多层螺旋CT与冠状动脉造影对心肌桥的比较研究

目的探讨多层螺旋CT（MSCT）与冠状动脉造影（CAG）对心肌桥的诊断与比较。方法运用MSCT和冠状动脉造影对63例患者进行比较，经CT室及CAG医师判断心肌桥（MB）情况，并对MB进行血管形态学分析，判断两种方法对MB判断的差异与不同。结果双盲法MSCT发现MB23例25处（占36．5％），CAG发现MB9例11处（占14．3％），MSCT对冠状动脉节段迂曲、成角处有一定优势，两种方法比较有显著性差异（P〈0．05）。结论MSCT比CAG较容易发现MB，尤其在冠状动脉节段迂曲、成角处有明显优势。     

16层螺旋CT对肌桥和壁冠状动脉的诊断价值

目的研究16层螺旋CT对肌桥的诊断及多时相重建对壁冠状动脉狭窄的评价。方法回顾总结我院自2005年9月～2008年3月期间,通过306例冠状动脉CT成像（冠脉CTA）的检查,检出了14例冠脉肌桥患者,经过原始轴位观察、多方位重组（MPR）、最大密度投影（MIP）对肌桥位置的确定,包埋的厚度、范围进行判定,并且利用多时相重建和4D技术对壁冠状动脉在收缩期和舒张期管腔狭窄程度进行评价。结果14例肌桥患者有10例发生在前降支中段,3例发生在对角支近段,其中8例壁冠状动脉在收缩期和舒张期均无狭窄,3例壁冠状动脉在收缩期有轻度狭窄,3例壁冠状动脉中度狭窄,近段冠脉有软硬斑块。结论16层螺旋CT能够很好的显示肌桥的位置、包埋的厚度和范围,对壁冠状动脉在不同时相管腔狭窄程度能够进行正确判断。     

64排探测器CT冠状动脉成像对心肌桥伴冠心病的诊断价值探讨

目的:探讨64排探测器CT(MDCT)对心肌桥伴冠心病的诊断价值及临床意义.方法:对217例拟诊冠心病(CAD)患者行64MDCT冠状动脉血管成像(CCTA),根据CCTA上冠状动脉的走行部位,诊断47例心肌桥,测最心肌桥的长度、厚度,分析各支粥样斑块性质和狭窄程度,判断血管硬化与心肌桥的关系.结果:64MDCTA发现心肌桥51处/47例,检出率为21.66%;34例位于左前降支中段(66.67%),肌桥长度为5.6～27.6 mm;厚度为0.52～4.8mm;其中22例伴有不同程度的粥样硬化斑块,管腔狭窄<50%者19例.结论:64MDCT冠脉成像可无创性检出心肌桥,显示其MDCT表现特点、邻近血管硬化狭窄等,可为临床治疗提供有价值的信息.     

16排螺旋CT血管造影在诊断心机桥-壁冠状动脉的价值

目的 探讨16层螺旋CT冠状动脉成像对心肌桥(MB)的诊断及其临床价值.方法 1274例患者均行16层CTA扫描,所有数据传至工作站进行重组,进行陪重组,观察有无MB,测量MB的长度、厚度、壁冠状动脉狭窄程度等.结果 共发现129例139段MB,平均长度及厚度分别为1.25～4.76mm,0.5～3.4mm.发生于前降支中远段113例(81.3%).结论 16层CTA可以清晰显示冠状动脉和心肌的解剖关系,是诊断心机桥的重要方法 .     

