茯苓摇瓶补料液体发酵和发酵罐补料液体发酵

在茯苓摇瓶液体发酵条件研究的基础上，进一步探讨了茯苓摇瓶补料液体发酵和发酵罐补料液体发酵的发酵工艺，为其产业化打下基础。通过每升发酵液中茯苓菌丝体干重的测定，确定最佳的液体发酵补料工艺。发酵罐液体补料发酵较摇瓶补料液体发酵大大缩短了发酵时间，使发酵时间从168h缩短为120h；发酵罐液体补料发酵还较摇瓶补料液体发酵提高了茯苓的生物量，使菌丝干重从10．74g／L增长到11.95g／L。     

利福霉素SV发酵工艺优化的研究

本文通过对影响利福霉素SV发酵因素一温度、溶氧和补料方式的研究，得出结论：在控制培养温度28．5℃、溶氧25％以上的条件下，采用流加方式补料工艺，利福霉素SV的发酵效价较原工艺有明显提高，此工艺已在20T发酵罐上进行工业化生产，发酵效价比原生产工艺有较大提高。     

阿卡波糖发酵代谢阶段性溶氧控制的研究与应用

摘要：目的 研究摇瓶发酵不同阶段含氧量变化对阿卡波糖工业生产菌种犹他游动放线菌阿卡波糖合成的影响,以建立溶氧控制策略提高其阿卡波糖发酵水平。方法 通过调整摇瓶转速以及降低补料浓度和增加补料量调控溶氧水平,确定发酵过程中溶氧控制对犹他游动放线菌阿卡波糖发酵水平的影响。结果 建立了基于提高发酵后期摇床转速并同时降低补料浓度的溶氧控制策略,阿卡波糖效价达到8307 μg/mL,较对照提升了11.98%。结论 通过溶氧控制可以明显提高犹他游动放线菌阿卡波糖发酵水平,结果为进一步提高阿卡波糖工业发酵水平和降低生产成本提供了基础。 关键词：阿卡波糖;发酵;溶氧控制;优化     

间歇补料分批发酵提高纳他霉素产量

对间歇补料分批发酵提高纳他霉素产量的工艺进行了研究，结果表明，在5L自动发酵罐条件下，初始葡萄糖浓度40g/L，以发酵液中的还原糖为控制指标，当还原糖降至2％以下时开始间歇补糖使葡萄糖浓度维持在2％，葡萄糖流加总量为20－25g/L，在最佳的间歇补料分批发酵工艺下，使纳他霉素的产量从1.5g/L提高到2．3g/L，提高率为35％。     

A40926高产菌株的选育及发酵工艺优化

目的通过菌种选育与发酵工艺优化,提高A40926发酵产量。方法本文采用紫外线和亚硝基胍两种方法诱变,结合抗生素抗性筛选方法,对A40926的产生菌Nonomuraea sp.SIPI-H3020进行诱变选育,并通过工艺优化提高发酵产量。结果筛选得到一株高产突变株Nonomuraea sp.SIPI-H5972,其发酵效价比出发菌株提高了257%。在优化的摇瓶发酵工艺下,突变株SIPI-H5972的发酵效价达到990μg/m L,又提高了153%。通过补料工艺优化,在50L发酵罐中发酵效价为1223μg/m L,比摇瓶发酵提高了23.5%。结论紫外线和亚硝基胍诱变并结合抗生素抗性筛选对提高A40926发酵单位效果明显,补料工艺可以显著提高其产量。     

达托霉素产生菌前体物耐受选育及其流加补料发酵

目的 通过对达托霉素产生菌进行诱变选育,以及前体物补料发酵方式提高达托霉素的产量。方法 采用常压室温等离子体(atmospheric and room temperature plasma, ARTP)技术对玫瑰孢链霉菌进行诱变,以癸酸铵和甘氨酸耐受作为选择压力进行菌株筛选,在摇瓶和100L发酵罐上进行癸酸铵流加补料试验确定最佳的发酵工艺。结果 经诱变选育获得1株突变株FIM-D1568摇瓶效价达到380mg/L,发酵单位较出发菌株提高了35.7%;通过优化100L发酵罐流加补料癸酸铵溶液工艺,使达托霉素发酵效价达到2276mg/L。结论 以ARTP为诱变源,甘氨酸及癸酸铵耐受性为选择性压力,可以快速筛选获得达托霉素高产菌;高产突变菌株在流加补料发酵工艺上优良性状得以发挥,发酵效价大幅提高。     

以薏苡仁为基质的茯苓发酵罐补料液体发酵

将薏苡仁添加到茯苓发酵罐液体发酵培养基中组成药性培养基,薏苡仁可促进茯苓的生长。文章研究了以薏苡仁为基质的茯苓发酵罐补料液体发酵,确定了最佳的补料时间和补料量。在最佳补料液体发酵工艺下,茯苓菌丝体产量达15.09g/L,茯苓胞外多糖产量达7.52g/L。     

毕赤酵母工程菌高密度发酵肿瘤坏死因子相关凋亡诱导配体的研究

目的研究重组人可溶性肿瘤坏死因子相关凋亡诱导配体 (TRAIL)巴斯德毕赤酵母工程菌发酵工艺。方法首先用摇瓶对工程菌的甲醇诱导周期、甲醇浓度、pH进行研究 ,在此基础上 ,采用 5L发酵罐补料培养进行中试研究。结果人可溶性TRAIL巴斯德毕赤酵母菌在pH 6 .0、甲醇诱导浓度 1%的条件下诱导 96h ,目标蛋白质浓度最高 ,可达 72 .8mg/L。 5L发酵罐培养放大 ,可以达到 184mg/L。结论此发酵工艺可以较好地提高人可溶性TRAIL工程菌的分泌表达。     

林可霉素发酵工艺改进

为提高林可霉素发酵效价,我们采取了二个措施。（１）二级种子液培养从原工艺的２４ｈ延长到４８ｈ,其间视ｐＨ和菌丝情况补种子补料培养基１～２次。菌丝浓度由３４％增加到５２％,种子效价从０达到３５０ｕ／ｍｌ;（２）发酵前期加入发酵补料培养基,使发酵后期效价得到持续增长。两项措施使林可霉素发酵效价提高１５％～１８％。     

利福霉素B发酵工艺研究

研究温度、溶氧、巴比妥、磷酸盐及补料方式对利福霉素B发酵的影响。结果表明在控制培养温度27℃，溶氧25％以上的条件下，采用流加补料工艺，利福霉素B的发酵效价较原工艺有明显提高，此工艺已在60m^3发酵罐中进行工业化生产，发酵效价比朱生产工艺提高了一倍以上。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.