唇腭裂患者牙槽嵴数字化模型建立及分析的初步探讨

目的 通过三维激光扫描建立唇腭裂患者牙槽嵴的数字化模型，为唇腭裂患者的模型分析建立科学方法。方法 唇裂修复术前于全麻状态下对1例右侧完全性唇腭裂患者的上颌无牙颌制取模型，用激光扫描仪扫描，通过计算机逆向工程软件进行模型重建。结果 此法可在重建模型上设定测量参考点9个，并可测出各标志点间的距离；模型可切割后测量和计算。结论 激光扫描三维分析方法是分析唇腭裂患者牙槽嵴形态及方向改变的一种理想方法，应用此模型可量化分析唇腭裂患者随生长发育而变化的上颌牙槽嵴形态。     

模拟上唇压力对腭裂上颌骨复合体三维有限元模型的影响研究

目的:研究唇裂修复术后上唇压力对腭裂上颌骨复合体的影响.方法:对一位14岁单侧完全性腭裂的患者的头部作连续冠状扫描.应用DICOM技术获取扫描图片并采用图像处理软件和工程建模软件对患者的上颌骨复合体进行三维有限元建模.模拟正常上唇的压力对上颌骨复合体进行加载工况.结果:模型显示在相当于两侧眶下区、牙槽突前段以及翼突下端有应力集中区.健侧上颌骨段的变形大于对侧,导致健侧梨状孔缘成为剪应力集中区域.模型向后、向下移位,牙槽突裂隙缩小.结论:腭裂上颌骨模型在受力后的表现与临床上的唇裂术后腭裂上颌骨观察到的变化一致.所建立的模型研究为临床唇腭裂研究提供了一个新方法.     

唇腭裂患者牙槽嵴模型三维分析对比方法的初步探讨

目的建立三维数字化系列牙颌模型的对比方法，探讨各变化指标的意义。方法应用同一患者唇裂修复前后的上颌牙颌模型，在三维数字化模型建立的基础上，利用通用逆向工程软件Geomagic7．0进行牙槽嵴模型特征线提取、参考点定位。结果通过模型的参考点定位可建立基准坐标系及基准平面，利用逆向工程软件完成唇裂修复术前后三维数字化牙槽嵴模型的对比流程，包括距离和体积测量，提供了纵向牙槽嵴模型对比研究的可操作平台。结论通过建立三维数字化模型的基准坐标系及基准平面，进行各测量指标的对比，可系统地进行模型的纵向研究，观察其生长发育规律和趋势。     

多平面重建技术在上颌后牙区剩余牙槽嵴测量中的应用

目的:探讨多平面重建技术在上颌后牙区剩余牙槽骨测量中的应用价值.方法:收集30例上颌后牙区缺失牙患者行颌面部螺旋CT平扫后进行多平面重建及Dentascan软件成像,分别在两种成像方法的图像上对缺牙区可用骨的高度、宽度及骨密度值测量.结果:在多平面重建的CT图像上测量结果与Dentascan软件成像测量结果比较均无显著性差异(P＞0.05).结论:多平面重建技术能准确地评估剩余牙槽嵴骨量及骨质情况,对上颌后牙区牙种植术前设计具有重要指导意义.     

应用激光近形制造方法制作口腔修复体的基础研究--牙颌石膏模型的层析三维测量

目的:实现牙颌模型的精确三维测量信息贮存,为口腔修复体的激光近形制作和CAD/CAM奠定基础。方法:采用层析三维数字化仪,逐层铣出并扫描测量被测牙颌石膏模型的断面,经图象处理精确求出断面二维边缘轮廓数据,由断面边缘轮廓数据叠加重建牙颌模型。结果:获得了全牙列石膏模型断面边缘轮廓图和三维显示模型。结论:层析三维测量可对形状复杂的全牙列石膏模型进行精确、自动测量,避免了光学测量难以克服的测量盲区问题     