多排螺旋CT对冠状动脉心肌桥的诊断及对壁冠状动脉平均长度、平均埋藏深度、平均狭窄程度的临床分析

目的:探析多排螺旋CT对冠状动脉心肌桥的诊断价值及对壁冠状动脉平均长度、埋藏深度、狭窄程度的评估价值.方法:选取2020年8月至2021年8月期间至我院接受多排螺旋CT冠状动脉造影检查的疑似冠心病患者200例作为研究对象,200例患者均统一实施冠脉造影以及64排256层螺旋CT检查.比较不同检查方式下冠心病及冠状动脉心肌桥的检出率,患者壁冠状动脉的平均长度、平均埋藏深度、平均狭窄程度及具体发病位置,并对比不同检查方式患者不良反应发生情况.结果:冠脉造影结果显示200例疑似冠心病患者检出率为70.50％(141/200),76例心肌桥-壁冠状动脉患者包含122处发病位置,壁冠状动脉平均长度为(5.31±2.12)mm、平均埋藏深度为(2.41±1.15)mm、平均狭窄程度为(43.15±10.58)％.螺旋CT结果显示200例疑似冠心病患者检出率为86.50％(173/200),102例出现心肌桥-壁冠状动脉患者包含215处发病位置,壁冠状动脉平均长度为(6.75±2.28)mm、平均埋藏深度为(3.17±1.45)mm、平均狭窄程度为(48.26±10.35)％;冠脉造影下患者不良反应发生率23.00％(46/200)高于多排螺旋CT10.50％(21/200),差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论:采用多排螺旋CT可准确诊断冠状动脉心肌桥并明确其具体发病位置,具有较高的临床应用价值.     

心肌桥-壁冠状动脉临床应用解剖的双源CT研究

目的　研究心肌桥-壁冠状动脉（MB-MCA）的双源CT（DSCT）形态学特征,以提高对MB-MCA临床诊断价值的认识。 方法　分析3709例冠状动脉CTA病人,根据美国心脏病协会的冠状动脉16段分段法对检出的MB-MCA进行准确定位,对其长度、深度、收缩期管腔压缩程度及其伴随的粥样硬化情况进行评估。 结果　3709例病人中发现MB-MCA 638例,检出率约17.20%,共检出654支　MB-MCA,其中426支位于7段（S7）、 72支位于8段（S8）、56支位于6段（S6）,其余分别分布于2段（S2）、3段（S3）、4段（S4）、9段（S9）、11段（S11）、 12段（S12）、13段（S13）及16段（S16）;MB-MCA平均长度为（20.52±9.84）mm,平均深度为（1.27±0.93）mm;收缩期时MCA管腔呈现不同程度的狭窄,但重度狭窄罕见;92例MB-MCA患者在MCA前存在粥样硬化斑块。 结论　DSCT不仅可直接显示　MB-MCA的解剖形态,还可动态评价其在整个心动周期的变化,为MB-MCA临床意义的研究提供了有价值的信息。     

多层螺旋CT评估心肌桥及伴发血管粥样硬化病变的诊断价值

目的 探讨256层螺旋CT评估心肌桥及伴发血管粥样硬化病变的诊断价值。方法 回顾性收集接受256层螺旋CT检查并于30 d内行选择性冠脉造影检查的（疑似冠心病患者）101例患者相关资料。统计多层螺旋CT和CAG对心肌桥的检出率及检出心肌桥的位置分布;并测量心肌桥的长度,CT血管成像评估载心肌桥-壁冠状动脉冠脉分支粥样硬化的狭窄程度。结果 256层螺旋CT检出16例患者共18段心肌桥,检出率为15.84%,其中最常见的心肌桥部位是前降支中段心肌桥为16段,出现率为88.89%（16/18）。CAG仅检出4例患者共4段心肌桥,检出率为3.96%。256层螺旋CT测量心肌桥的平均长度为（27.20±16.30）mm,CAG证实的CTA评价的载MB-MCA血管节段狭窄程度≥50%有5段（27.78%）,CAG证实的CTA评价的载MB-MCA血管节段近段狭窄程度≥50%有6段（33.33%）。结论 256层螺旋CT对心肌桥的检出率明显高于CAG;更清晰显示心肌桥形态结构,并可观察伴发血管的粥样硬化病变。     

双源CT冠状动脉血管成像在心肌桥和壁冠状动脉诊断中的应用

目的：探讨双源CT冠状动脉血管成像诊断心肌桥（MB）和壁冠状动脉（MCA）的价值.方法：767例疑冠心病患者行双源CT冠状动脉血管成像,对其中401例诊断为MB-MCA者的CT表现进行回顾性分析,并测量其MB的长度和厚度.其中32例同时在DSA下进行冠状动脉造影（CAG）检查,并用双源CT Inspace软件中的4D工具对所有期相的数据进行动态重组,以电影模式重组和回放,与DSA对照分析两者显示MB-MCA的价值.结果：本组MB-MCA的发生率为52.3%,其中前降支占86.3%,左旋支占9.7%,右冠状动脉最少占1.7%.MB长（20.2±2.3）mm,厚（2.6±0.2）mm.结论：双源CT冠状动脉成像综合各种后处理技术是目前诊断MB-MCA最有价值的无创性检查.     

