,甲状腺全切除术1例,3例术中冰冻发现合并甲状腺微小癌者行患侧甲状腺腺叶全切除＋峡部切除＋对侧大部切除术2例、双侧甲状腺全切除术1例;后3例均行中央区淋巴结清扫,其中1例行功能性淋巴结清扫。结果：58例患者均顺利完成手术。术后单侧喉返神经损伤1例,患者声音嘶哑,于3个月后恢复;甲状旁腺功能减退1例,患者术后出现低钙血症,经补钙治疗后恢复。术后无切口感染、喉头水肿、出血等并发症。55例患者获随访5个月～3 a,平均2 a。有3例出现结节复发,行二次手术切除甲状腺结节,效果满意。3例合并微小癌患者术后随访无复发及远处转移。结论：NG切除不彻底,可引起复发、癌变,而再次手术明显增加损伤神经及甲状旁腺的机率。临床上应根据病变部位、数量及累及范围选择手术方式;术中应遵循精细化操作,尽可能彻底切除;术后结合病理检查特点给予相应的激素预防性或替代性治疗,可提高疗效,减少并发症和术后复发率。     

Anatomy of thyroid and parathyroid glands and neurovascular relations

Historically, thyroid surgery has been fraught with complications. Injury to the recurrent laryngeal nerve, superior laryngeal nerve, or the parathyroid glands may result in profound life-long consequences for the patient. To minimize the morbidity of the operation, a surgeon must have an in-depth understanding of the anatomy of the thyroid and parathyroid glands and be able to apply this information to perform a safe and effective operation. This article will review the pertinent anatomy and embryology of the thyroid and parathyroid glands and the critical structures that lie in their proximity. This information should aid the surgeon in appropriate identification and preservation of the function of these structures and to avoid the pitfalls of the operation.     

Parathyroid gland anatomical distribution and relation to anthropometric and demographic parameters: a cadaveric study

Parathyroid glands play an important role in controlling calcium levels, which influence muscular contraction and neurotransmission. The number of variants, localization and ectopic positions make these glands tricky during surgical exploration. Detailed anatomical knowledge of these glands is fundamental to avoid postsurgical hypoparathyroidism, such as failures during thyroidectomy and parathyroid procedures. The purposes of this work were to study and report practical knowledge for surgeons in order to localize the glands. Dissections were performed on 56 cadavers. Gland identity was confirmed by histological study. Also, mediastinal tissue and the carotid sheath were treated with Carnoy’s solution to identify ectopic glands. The thyroid gland was divided and sliced to identify parathyroid glands in the parenchymal and subcapsular space. Four or more parathyroid glands were found in 89.3% of the studied specimens. Mean gland weight was 33.1 mg, and its mean measurements were 6.7 × 3.9 × 2.0 mm. In more than 90% of the cases there was a correlation with the inferior laryngeal nerve and the parathyroid glands: the upper glands were located in medial positions, and the lower ones were found to be located laterally. In 42.8% of cases at least one ectopic gland was observed. The main ectopic regions were the mediastinum and thymus (19.6%), thyroid subcapsular space (12.5%) and thyroid parenchyma (5.4%). Quantity, gland characteristics and location were not influenced by anthropometric and demographic parameters. Here we show the high incidence of parathyroid glands positioned at “abnormal” locations, and as a controversial topic in endocrine surgery, this matter must be continuously studied and reported in the literature.     

The intrathyroidal hyperfunctioning parathyroid gland

Six cases of primary hyperparathyroidism due to hyperfunctioning intrathyroidal parathyroid glands are reported. In five cases, hyperparathyroidism was due to an intrathyroidal parathyroid adenoma; in the sixth case, hyperparathyroidism resulted from an intrathyroidal parathyroid carcinoma. All five patients with adenoma were female with ages ranging from 40 to 70 yr. The patient with carcinoma was a 55-yr-old male. In all five patients with intrathyroidal parathyroid adenoma, thyroidectomy was performed when an abnormal parathyroid gland could not be located in the neck during surgery for hyperparathyroidism. The patient with intrathyroidal parathyroid carcinoma presented with hypercalcemia and a palpable right thyroid mass. The differential diagnosis of intrathyroidal parathyroid adenoma includes thyroid follicular adenoma. In some cases, the possibility of medullary carcinoma of thyroid might also be considered. Immunocytochemical staining for parathormone (PTH), thyroglobulin, and calcitonin is valuable in establishing the correct diagnosis.     

Near-infrared autofluorescence for the detection of parathyroid glands

A major challenge in endocrine surgery is the intraoperative detection of parathyroid glands during both thyroidectomies and parathyroidectomies. Current localization techniques such as ultrasound and sestamibi scan are mostly preoperative and rely on an abnormal parathyroid for its detection. In this paper, we present near-infrared (NIR) autofluorescence as a nonintrusive, real-time, automated in vivo method for the detection of the parathyroid gland. A pilot in vivo study was conducted to assess the ability of NIR fluorescence to identify parathyroid glands during thyroid and parathyroidectomies. Fluorescence measurements at 785 nm excitation were obtained intra-operatively from the different tissues exposed in the neck region in 21 patients undergoing endocrine surgery. The fluorescence intensity of the parathyroid gland was found to be consistently greater than that of the thyroid and all other tissues in the neck of all patients. In particular, parathyroid fluorescence was two to eleven times higher than that of the thyroid tissues with peak fluorescence occurring at 820 to 830 nm. These results indicate that NIR fluorescence has the potential to be an excellent optical tool to locate parathyroid tissue during surgery.     