2种前方牵引装置前牵引唇腭裂患者上颌骨的三维有限元分析

目的:建立含微钛板支抗和牙支持式前牵引装置的唇腭裂颅上颌复合体三维有限元模型,探讨其前牵引生物力学效应.方法:选取1例恒牙早期唇腭裂男性志愿者,进行锥形束CT(cone beam CT,CBCT)扫描,构建模型,模拟加力,分析位移变化及应力分布.结果:建立了含微钛板支抗和牙支持式前牵引装置的单、双侧唇腭裂颅上颌复合体三维有限元模型.前牵引时,上牙弓内缩;微钛板支抗模型上颌中上部位移量大于牙支持式模型,后者上颌前部及上尖牙位移量大于前者.微钛板支抗模型应力集中于上颌骨中上部,牙支持式模型的应力集中在上颌尖牙点,且前者应力值及分布范围均大于后者.双侧唇腭裂模型上前牙牙槽嵴处位移小于单侧唇腭裂模型,后者患侧位移和应力分布范围均大于健侧.结论:本研究构建的模型生物力学仿真性好,为唇腭裂上颌骨前牵引治疗的生物力学研究提供了良好的实验载体.微钛板支抗上颌骨前牵引以骨性作用为主,牙支持式上颌骨前牵引以牙性作用为主,前者更有利于效果稳定和侧貌改善.     

完全性唇腭裂两种治疗模式的初步探讨

目的 探讨两种治疗模式对上颌牙槽骨的生长发育及腭咽闭合的影响。方法 将124例腭裂分为A组（63例），用Latham或Millard法，B组（61例）用早期软腭粘接法，测量124例唇腭裂上颌石膏模型，测量X线片牙槽裂区骨桥。结果 A组牙弓横径较B组大；A组在双侧唇腭裂，上牙弓的前后径小于B组，但随患者年龄增长，两组差别逐渐减小；A组在唇腭裂单侧和双侧牙槽裂区分别有63.0%和83.3%的骨桥生长；A组和B组分别有15.9%和35.2%的患者需要咽瓣手术。结论 A组稳定的上牙弓能对抗唇肌的压迫。维持牙弓的宽度，但A组9岁以后双侧唇腭裂牙弓的前后径还需进一步的追踪。A组需要咽瓣手术的病例较B组少。     

单侧完全性唇腭裂新生儿上颌牙槽形态的三维测量分析

目的 研究非综合征型单侧完全性唇腭裂新生儿上颌牙槽的三维形态特征,并验证三维测量方法的可靠性及可重复性。方法 筛选60名单侧完全性唇腭裂新生儿,通过iTero口内扫描仪对其初始上颌石膏模型进行扫描,由同一研究员使用Mimics软件对上颌牙槽的25个测量项目进行共两次三维测量,对两次的测量结果进行Bland-Altman一致性检验;并依据上颌牙槽的形态将样本分为G1、G2、G3三组,通过两两比较研究不同分组上颌牙槽的形态差异。结果 所有测量值的结果均符合正态分布,且两次测量结果具有较好的一致性。单侧完全性唇腭裂新生儿健侧的前段牙槽长度以及前后段牙槽的旋转角均明显大于对侧的前后段牙槽;G1及G2组健侧前段牙槽长度明显长于G3组,G1组牙槽裂隙宽度、牙弓中段的裂隙宽度、尖牙水平的牙弓宽度和健侧前段牙槽的旋转角都明显小于G2、G3组。结论 本研究统计了非综合征型单侧完全性唇腭裂新生儿上颌牙槽的平均尺寸,前段牙槽的发育不足和健侧前段牙槽的外旋程度共同决定了单侧唇腭裂牙槽裂隙的严重程度。     