冠脉CT与冠脉造影诊断心肌桥的临床价值比较

目的:比较冠脉CT与冠脉造影诊断心肌桥的临床价值。方法:收集2015年7月~2020年7月苏州大学第二附属医院心内科收治的107例疑似冠心病患者临床资料。依次进行冠脉CT和冠脉造影检查,计算壁冠状动脉（MCA）狭窄程度,观察前降支、对角支、钝缘支、后降支和回旋支冠脉分布走行以及与心肌的关系,测量心肌桥长度和厚度。比较两种检查方法图像质量优良率、心肌桥检出率以及心肌桥测量指标。分析两种检查方法显示MCA狭窄程度和诊断心肌桥的一致性。以冠脉造影为金标准,计算敏感度、特异度、准确度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值,评估冠脉CT判断MCA中重度狭窄和诊断心肌桥的价值。结果:两种检查方法图像质量优良率均较好,冠脉CT心肌桥检出率显著高于冠脉造影（25.23% vs 14.02%, P<0.05）;冠脉CT测得心肌桥长度大于冠脉造影,MCA狭窄程度低于冠脉造影,差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）;冠脉CT和冠脉造影显示MCA狭窄程度的一致性较好（Kappa=0.832, P<0.05）;与冠脉造影比较,冠脉CT判断MCA中重度狭窄的敏感度、特异度、准确度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值分别为90.63%、86.67%、74.36%、95.59%、87.85%;冠脉CT和冠脉造影诊断心肌桥的一致性较好（Kappa=0.815, P<0.05）;与冠脉造影比较,冠脉CT诊断心肌桥的敏感度、特异度、准确度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值分别为64.29%、73.33%、69.23%、68.75%、68.97%。结论:冠脉CT与冠脉造影对心肌桥诊断均具有一定价值,而冠脉CT具有无创性、图像质量优良率高,且对心肌桥位置及分布显示佳,并对MCA狭窄具有较高敏感度和特异度,更具临床应用优势。     

纳络酮对缺血再灌注心肌微循环血流量及其超微结构变化的影响

本文观察了纳络酮对犬缺血和再灌注心肌微循环血流量及其超微结构变化的影响。结果表明：心肌缺血再灌注时微循环血流量明显降低（P＜0．01），但再灌注早期（5min），心肌微循环血流量接近正常，缺血40min，再灌注30min，毛细血管周围组织严重水肿，内皮高度肿胀，管腔狭窄，甚至闭塞；纳络酮治疗缺血和再灌注早期，心肌微循环血流量明显增加（P＜0．01）；毛细血管周围组织水肿及管腔狭窄程度明显轻于缺血再灌注组。提示：纳络酮可减轻缺血再灌注心肌的水肿程度，增加微循环血量，推迟“无再流现象”的发生。     

The effects of a myocardial bridge on coronary atherosclerosis and ischaemia

The term myocardial bridge (MB) describes the surprisingly common situation in which part of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD), running in epicardial adipose tissue, is covered by a bridge of myocardial tissue. The presence of an MB may influence arterial tissue through the alteration of haemodynamic forces by the myocardial contraction of the bridge itself. Histopathologically and ultrastructurally, any manifestations of atherosclerosis elsewhere in the LAD are suppressed in the intima beneath the MB. By scanning electron microscopy, abrupt changes in endothelial cell morphology indicate that the intima beneath the bridge is protected by haemodynamic factors. Furthermore, the closer the bridge to the left coronary ostium, the greater the extent of proximal intimal thickening. In parallel with this, considering the occurrence of myocardial infarction in cases of proximal MB together with previous reports on relationships between MB and coronary ischaemia, it appears that anatomical characteristics such as the location, length, and thickness of the MB have a bearing on the effects of this abnormality. When the pathologist examines the heart at autopsy, this quite common condition should be borne in mind, in view of its potential but complex relationship to atherosclerosis and ischaemic heart disease. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

