Relationship between bladder cancer incidence, Schistosoma haematobium infection, and geographical region in Zimbabwe

Bladder cancer is common in Zimbabwe, possibly due to the high prevalence of Schistosoma haematobium infection in some areas. We undertook a correlational study based on retrospective medical record review to see whether the number of bladder cancers could be related to geographical region and prevalence of S. haematobium infection. We also determined patient demographic characteristics and tumour histology. Of 483 patients identified (1984-1987), 69% with available histology had squamous cell carcinomas. The remainder had transitional cell carcinomas. Patients with squamous cell carcinoma were younger than patients with transitional cell carcinomas (50% vs 20% under 50 years old, P less than 0.05) and had a sex ratio of one. There was a positive geographical relationship between S. haematobium prevalence and the incidence of squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder: provinces with high prevalence of S. haematobium had more bladder cancer cases with a predominance of squamous cell carcinoma (r = 0.87, P less than 0.01). These data support a casual relationship between S. haematobium infection and squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder.     

Exposure to crocidolite and the incidence of different histological types of lung cancer.

OBJECTIVES: To estimate the relations between exposure to both tobacco smoke and crocidolite and the incidence of various histological types of lung cancer. METHODS: In 1979 all former workers from the Wittenoom asbestos industry who could be traced were sent a questionnaire on smoking history. Of 2928 questionnaires sent, satisfactory replies were received from 2400 men and 149 women. Of the men, 80% had smoked at some time and 50% still smoked. Occupational exposure to crocidolite was known from employment records and follow up was maintained through death and cancer registries in Australia with histological diagnoses obtained from the relevant State Cancer Registry. Conditional logistic regression was used to estimate the effects of tobacco and asbestos exposure on incidence of different cell types of lung cancer in a nested case-control design. RESULTS: Between 1979 and 1990, 71 cases of lung cancer occurred among men in this cohort: 27% squamous cell carcinoma, 31% adenocarcinoma, 18% small cell carcinoma, 11% large cell carcinoma, and 13% unclassified or indeterminate. Two of the classified cases and one unclassified case had never smoked. The incidence of both squamous and adenocarcinoma types of lung cancer were greatest in ex-smokers and in those subjects with the highest levels of exposure to crocidolite. After adjustment for smoking habit, the increase in incidence of lung cancer with increasing exposure to crocidolite was greater for squamous cell carcinoma than for adenocarcinoma. CONCLUSIONS: The results from this study have shown significant exposure-response effects for exposure to crocidolite, and both adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma of the lung. They also provide some further evidence against the theory that parenchymal fibrosis induced by asbestos is a necessary precursor to asbestos induced lung cancer.     

肺癌组织中P63、TTF-1、CK7水平对肺癌的鉴别诊断分析

目的探讨肺癌组织中P63蛋白(P63)、甲状腺转录因子-1 (TTF-1)、细胞角蛋白7 (CK7)水平对肺癌的鉴别诊断价值。方法选择2017年1月至2020年1月我院的86例肺癌穿刺活检样本,以病理检测作为"金标准",采用免疫组织化学染色法(S-P检测法)检测样本中P63、 TTF-1、 CK7水平表达情况,根据表达情况分析鉴别诊断鳞癌、腺癌、小细胞癌及腺鳞癌的价值。结果 P63在鳞癌、腺癌、小细胞癌及腺鳞癌阳性表达率分别为100.00%、 5.88%、 0.00%、 100.00%;TTF-1在鳞癌、腺癌、小细胞癌及腺鳞癌阳性表达率分别为0.00%、 94.12%、 90.91%、 100.00%;CK7在鳞癌、腺癌、小细胞癌及腺鳞癌阳性表达率分别为8.57%、 94.12%、 27.27%、 100.00%。P63、 TTF-1、 CK7分别在鳞癌、腺癌、小细胞癌及腺鳞癌中阳性表达率比较,差异有统计学意义(P <0.05)。结论 P63在鳞癌中呈高表达,TTF-1在小细胞癌、腺癌中呈高表达,CK7在腺癌中呈高表达,P63、 TTF-1、 CK7水平对肺癌的鉴别诊断具有良好的应用价值。     

Urinary tract infection and risk of bladder cancer

In an epidemiologic study of 2982 bladder carcinoma patients and 5782 population controls from 10 geographic areas of the United States, the role of urinary tract infection and inflammation in the etiology of this neoplasm was evaluated. A history of urinary tract infection significantly elevated the risk of bladder cancer, particularly in individuals who reported three or more infections (relative risk (RR) = 2.0). Significantly increased bladder cancer risk was also found for bladder stones (RR = 1.8), while kidney stones showed no relation. A history of three or more urinary tract infections was strongly related to squamous cell carcinoma in particular (RR = 4.8).     

AIDS education in Tanzania: promoting risk reduction among primary school children.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to test the effects of an education program in Tanzania designed to reduce children's risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and to improve their tolerance of and care for people with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). METHODS: A randomized controlled community trial including baseline and 12-month follow-up surveys was employed. Public primary schools in the Arusha and Kilimanjaro regions of Tanzania were stratified according to location and randomly assigned to intervention (n = 6) or comparison (n = 12) conditions. Of the 1063 sixth-grade students (average age: 13.6 years) who participated at baseline, 814 participated in the follow-up survey. RESULTS: At follow-up, statistically significant effects favoring the intervention group were observed for exposure to AIDS information and communication, AIDS knowledge, attitudes toward people with AIDS, and subjective norms and behavioral intentions toward having sexual intercourse. A consistent positive but nonsignificant trend was seen for attitudes toward having sexual intercourse and for initiation of sexual intercourse during the previous year (7% vs 17%). CONCLUSIONS: It is feasible and effective to train local teachers and health workers to provide HIV/AIDS education to Tanzanian primary school children.     