唇腭裂患者前牙烤瓷桥修复的临床效果稳定性观察

目的：观察烤瓷冠桥对唇腭裂伴牙槽嵴裂患者正畸治疗后,前段牙弓的修复性保持效果;方法：9例唇腭裂伴牙槽嵴裂患者正畸治疗后,矫治器拆除时即刻行前牙烤瓷固定桥修复,对保持效果观察1-2年;结果：全部病例正畸治疗后的修复效果良好,正畸效果稳定;结论：唇腭裂伴牙槽嵴裂患者正畸治疗后即刻行烤瓷桥修复,能达到牙列美观、稳定的效果。     

成人腭裂患者牙弓形态的比较研究

目的 探讨腭裂畸形本身及修复术对牙弓形态发育的影响.方法 应用牙颌模型CT扫描测量系统,对比分析正常(牙合)成人、单侧完全性唇腭裂(UCLP)均已修复组以及腭裂未修复组成人患者牙弓形态特征.结果 腭裂术后组上颌牙弓各段宽度、牙弓前段长度均显著小于未手术组(P ＜ 0.01);未手术组上颌牙弓前段宽度、上下颌牙弓长度均显著小于正常组(P ＜ 0.01),而上下颌牙弓后段宽度大于正常组(P ＜ 0.001).结论 腭部裂隙对上颌牙弓发育的影响仅仅局限于牙弓前部裂隙邻近的区域,腭裂手术是造成上颌牙弓宽度缩窄的主要原因,同时也抑制了上颌牙弓前段长度发育.     

Photographs of dental casts or digital models: rating dental arch relationships in bilateral cleft lip and palate

Yardsticks have been developed to measure dental arch relations in cleft lip and palate (CLP) patients as diagnostic proxies for the underlying skeletal relationship. Travelling with plaster casts to compare results between CLP centres is inefficient so the aim of this study was to investigate the reliability of using digital models or photographs of dental casts instead of plaster casts for rating dental arch relationships in children with complete bilateral cleft lip and palate (CBCLP). Dental casts of children with CBCLP (n=20) were included. Plaster casts, digital models and photographs of the plaster casts were available for all the children at 6, 9, and 12 years of age. All three record formats were scored using the bilateral cleft lip and palate (BCLP) yardstick by four observers in random order. No significant differences were found for the BCLP yardstick scores among the three formats. The interobserver weighted kappa scores were between 0.672 and 0.934. Comparison between the formats per observer resulted in weighted kappa scores between 0.692 and 0.885. It is concluded that digital models and photographs of dental casts can be used for rating dental arch relationships in patients with CBCLP. These formats are a reliable alternative for BCLP yardstick assessments on conventional plaster casts.     

Facial appearance and attachment in infants with orofacial clefts: a replication.

OBJECTIVE: The current study sought to replicate an unexpected finding reported by: relatively unattractive infants at age 3 months were more likely than attractive infants to show secure maternal attachment at age 12 months, a finding unaffected by the diagnosis of cleft lip and palate (CLP), cleft palate only (CPO), or the absence of a cleft condition. DESIGN: We evaluated the effects of diagnosis (CLP, CPO, or no diagnosis) and age (3, 12, and 24 months) on facial attractiveness ratings derived from a modified Q-sort method. SETTING: Craniofacial clinic in an urban children's hospital. PARTICIPANTS: Infants with CLP and CPO and typically developing infants without clefts (n = 126) and their mothers. Ratings were made by 13 adults unfamiliar with cleft conditions. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Facial attractiveness ratings.RESULTS: Infants with CLP were rated as the least attractive at all time points. At ages 12 and 24 months, infants in the CPO group were rated as less attractive than typical infants but more attractive than infants in the CLP group. Typical infants and those with CLP-but not CPO-received higher attractiveness ratings with age. As hypothesized, less attractive infants, regardless of diagnosis, were more likely to show secure attachment than were more attractive infants. CONCLUSIONS: We tentatively conclude that the perceived vulnerability of young infants, as indexed by atypical or unattractive facial characteristics, engenders extraordinary protectiveness and responsiveness in some mothers, leading to a higher probability of secure attachment. A test of this hypothesis with a new sample of infants is recommended.     

