人大脑内囊的影像解剖

目的 探讨正常汉族成人内囊的影像解剖。方法 选择健康汉族成人1000名(2000侧),按年龄18~30、31~40、41~50、51~60、61~80岁分为5组,每组男、女各100名。所有受试者均行三维（3D）磁化强度预备梯度回波序列T1WI,应用3D分析软件（Midobl）手工勾画出各个解剖值,软件自动计算出其解剖参数值。
结果 左、右侧内囊前肢前后径测量值为（16.93±1.67）mm和（16.60±1.72）mm,左、右侧内囊后肢前后径测量值为（28.42±1.92）mm和（27.68±1.81）mm。 左、右侧内囊前肢左右径测量值分别为（11.25±1.52）mm及（11.10±1.53）mm,左、右侧内囊后肢左右径测量值分别为（20.10±2.33）mm及（19.44±2.17）mm。 标准轴面上,左、右侧内囊前后肢之间夹角分别为（125.66±2.38）°及（126.01±34.11）°。 结论 高分辨率MRI能提供较为精确的内囊图像及测量数据,本实验提供了中国汉族正常成人内囊的参考值范围。     

基于2D/3D配准技术测量颈椎间孔形态学的精度研究

目的　探讨基于2D/3D配准技术测量离体颈椎标本椎间孔形态学的精度。 方法　获取16具颈椎离体标本的螺旋CT影像,通过三维重建获得相应标本的三维模型。然后改变标本的体位,再次行CT扫描并分别拍摄各具离体标本正侧位X线平片,采用2D/3D图像配准技术还原拍摄平片时颈椎的三维位置。利用Rapidform XOR3软件测量配准前与配准后C2/3至C6/7双侧的椎间孔面积、前后径和上下径。 结果　共测得椎间孔的面积、前后径和上下径各158个,经配对样本t检验,配准后椎间孔的面积、前后径、上下径与配准前相比较,结果无显著性差异(P>0.05);椎间孔面积的准确度为96.77%、精确度为（1.27±1.16）mm2,前后径的准确度为94.35%、精确度为（0.30±0.27）mm,上下径的准确度为96.14%、精确度为（0.32±0.28）mm。 结论　应用2D/3D配准技术测量颈椎间孔的形态学参数具有较高的准确度和精确度。     

肩峰及喙肩韧带的测量及其临床意义

目的 　通过测量成人肩峰的长度、宽度和厚度以及喙肩韧带在肩峰止点处的宽度和厚度,为临床应用提供形态学基础。 方法　选取36个新鲜成人冷冻肩关节标本,分别进行CT扫描,并将扫描数据导入Mimics15.0软件中,重建肩胛骨,使用软件自带工具测量肩峰的长度、宽度和厚度。然后解剖喙肩韧带,用游标卡尺测量其在肩峰止点处的宽度和厚度。 结果　肩峰的长度为(46.27±2.88)mm,宽度为(25.71±1.52)mm,厚度为(8.10±1.14 )mm ;喙肩韧带在肩峰止点处的宽度为(14.27±1.19)mm,厚度为(4.05±0.38)mm。 结论　喙肩韧带和肩峰的解剖学数据,可以为肩关节疾病的临床诊疗提供帮助。     

冠心病患者体质量指数、皮褶厚度及肥胖的研究

目的了解冠心病患者的体质量指数和皮褶厚度特征,为早期干预提供依据。方法采用国际通用的人体测量法,测量了大连市区健康成人300名(健康男性和女性各150名)和冠心病患者310名(男性160名,女性150名)的身高、体质量和4项皮褶厚度,并利用体脂含量(F%)和体质量指数(BMI)法判定肥胖。结果男女冠心病患者的4项皮褶厚度、F%和BMI的平均值均大于健康成人。用F%法判定肥胖,健康成人和冠心病患者中肥胖比率男性分别为20%和56.25%,女性分别为10%和30%。用BMI法判定肥胖,健康成人和冠心病患者中肥胖比率男性分别为18%和53.75%,女性分别为8%和26%。结论冠心病患者的皮褶厚度较厚,肥胖比例明显高于健康人。     