Location, number and morphology of parathyroid glands: results from a large anatomical series

Surgical management of parathyroid gland disease may sometimes be difficult, due mainly to the surgeon's failure to successfully detect parathyroids in unusual locations. The records of 942 cadavers (574 men and 368 women) who underwent autopsy in the Department of Forensic Medicine in Athens during the period 1988-2009 were reviewed. In total, 3,796 parathyroid glands were resected and histologically verified. Parathyroid glands varied in number. In 47 cases (5 %), one supernumerary (fifth) parathyroid was found, while in 19 cases (2 %) three parathyroid glands found. Superior glands were larger than inferior ones. However, there was no significant difference between the genders with respect to gland size. In 324 (8.5 %) out of 3,796, the glands were detected in an ectopic location: 7 (0.2 %) in the thyroid parenchyma, 79 (2 %) in different sites in the neck and 238 (6.3 %) in the mediastinum, 152 (4.1 %) of which were found in the upper and 86 (2.2 %) in the lower mediastinum. Significant anatomical variations of normal parathyroid glands may exist regarding number and location-knowledge that is essential for their successful identification and surgical management.     

甲状腺假被膜的形态特点及临床意义

目的　研究甲状腺假被膜的解剖学形态特点,探讨其临床意义。 方法 在95例单侧甲状腺叶切除术中,观察甲状腺假被膜的解剖学形态,甲状腺假被膜与真被膜、甲状腺血管、甲状旁腺和喉返神经的关系。 结果 在甲状腺下静脉、中静脉和上血管附着于腺体的部位,甲状腺假被膜呈“系膜”样结构附着在腺体上,切除腺叶后观察“系膜”呈“C”型的延续平面,甲状腺下静脉、中静脉和上血管分别自系膜缘穿出,喉返神经、甲状腺下动脉、甲状旁腺位于“系膜”的“C”型圈内。 结论 对甲状腺假被膜的解剖新认识,有助于术者安全的完成甲状腺手术,特别是被膜解剖技术的应用。     

Fine-needle biopsy of parathyroid adenomas

Summary High-resolution real-time sonography was performed in 15 cases of clinically and chemically suspected primary hyperparathyroidism and in 20 patients with different thyroid nodules. The suspected enlarged parathyroid glands and the thyroid nodules were percutaneously punctured under sonographic control. Concentrations of parathy-roid hormone, human thyroglobulin, and human calcitonin were measured in the aspirate, and immunocytology was performed. The mean concentration of the aspirated parathyroid hormone in the parathyroid glands was 4,013.6 pmol/1±4,519 (SD) as compared with 14.9 pmol/1±8.7 in the thyroid nodules. Thyroglobulin was present in the aspirated fluid of parathyroid adenomas located behind the thyroid (mean±SD, 398.1 ng/ml±317). In comparison, the aspirated thyroglobulin from the thyroid nodules averaged 9,689.7 ng/ml ±3,732. Immunocytology for parathyroid hormone was positive in 14 of the 15 biopsied specimens. Of 15 patients who were scanned for suspected hyperparathyroidism, six had concomitant thyroid nodules.It is concluded that the measurement of high concentrations of parathyroid hormone in the aspirate from a cervical mass, with sonographic control of needle position and/or positive immunocytology provides absolute localization of parathyroid tissue.Abbreviations (FITC) Fluorescein-isothiocyanate - (hCT) human calcitonin - (PBS) phosphate buffered saline - (PTH) parathyroid hormone - (SD) standard deviation - (TG) human thyroglobulin     

纳米碳颗粒显色对甲状旁腺的保护作用

BACKGROUND: So far there are many studies about the uses of nano-carbon tracers in the diagnosis and treatment of malignancies. However, little has been reported on the mechanism underlying protective effect of nano-carbon tracers on the parathyroid glands during thyroid cancer surgery. OBJECTIVE: To study the protective effect of nano-carbon tracers on the parathyroid in thyroid cancer surgery. METHODS: 180 cases of thyroid cancer were randomly divided into nano-carbon and control groups (n=90 per group): patients in the nano-carbon group were injected with nano-carbon tracers into the thyroid before surgery, and those in the control group underwent routine thyroid cancer surgery. Then comparisons of the operating time, incision length, blood loss, postoperative hospital stay, number of lymph node dissection, lymph node metastasis as well as hypoparathyroidism rate were performed between two groups. Besides, levels of serum calcium and parathyroid hormone in the two groups were detected at 3 days after surgery. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: There were no significant differences in the operating time, incision length, blood loss, postoperative hospital stay and lymph node metastasis between the two groups (P > 0.05). The number of dissected lymph nodes of nano-carbon group was significantly higher than that of control group (P < 0.05); the mis-resection rate of parathyroid and hypoparathyroidism of nano-carbon group were significantly lower than those of control group (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the incidences of hypocalcemia and low parathyroid hormone of nano-carbon group were significantly lower than those of control group (P < 0.05). These results suggest that the nano-carbon tracer plays a protective role on the parathyroid glands in thyroid cancer surgery, which can reduce the mis-resection rate of parathyroid, as well as the incidences of hypoparathyroidism, hypocalcemia and low-level parathyroid hormone.     

Morphology of thyroid C-cells and parathyroid glands in summer-active little brown bats,Myotis lucifugus lucifugus,with particular reference to pregnancy and lactation

Morphological studies of thyroid C-cells and morphometric analyses of parathyroid glands in summer-active little brown bats indicated concomitant regulatory endocrine functions correlating with bone remodeling. C-cells apparently maintain maximal activity throughout the summer-active period in all bats. However, the hyperactivity of the parathyroid glands in summer-active female bats can be correlated with the maintenance of plasma calcium concentrations during lactation, when the female skeleton undergoes a period of bone demineralization. In summer-active male bats, which did not lose bone, the parathyroid glands did not show morphological evidence of hyperactivity; instead they were found to exhibit moderate parathyroid activity.