Three-dimensional analysis of morphological changes in the maxilla of patients with cleft lip and palate.

OBJECTIVE: Three-dimensional (3-D) morphological changes in the maxilla of patients with cleft lip and palate (CLP) have been recorded, mainly using two-dimensional cast analyses. Although these seem to be insufficient, no standardized 3-D method has been developed until now. In this study, accuracy, precision, and validity of a newly developed 3-D digital computer-aided procedure to visualize and metrically analyze the growth of the edentulous maxilla of infants with CLP have been evaluated. PATIENTS: The method was applied to 10 infants with complete unilateral CLP. INTERVENTIONS: Consecutive casts of the maxilla (1 week and 3, 6, and 12 months) of each patient were optically measured with a 3-D laser scanner. Following digitizing, the casts were computer reconstructed, aligned, and superimposed using specialized computer software. The distances between the surfaces were measured. Additionally, the surfaces were segmented perpendicular to the alveolar crest, the reference points being C1, C1', C2, C2', and I. The volumes of the resulting segments were determined and compared with one another. RESULTS: The newly developed analysis enables a visualization of the extent and direction of morphological changes in the maxilla of infants with CLP. With this method it is possible to quantify these changes of the volume of defined alveolar segments. CONCLUSIONS: The 3-D analysis developed is an ideal tool for the examination of 3-D morphological changes in the edentulous maxilla of patients with CLP. The results will serve as the starting point for a longitudinal study on the efficacy of different methods, not only of presurgical infant orthopedics but also of surgical procedures.     

The prevalence of cleft lip and palate in the Japanese: their birth prevalence in 40,304 infants born during 1982

To determine the prevalence of cleft lip and palate (CL/P) among the Japanese, 40,304 infants born between Jan. 1, 1982, and Dec. 31, 1982, were investigated. Eighty-three infants (0.206%) were found with these abnormalities in approximately 2.06/1000 live births. Among fifty-two infants in whom it was possible to classify the types of cleft, seventeen (32.7%) had cleft lip only (CL), twenty-four (46.1%) had cleft lip and palate (CLP), and eleven (21.2%) had isolated cleft palate (CP).     

Are infants with orofacial clefts at risk for insecure mother-child attachments?

OBJECTIVE: Several risk factors in the early lives of children with clefts are believed to interfere with their development of secure attachments to parents; however, this possibility has rarely been studied empirically. This study compared 12- and 24-month attachment classifications of infants with cleft palate (CP), infants with cleft lip and palate (CLP), and a comparison group of unimpaired infants (COMP). METHOD: Twenty-two CP infants, 24 CLP infants, and 61 matched COMP infants were assessed at 12 and 24 months of age in an urban children's hospital. At both visits, mothers and infants participated in the Strange Situation, which was videotaped and subsequently coded for patterns of attachment behavior. RESULTS: CP infants displayed a lower rate of 12-month attachment security than infants in the CLP or COMP groups. By 24 months, no diagnostic group differences in attachment classification were found. Stable 12- to 24-month attachment classifications were less likely in the CP group (36.3%) than in the COMP (62.3%) group. CP infants who were insecure at 12 months were more likely to become secure by 24 months than were CLP or COMP group infants. CONCLUSIONS: In contrast to previous theory and clinical speculation, the facial appearance of infants with CLP does not appear to affect the early mother-infant relationship adversely. The infancy period is marked by attachment instability for infants with CP, who demonstrated lower-than-expected rates of security at 12 months. However, these problems resolved in nearly all cases by 24 months of age. Most infants with clefts emerged from the first 2 years of life with secure maternal attachments.     

Abnormal maxillary trapezoid pattern in human fetal cleft lip and palate.