正常成人门腔间隙前后径的CT测量研究

目的　运用CT技术,对成人门腔间隙（PCS）的前后径进行测量并探讨及其解剖学特点。 方法　收集41例行腹部增强CT扫描而无腹部病变的病例,分别测量、记录：PCS的起始端、终末端和肝脏尾状叶下缘平面的门腔间隙前后径的最小值;取脐部正中水平轴位CT图像,测量、记录脐部脂肪层最厚处的厚度。 结果　门腔间隙的起始端、终末端和肝脏尾状叶下缘平面的门腔间隙前后径的平均最小值分别为0. 427、0.529、0.344 cm。门腔间隙肝脏尾状叶下缘平面的前后径的最小值与腹壁脂肪厚度具有相关性（r=0.387, P＜0.05）;门腔间隙的起始端、终末端前后径的最小值与腹壁脂肪厚度无相关性（P＞0.05）。 结论　CT可充分显示门腔间隙的解剖细节。     

基于CT三维视图的成人正常锁骨曲度及髓腔形态学参数的影像解剖学研究

目的 探讨成人正常锁骨的曲度和髓腔形态学CT影像解剖学参数,为临床手术方案的选择和锁骨固定装置的设计提供参考。方法 纳入2021年3月—8月河北医科大学第三医院影像科行胸部螺旋CT扫描的成年国人中锁骨形态正常且完整的92例CT影像学资料,其中男44例、女48例,年龄20~87（51±17）岁,按年龄分为<60岁组（61例）和≥60岁组（31例）。应用Calculate 3D工具重建出锁骨CT三维影像模型;应用“Inertial Axes”功能建立锁骨的惯性轴及其两端坐标;应用“Reslice Objects”功能重新分割锁骨CT三维影像模型,生成调整后的锁骨三维视图,并基于此观察锁骨的一般形态。依据惯性轴长度将锁骨八等分后,可得到7个等距的矢状面髓腔截面,自锁骨远端向近端依次命名为S1~S7。使用“Measure”工具,在冠状位及水平位视图上分别测量和计算锁骨体积、表面积、长度、内外两侧曲率半径和深度、远近两端关节面宽度和高度;在矢状位视图上分别测量7个截面的皮质厚度、髓腔面积、最长径和最短径。采用独立样本t检验或方差分析对各指标测量结果进行不同性别、年龄和截面间的比较。结果 本组92例92侧正常成人锁骨CT测量结果显示,锁骨体积（29 518.4±7 049.2） mm³,表面积（8 271.8±1 291.2） mm²,长度（143.7±11.5）mm,内侧曲率半径为（128.3±28.0） mm、深度为（16.4±2.6） mm,外侧曲率半径为（56.7±19.4） mm、深度为（11.4±2.6）mm,近端关节面的宽度为（20.5±3.8）mm、高度为（21.8±3.4）mm,远端关节面的宽度为（15.4±3.5） mm、高度（12.8±2.3） mm。锁骨皮质厚度从S2向两端递减,其中S2皮质最厚[（3.5±1.1） mm],S7皮质最薄[（2.6±0.7） mm]。髓腔面积、最长径和最短径在S4处最小并向两侧扩大,其中S4髓腔面积为（24.7±11.0）mm²、最长径为（6.7±1.7） mm、最短径为（4.6±1.2） mm。7个截面间各指标差异均有统计学意义（P值均<0.05）。以上各指标中：近端关节面宽度和外侧曲率半径测量值不同性别间比较差异均无统计学意义（P值均>0.05）,其他指标测量值男性均大于女性,差异均有统计学意义（P值均<0.05）;与<60岁组相比,≥60岁组锁骨远端关节面的宽度和高度,以及各截面的髓腔面积、最长径和最短径较大,而皮质较薄,差异均具有统计学意义（P值均<0.05）。结论 在不同截面处,锁骨的皮质厚度及髓腔面积、最长径和最短径等指标存在较大差异;在选择手术方式时,术者需要考虑性别差异、年龄差异,以及骨折部位和类型的影响。     