双源CT冠脉成像对冠状动脉畸形的诊断价值

目的：探讨双源CT（DSCT）冠脉成像在冠状动脉畸形（CAA）诊断中的价值。方法：回顾分析357例经DSCT冠脉成像检出的冠状动脉畸形患者的MPR、VR、MIP及CPR图像,其中31例患者的图像与常规冠状动脉血管造影（CAG）进行对照。结果：DSCT冠脉成像检出的357例冠状动脉畸形中,冠状动脉起源异常37例,包括冠状动脉高位起源15例,冠状动脉起源于对侧冠状窦13例,回旋支起自左冠状窦7例,回旋支起自右冠状窦1例,单一冠状动脉1例;本组冠状动脉走行异常均表现为心肌桥（MB）,其发现MB319例326处;冠状动脉终止异常中冠状动脉瘘1例。其中31例于DSCT冠脉造影后行CAG检查,DSCT冠脉成像检出27例29处MB者CAG仅检出21例22处,但3例冠状动脉起源异常及1例冠状动脉瘘行CAG全部检出。结论：DSCT冠脉成像能清晰地显示各种冠状动脉畸形,为术前评估及预后判断提供重要信息,亦可作为随诊复查的可靠方法。     

The effect of myocardial bridging of the coronary artery on vasoactive agents and atherosclerosis localization

The relationship between alterations in the immunohistochemical expression of three vasoactive agents [endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), endothelin-1 (ET-1), and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)] and the occurrence human atherosclerosis was investigated in relation to the myocardial bridge (MB) of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD), an anatomical site that experiences increased shear stress. Five millimetre cross-sections of LADs with MB from 22 autopsied cases were taken from the left coronary ostium to the cardiac apex and were immunohistochemically stained with antibodies against eNOS, ET-1, and ACE. The extent of atherosclerosis in each section was calculated using the atherosclerosis ratio (intimal cross-sectional area/medial cross-sectional area) determined by histomorphometry. The results were analysed according to their anatomical location relative to the MB, either proximal, beneath, or distal. The extent of atherosclerosis was significantly lower beneath the MB, compared with proximal and distal segments. The expression of eNOS, ET-1, and ACE was also significantly lower beneath the MB. The expression of these agents correlated significantly with the extent of atherosclerosis. Because nitric oxide, after its production by eNOS, is believed to be degraded by superoxide radicals, the effect of eNOS expression on atherosclerosis remains controversial. However, the present findings clearly indicate that the expression of ET-1 and ACE is directly related to the development of human coronary atherosclerosis in vivo through shear stress.     

双源CT诊断先天性冠状动脉畸形的研究

目的探讨双源CT(DSCT)对先天性冠状动脉畸形(CCA)的诊断价值及临床意义。方法对我院DSCT冠状动脉成像资料进行回顾性统计,对其中冠状动脉畸形病例进行统计分析,探讨临床应用价值。结果 1824例冠状动脉成像中检出CCA共43例(2.36%),其中冠状动脉起源异常24例(1.32%),冠状动脉走行异常18例,均为心肌桥,占CCA总数的41.9%,占总例数的0.99%。冠状动脉起源异常中右冠状动脉起源于左冠状窦9例,左冠状动脉起源于右冠状窦仅1例。结论 DSCT能够准确地显示冠状动脉畸形,特别是对心肌桥的敏感性高于其他检查方法,对临床诊断和预后评估有重要的应用价值,特别适用于门诊冠脉疾病的"一站式"检查。     

Evidence at autopsy of spasm in the distal right coronary artery in persons with coronary heart disease dying suddenly

The aim of this study was to examine whether there are morphological signs in spasm in the coronary arteries at autopsy in persons with coronary artery disease dying suddenly. From a forensic autopsy service, 48 cases of sudden and unexpected deaths were selected: 24 cases with a preliminary diagnosis of coronary heart disease and 24 cases involving persons dying of noncoronary causes. A complete autopsy according to a preset protocol was followed with particular emphasis on the heart examination. The myocardium and the coronary arteries were sampled and examined without knowledge to which group the case belonged. The degree of folding of the internal elastic lamina of the proximal and distal parts of the coronary arteries was measured by picture analysis of elastin-stained cross sections of the arteries. The degree of folding was significantly greater in the distal section of the right coronary artery in cases of the coronary group compared to the folding in the same section in cases of the noncoronary group. In the proximal part of the right coronary artery and in the left coronary artery with its two branches, there were no differences in the folding of the internal elastic membrane between the groups.

Our findings indicate that a spasmic contracture of an artery may be diagnosed postmortem. The spasm of the distal part of the right coronary artery may have caused focal ischemia in the central parts of the cardiac conducting system, precipitating a lethal arrhythmia.     