OBJECTIVE: To elucidate abnormal growth patterns of human fetal maxillae with cleft lip and palate (CLP). SUBJECT: A total of 71 fetal maxillae with CLP were obtained from aborted human fetuses. METHOD: Dimensions of the maxillary trapezoid (MT), formed by the maxillary primary growth centers (MxPGC), were taken from radiographic images. The CLP dimensions were compared with maxillary trapezoid dimensions of normal fetuses from a previous study (Lee et al., 1992). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Cleft lip subjects without a cleft palate, unilateral cleft lip-alveolar cleft or cleft palate (UCL+A/UCLP), and bilateral cleft lip-alveolar cleft or cleft palate (BCL+A/BCLP) displayed abnormal MT patterns. MT abnormalities were most marked in the BCL+A/BCLP cohort. RESULTS: The MT growth of prenatal CLP maxillae was severely arrested, resulting in abnormal MT shape on palatal radiograms. BCL+A/BCLP subjects had a more protruded nasal septum than subjects with other types of CLPs, while UCL+A/UCLP subjects showed severe deviation of the protruded nasal septum toward the noncleft side. Cleft lip-only subjects also exhibited abnormal MT growth. CONCLUSION: MT is primarily involved in CLPs, so that the MT shape could be utilized as a sensitive indicator for the analysis of maxillary malformation in different types of CLPs.     

Mental development in infants with cleft lip and/or palate.

OBJECTIVE: Investigated mental development in infants and toddlers with cleft lip and/or palate (CLP). DESIGN: This was a retrospective analysis of developmental scores on qualified children between 4 and 36 months of age. Cross-sectional analysis included children in four age groups (6, 12, 18, and 24 months); longitudinal analysis included children at mean age 9.1 (range = 4 to 15) months at Time 1 and 24 months (range = 16 to 36) at Time 2. PARTICIPANTS: Cross-sectional analysis included 180 children (59% male participants) in four diagnostic groups (cleft lip only [CL], cleft lip and palate [CLP], cleft palate only [CP], and Pierre Robin). The longitudinal sample included 85 children (64% male children) in the same diagnostic groups. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Mental Scale (MDI) of the Bayley Scales of Infant Development. RESULTS: Mean MDIs were in the average range but decreased significantly between youngest and oldest groups in both cross-sectional (F(3,179) = 4.9, p<.01) and longitudinal samples (F(1,84) = 6.87, p<.01). There was a significant difference among cleft types (F(3,179) = 3.5, p<.025). Infants with CL obtained the highest scores, and infants with Pierre Robin Sequence obtained the lowest. Perceptual-motor development in the first year of life was predictive of developmental status at age 2. CONCLUSIONS: The number of children with CLP who may be at risk for developmental problems during the second year of life is greater than would be expected. Children at greatest risk may demonstrate early delays in acquisition of perceptual-motor skills during the first year of life.     

唇腭裂患儿的鼻牙槽塑形治疗:29例临床分析

目的:采用鼻牙槽塑形器对唇腭裂患儿进行术前唇、牙槽裂隙及鼻畸形矫正,观察鼻牙槽塑形疗效,总结矫治过程中出现的问题及解决对策,为鼻牙槽塑形治疗的开展提供参考。方法:选择在本院接受鼻牙槽塑形治疗的患儿29例,其中单侧唇腭裂19例,双侧唇腭裂10例;初诊年龄为出生后3～150d,矫治周期2.5～3个月,每2周复诊,调整矫正器。结果:参照鼻牙槽塑形治疗评价标准,17例患儿矫治成功,唇、牙槽裂隙明显缩小,鼻不对称畸形明显改善,鼻小柱延长;9例好转,唇、鼻畸形部分纠正,利于手术;3例患者放弃治疗。结论:鼻牙槽塑形成功的关键因素包括初诊年龄、印模、腭护板和鼻撑的调整、鼻模的应用;正畸科需要与口腔颌面外科、整形外科医师取得共识,尽早给患儿开始治疗,以提高手术效果。