腹壁浅动脉皮瓣的应用解剖及其在头颈部修复中的意义

目的　探讨腹壁浅动脉皮瓣的解剖学基础及其在头颈修复中的意义。 方法　在10例动脉内灌注红色乳胶的成人标本上,解剖观察并测量腹壁浅动、静脉的起源、走行、分支、分布、外径、蒂长及与周围血管的毗邻关系。 结果　腹壁浅动脉的出现率为90%（18侧）,管径为(1.48±0.44) mm（0.85~2.43 　mm）, 蒂长为(4.8±1.18) cm (2.56~7.02 mm),腹壁浅静脉恒定,管径为：(2.33±0.71) mm (1.46~4.05 mm),蒂长为：(5.45±1.2) cm（4.03~8.42 cm）,当腹壁浅动脉缺如或管径细小、位置靠内侧时,外侧旋髂浅动脉上升支代偿性增粗。 结论　腹壁浅动脉皮瓣血供可靠,面积充足,供区损伤小,可选择性的应用于头颈部的多种软组织缺损修复。     

正常门腔间隙前后径大小及其影响因素的CT影像学研究

目的 探讨影响成人肝脏尾状叶下缘平面门腔间隙(PCS-IHCL)前后径大小的因素。方法 收集2011年1月—2016年7月潍坊医学院附属医院影像中心行腹部增强CT检查无椎体及门腔间隙(PCS)病变的64例患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。其中男35例、女29例,年龄23～64(46.8±10.8)岁。在轴位增强CT图像上,测量PCS-IHCL最小前后径、门静脉最大前后径、下腔静脉最大短径、最大淋巴结前后径、邻近椎体最大横径、肝脏尾状叶最大前后径以及脐部水平的腹壁脂肪厚度,分析PCS-IHCL最小前后径与其他测量数值的相关性,并得出回归方程。结果 在轴位CT图像上,PCS-IHCL最小前后径为(0.345±0.246) cm;门静脉最大前后径为(1.277±0.126) cm,下腔静脉最大短径为(1.633±0.339) cm,邻近椎体最大横径为(4.214±0.455) cm;PCS-IHCL水平,PCS内共有11例显示有13个淋巴结,最大淋巴结前后径为(0.627±0.100) cm。PCS内肝脏尾状叶的最大前后径为(2.325±0.533) cm,脐部水平的腹壁脂肪厚度为(1.594±0.601) cm。PCS-IIHCL最小前后径与性别、年龄、门静脉的最大前后径、下腔静脉的最大短径、最大淋巴结前后径及邻近椎体的最大横径均无相关性(P值均＞0.05);与肝脏尾状叶前后径及腹壁脂肪的厚度呈正相关(t=4.649、2.403,P值均<0.05)。以PCS-IHCL最小前后径(＾Y)为应变量,以PCS内肝脏尾状叶的最大前后径(X₁)、脐部腹壁脂肪厚度(X₂)为自变量,得回归方程为:＾Y=-0.689+0.180X₁+0.122X₂,R²=0.472。结论 PCS-IHCL具有自身的解剖特点,肝脏尾状叶的最大前后径和腹壁脂肪含量是影响PCS-IHCL最小前后径的主要因素。在CT图像上注重PCS-IHCL的观察和测量,对PCS内病变及邻近脏器病变的诊断和治疗具有指导意义。     

立体定向脑图谱基准点的测定及其意义

目的　对立体定向脑图谱的基准点进行测定研究,为构建临床立体定向脑手术提供基础。 方法　在立体定向空间坐标系内,应用MR扫描图像处理技术对120例健康自愿者和应用解剖学技术对30例尸脑分别进行脑内基准点前连合（AC）、后连合（PC）的径值和前后连合间距（ICD）进行测量。 结果　在立体定向空间内,无论在大体标本,还是在MR图像上,AC、PC均清晰可见;在尸脑上测得AC的前后径为（2.75±0.76）mm,上下径为（3.85±0.68）mm,PC的前后径为（1.87±0.58）mm,上下径为（2.48±0.64）mm,ICD长度为（22.68±1.46）mm;在健康自愿者测得AC的前后径为（2.80±0.32）mm,上下径为（3.82±　0.37）mm,PC的前后径为（1.76±0.30）mm,上下径为（2.30±0.45）mm,ICD长度为（23.84±1.32）mm。 结论　通过尸脑与健康正常人脑的对比测量研究,在立体定向坐标系内脑内AC、PC是脑内准确定位的基准点,　AC-PC是恒定的参考线。     