Atresia of left coronary ostium and left main coronary artery

An uncommon coronary anomaly incidentally found at autopsy of a 76-year-old woman is reported. There was no history of cardiovascular symptoms or clinical signs of ischemic heart disease. The autopsy disclosed that the patient had no left coronary ostium and that the left main coronary artery was atretic. However, the rest of the left coronary system, including the left anterior descending coronary artery and the left circumflex coronary artery, were intact in their normal positions. Arterial flow to the left coronary system was supplied by a dilated collateral vessel that originated from the right main coronary artery and coursed between the right ventricular infundibulum and the aorta. Our case suggests that atresia of the left coronary ostium and the left main coronary artery, often associated with death at an early age, may also be compatible with symptom-free longevity. Moreover, attention is focused on the nomenclature of single coronary anomalies.     

Autopsy findings after coronary rotational atherectomy

We describe the findings at autopsy in a patient who underwent Rotablator atherectomy of the right coronary artery. During the procedure, the artery became occluded. Despite attempts to reopen the vessel with balloon angioplasty and emergency coronary artery bypass grafting, the patient developed irreversible cardiac failure and expired 2 days after the Rotablator procedure. At autopsy, the right coronary artery was found to be occluded by thrombus. No evidence of dissection or perforation of the vessel wall was seen. Small intramyocardial arteries and arterioles, downstream from the treated vessel, were embolized by pulverized atheroma.     

Two adult cases of congenital atresia of the left coronary ostium—comparison of a sudden death case with a long-term survival case

We present two extremely rare autopsy cases with atresia of the left coronary ostium. Case 1 was a 34-year-old man who died of sudden cardiac causes with localized acute subendocardial infarction and Case 2 was an 82-year-old woman who died from non-cardiac causes. In both cases, a string-like small left main trunk that was located in its normal position was found; however, the orifice of the left coronary artery was absent in both cases. The collateral artery (CA), whose caliber was smaller than that of the proximal left descending artery (LAD), arose from the right coronary sinus and was anastomosed with the distal LAD. However, it was only in Case 1 that the CA showed an acute angle of take-off from the aorta, subsequently coursing between the root of the aorta and the pulmonary trunk, with possible mechanical compression by these two arteries. These two cases suggest that atresia of the left coronary ostium is developmentally and anatomically different from single coronary artery or left coronary artery arising from the opposite sinus of valsalva. Atresia of the left coronary ostium is considered to be an important differential diagnosis as a cause of sudden death, not only in the pediatric population but also in adults. The caliber and/or other anatomical features of the CA may predominantly dictate the clinical course of patients with atresia of the left coronary ostium.     

Eosinophilic coronary periarteritis (vasospastic angina and sudden death), a new type of coronary arteritis: report of seven autopsy cases and a review of the literature

A previously reported autopsy case of eosinophilic coronary periarteritis (ECPA, or isolated eosinophilic coronary periarteritis, IECPA), and an additional six autopsy cases of ECPA are reported. In addition, another four autopsy cases of ECPA reported in the literature are discussed. Fifteen cases of ECPA with spontaneous coronary dissection (hematoma), which appeared in the literature from 1987 to 2011, are also reviewed. The characteristic clinico-pathological findings of ECPA are: (a) variant angina (Prinzmetal’s vasospastic angina) appeared mainly from evening to early in the morning; (b) allergy or allergic history could be identified in only three of a total of 11 cases; (c) sudden unexpected death (sudden cardiac death) usually occurred early in the morning; (d) eosinophilic inflammation limited to the adventitia and periadventitial soft issue appeared in the epicardial large coronary arteries, chiefly in the left coronary anterior descending artery; (e) fibrinoid necrosis or granuloma could not be found in or around the inflammatory area; (f) no type of vasculitis could be found in any other tissues or organs (i.e., localized and non-systemic periarteritis); (g) ECPA was frequently accompanied by spontaneous coronary arterial dissection (SCAD) in the affected wall; and (h) ECPA without SCAD appeared mainly in men (male/female ratio was 8:3), while EPCA with SCAD appeared in almost all female cases (male/female ratio was 1:14). Although the etiology and pathogenesis are still unknown, we believe that ECPA (with or without SCAD) might be a distinct new type of coronary arteritis.