踝三角韧带修复重建的解剖与生物力学的基础研究

目的　通过对尸体标本踝三角韧带进行解剖观测,为踝关节韧带修复重建提供解剖与生物力学基础。 方法　选取成人新鲜尸体足踝标本10例,观察三角韧带的组成、起止、分布,测量各组成部分的长度、宽度及厚度;并在外翻应力位下拍摄X线片,测量踝关节内侧间隙(Mcs),依次切断三角韧带浅层、深层,并重复上述测量。 结果　踝三角韧带均分为深、浅两层组成,当踝关节韧带处于完整状态时,踝关节在跖屈、中立及背伸位的平均内踝间隙宽度分别为(2.67±0.38)mm、(2.42±0.35)mm、(2.55±0.24)mm。当踝关节处于中立位及最大背伸位时,切断三角韧带浅层后内踝间隙与完整状态相比均无显著性差异(P＞0.05),而切断三角韧带深层后内踝间隙与完整状态相比有显著性差异(P＜0.05);而当踝关节处于最大跖屈位时,所有韧带破坏状态后的内踝间隙与韧带完整时相比均无显著性差异(P＞0.05)。 结论　(1)踝三角韧带由 4 条韧带束组成,各韧带束精确起止点的确定是基础研究及临床解剖重建基础。(2)通过综合踝关节跖屈位、中立位及背伸位外旋应力试验结果,可更全面、准确地诊断三角韧带损伤。     

正常直肠系膜横径的MRI解剖学研究

目的　基于核磁共振图像探讨正常成人直肠系膜横径及其影响因素。 方法　收集100例符合纳入标准的行盆腔MRI检查的成人临床资料进行回顾性分析。其中，男性42例，女性58例，年龄27~83岁。在轴位T1W1图像的精囊腺/子宫体层面上，测量直肠系膜最大横径、直肠最大横径、膀胱最大横径、双侧股骨头间距、前腹壁皮下脂肪厚度及女性子宫最大横径；对直肠系膜横径与其他测量指标之间的相关性进行统计学分析。 结果　（1）58例女性中，直肠系膜最大横径为（7.15±0.97）cm，子宫最大横径为（5.86±0.61）cm。直肠系膜横径与子宫横径无统计学相关性（P>0.05）。（2）合并男性、女性数据进行统计学分析。直肠系膜最大横径为（7.15±0.87）cm，直肠最大横径为（2.84±0.74）cm，膀胱最大横径为（8.58±1.66）cm，双侧股骨头间距为（12.79±0.96）cm，前腹壁皮下脂肪厚度为（2.01±0.76）cm。直肠系膜横径与性别、年龄以及膀胱横径无统计学相关性（P>0.05）；直肠系膜横径与前腹壁皮下脂肪厚度、直肠横径、双侧股骨头间距存在线性正相关（t=3.807、2.612、2.002，P<0.05）。以直肠系膜最大横径（Y）为应变量，前腹壁皮下脂肪厚度（X1）、直肠横径（X2）、双侧股骨头间距（X3）为自变量，得回归方程为：Y=3.500+0.389 X1+0.275 X2+0.163 X3，P<0.05，R2=0.522。 结论　直肠系膜横径与双侧股骨头间距、前腹壁皮下脂肪厚度及直肠横径有关。直肠系膜横径的观察和测量，可为直肠病变的诊疗提供影像学依据。     

Dimensions and mechanical properties of porcine aortic segments determined by combined impedance planimetry and high-frequency ultrasound

The aim of the study is to devise a method for direct measurements of pressure, corss-sectional area (CSA) and wall thickness of a vessel when pressurised. Segments of porcine descending thoracic aorta from 22 and 35 kg pigs (in groups 1 and 2, respectively) and of abdominal aorta from 35 kg pigs are studied in vitro. Impedance planimetry provides measurements of the luminal pressure and CSA of the aorta. The wall thickness is measured simultaneously by means of 20 MHz A-mode ultrasound. The pressure, CSA and wall thickness are registered at different pressures at steady state. At maximum pressure, the CSAs are 107±10, 215±19 and 257±17 mm² in the abdominal, group 1 and 2 segments, respectively. There is a difference between the abdominal group and groups 1 and 2 (p<0·05), but not between group 1 and 2 segments (p>0·2). At maximum pressure, the wall thickness is 0·52±0·04, 0·79±0·07 and 1·07±0·02 mm, in the abdominal group 1 and 2 segments, respectively (p<0·05). The circum-ferential stress-strain relationship accorded well with stress=a×exp(b× strain). The stress-strain curve of the abdominal aortas is shifted to the left, indicating an increase (p<0·05).     

Anatomic guidelines for the prevention of abdominal wall hematoma induced by trocar placement

A knowledge of the parietal structures of the abdominal wall is necessary to minimize risks of operative procedures like laparoscopy. For means to prevent intraoperative bleeding and the occurrence of abdominal wall hematoma, we studied the course of the inferior epigastric arteries and the ascending branch of the deep circumflex iliac artery in 21 human cadavers. The abdominal wall structures were dissected and the distances of the arteries in relation to anatomic structures such as the umbilicus, pubic symphysis, superior ischial spine and lower edge of the rib-cage were measured. Comparison of the morphometric results obtained with the location of 36 trocar incision sites recommended in the common literature yields the information that about half of these incision sites incur the risk of injuring the arteries.     

正常直肠系膜横径的MRI解剖学研究

目的　基于核磁共振图像探讨正常成人直肠系膜横径及其影响因素。 方法　收集100例符合纳入标准的行盆腔MRI检查的成人临床资料进行回顾性分析。其中,男性42例,女性58例,年龄27~83岁。在轴位T1W1图像的精囊腺/子宫体层面上,测量直肠系膜最大横径、直肠最大横径、膀胱最大横径、双侧股骨头间距、前腹壁皮下脂肪厚度及女性子宫最大横径;对直肠系膜横径与其他测量指标之间的相关性进行统计学分析。 结果　（1）58例女性中,直肠系膜最大横径为（7.15±0.97）cm,子宫最大横径为（5.86±0.61）cm。直肠系膜横径与子宫横径无统计学相关性（P>0.05）。（2）合并男性、女性数据进行统计学分析。直肠系膜最大横径为（7.15±0.87）cm,直肠最大横径为（2.84±0.74）cm,膀胱最大横径为（8.58±1.66）cm,双侧股骨头间距为（12.79±0.96）cm,前腹壁皮下脂肪厚度为（2.01±0.76）cm。直肠系膜横径与性别、年龄以及膀胱横径无统计学相关性（P>0.05）;直肠系膜横径与前腹壁皮下脂肪厚度、直肠横径、双侧股骨头间距存在线性正相关（t=3.807、2.612、2.002,P<0.05）。以直肠系膜最大横径（Y）为应变量,前腹壁皮下脂肪厚度（X1）、直肠横径（X2）、双侧股骨头间距（X3）为自变量,得回归方程为：Y=3.500+0.389 X1+0.275 X2+0.163 X3,P<0.05,R2=0.522。 结论　直肠系膜横径与双侧股骨头间距、前腹壁皮下脂肪厚度及直肠横径有关。直肠系膜横径的观察和测量,可为直肠病变的诊疗提供影像学依据。     

Architectural and morphological assessment of rat abdominal wall muscles: comparison for use as a human model

The abdominal wall is a composite of muscles that are important for the mechanical stability of the spine and pelvis. Tremendous clinical attention is given to these muscles, yet little is known about how they function in isolation or how they interact with one another. Given the morphological, vascular, and innervation complexities associated with these muscles and their proximity to the internal organs, an appropriate animal model is important for understanding their physiological and mechanical significance during function. To determine the extent to which the rat abdominal wall resembles that of human, 10 adult male Sprague‐Dawley rats were killed and formalin‐fixed for architectural and morphological analyses of the four abdominal wall muscles (rectus abdominis, external oblique, internal oblique, and transversus abdominis). Physiological cross‐sectional areas and optimal fascicle lengths demonstrated a pattern that was similar to human abdominal wall muscles. In addition, sarcomere lengths measured in the neutral spine posture were similar to human in their relation to optimal sarcomere length. These data indicate that the force‐generating and length change capabilities of these muscles, relative to one another, are similar in rat and human. Finally, the fiber lines of action of each abdominal muscle were similar to human over most of the abdominal wall. The main exception was in the lower abdominal region (inferior to the pelvic crest), where the external oblique becomes aponeurotic in human but continues as muscle fibers into its pelvic insertion in the rat. We conclude that, based on the morphology and architecture of the abdominal wall muscles, the adult male Sprague‐Dawley rat is a good candidate for a model representation of human, particularly in the middle and upper abdominal wall regions.     

Blood velocities in the uterine artery in humans during labour

Blood velocities in the uterine arteries were measured during labour in humans, by means of the pulsed ultrasound Doppler velocity meter (UNIDOP). The uterine arteries were approached through the abdominal wall at the lateral border of the uterus and through the lateral vaginal fornix. At a depth of 0.5-1.5 cm from the lateral vaginal fornix there were three different arteries in each woman. One of these arteries had similar velocity spectra to the uterine artery as measured through the abdominal wall higher up along the uterus, and the velocities were in the same range. The mean velocities were high and the velocities in diastole were high compared to those in systole. During uterine contractions the velocities were reduced during diastole, reducing mean velocities by 20-40% as measured through the vagina and by 50-60% when measured higher up through the abdominal wall. A second artery, which we believe is a branch of the uterine artery traversing the myometrium, had lower mean velocities and a greater difference between systole and diastole. During contractions the velocities were reduced by 100%. A third artery, which we believe is the descending branch of the uterine artery, supplying the cervix and vagina, had the lowest mean velocities, with backflow during diastole. During contractions the velocities increased 100-140%.     

Extraskeletal osteosarcoma of abdominal wall in a child

Compared with osteosarcoma of bone, extraskeletal osteosarcoma is rare and accounts for approximately 1% to 2 % of all soft tissue sarcomas. Osteosarcoma arising in soft tissues is exceedingly rare in children. The tumor most often affects older adults, involves the lower extremity, responds poorly to chemotherapy, and carries a grave prognosis. The authors describe a 4-year-old girl with an extraskeletal osteosarcoma in the lateral abdominal wall.     

A rare multiple variation of the greater omentum

In a dissection performed in our department, we observed multiple variations of the greater omentum. The unusual attachments of the greater omentum were identified. While the right upper part combined with ligamentum teres hepatis, the left upper part had connection with the anterolateral abdominal wall. In addition, the free lower margin of the greater omentum was bound to the front of the abdomen wall. These unusual attachments contained vessels and nerves. The greater omentum is used in reconstructive surgery of the chest wall. And its ligaments are important in abdominal surgery. Therefore, it is important to keep in mind the different attachments of the greater omentum, so that caution is required during intraabdominal surgery and also in appropriately interpreting the radiographs.     

Reliability of echocardiography in the diagnosis of right ventricular hypertrophy

The right ventricular (RV) wall thickness and dimension were measured by the technique of echocardiography in 62 patients. Thirty-six of these patients died, and the RV wall thickness was measured at necropsy for comparison with the echocardiographic measurements. The necropsy RV wall thickness measured 3.3 ± 0.6 mm in patients without right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH) and 5.9 ± 0.9 mm in patients with RVH (P<.01). The echocardiographic measurements of the diastolic RV wall thickness correlated well with the necropsy measurements of the RV wall thickness (r=.83). The sensitivity and specificity of the echocardiographic criteria in detecting RVH was superior to the electrocardiographic (ECG) criteria. Furthermore, the echocardiographic technique was useful in evaluating RVH in 18 patients with an abnormal ECG due to right or left bundle branch block or myocardial infarction. We conclude that echocardiography is reliable in diagnosing RVH.     

The effect of wall thickness on the response of a spherical ionization chamber

Air-filled ionization chambers are used widely for radiation dosimetry. For some applications it is important to know the effect on the chamber response of photon attenuation and scattering in the chamber walls. Traditionally, the wall effect is determined by measuring the chamber response as a function of wall thickness and extrapolating linearly to zero thickness. We have constructed a spherical graphite chamber with variable wall thickness. The change in the chamber response with wall thickness has been measured in a 137Cs gamma-ray beam. Our data show that the change in response is not linear with wall thickness, in agreement with the theoretical prediction of Bielajew (1990 Med. Phys. 17 583-7). A linear versus non-linear extrapolation of the measured data to zero wall thickness leads to a difference of almost 1% in the estimate of the wall correction factor, Kw. The value of Kw obtained using the non-linear extrapolation is in good agreement with the result obtained using Monte Carlo techniques.