Genetic background of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma

Esophageal cancer is the 9th most frequent malignancy. In more than 90% of all patients with esophageal cancer, the tumour is detected in an advanced stage. Surgery, conventional chemo- and radiotherapy are relatively ineffective. Gene therapy came into the limelight of interest. Authors discuss the genetics, molecular pathogenesis of esophageal squamous carcinoma. Clinical experience in connection with gene therapy of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma is discussed. Different targets include complementary nucleic acid treatment (antisense therapy), gene-replacement and importance of small interfering RNA-s.     

Targeted intra-arterial carboplatin chemoradiotherapy and tegafur/uracil for oral and oropharyngeal cancer

The aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of targeted intra-arterial carboplatin chemoradiotherapy in allowing less invasive surgery for patients with oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Twenty patients with previously untreated squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity and oropharynx (T4; 8, T2; 12 patients) were treated with targeted transfemoral intra-arterial carboplatin infusion with concurrent hyperfractionated radiotherapy and the administration of tegafur/uracil (UFT). Of 20 patients, 15 underwent surgery after completion of one course of targeted chemoradiotherapy, and five were given another course or radiotherapy only. Eighteen (90%) of 20 patients had a clinically complete response at the primary site and two (10%) had a partial response. Of the 15 patients who underwent tumor resection, 11 (73%) showed histopathological disappearance of cancer cells at the primary site. Sixteen (80 %) of 20 tumors were controlled at the primary site within a mean follow-up of 30 months. Adverse effects were relatively mild. Targeted intra-arterial chemoradiotherapy caused a down-staging of tumors and facilitated the use of less invasive surgery in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity and oropharynx as a result of its favorable anti-tumor effect.     

Tumor growth during the waiting period for radiotherapy in patients with oropharyngeal carcinoma

OBJECTIVE: To quantify the potential increase in tumour volume during the waiting time for radiotherapy in patients with oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. DESIGN: Retrospective study. METHOD: The tumour volumes as assessed on the diagnostic CT scan and the planning CT scan were compared. Thirteen patients with oropharyngeal carcinoma were included in this study. Both their diagnostic CT scan (CT-1) and their planning CT scan (CT-2) were performed in the Utrecht university medical centre. Tumour volume was calculated by delineating the tumour on CT slices and multiplying the surface area by the inter-slice distance. Tumour volumes were delineated by three independent observers. Tumour growth during the waiting time was defined as the difference in tumour volume on CT-2 and CT-1, calculated as the average of three observations. RESULTS: The mean time between CT-1 and CT-2 was 33 days. The mean waiting period between the histopathological diagnosis and the start of radiotherapy was 56 days. Three groups could be distinguished: in one group the growth was less than 25% (n = 4), in one group the growth varied between 25 and 100% (n = 5), and in a third group there was growth of more than 100% (n = 4). Apart from this, in three cases the TNM stage had to be adjusted as a result of tumour progression. CONCLUSION: This study showed that the tumour volume increased by more than 50% during the waiting time for radiotherapy in 8 out of 13 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the oropharynx.     

弥散加权成像在宫颈癌诊断中的价值

目的:探讨弥散加权成像(DWI)及ADC值在宫颈癌诊断中的价值。方法:对经病理或穿刺活检证实的50例宫颈癌(22例宫颈鳞癌、28例宫颈腺癌)行MRI平扫与增强扫描,及DWI检查,另选20例宫颈无病变女性体查者行MR平扫与DWI检查,在工作站测量感兴趣区的ADC值,对宫颈鳞癌、宫颈腺癌和正常宫颈的ADC值进行统计学分析。结果:宫颈鳞癌、宫颈腺癌和正常宫颈的ADC值随b值的增加,而不断下降,在b值为1000时,分别为0.88±0.06、0.98±0.11、1.80±0.11,宫颈鳞癌与宫颈腺癌的ADC明显低于正常宫颈,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05),宫颈鳞癌稍低于宫颈腺癌,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。随着b值从200升到2000,鉴出宫颈癌的灵敏度和特异性经历了一个从低到高,再从高到低的过程,在1000时最高,分别为92.7%、89.3%,此时的ADC阈值为1.22。结论:DWI结合ADC值大大提高了对宫颈癌的诊断和鉴别诊断能力。     

二磷酸核苷激酶在云锡矿工肺癌中的表达及其与淋巴结转移的关系

目的研究ｎｍ２３基因的表达产物二磷酸核苷激酶（ＮＤＰＫ）在云锡矿工肺癌中的表达及其与肺癌淋巴结转移的关系。方法免疫组化ＬＳＡＢ法。结果ＮＤＰＫ在云锡矿工肺癌中有较高表达,阳性率５７．９％（３３／５７）,其中,鳞癌５６．４％（２２／３９）、腺癌６１．１％（１１／１８）,差异无显著意义（Ｐ＞０．０５）。在云锡矿工肺鳞癌中,无肺门或纵隔淋巴结转移者阳性率为６２．０％（１８／２９）,强阳性占阳性的６６．６％（１２／１８）;有肺门或纵隔淋巴结转移者阳性率为４０．０％（４／１０）,强阳性为０（０／４）。二者差异有显著意义（Ｐ＜０．０５）。ＮＤＰＫ的表达与云锡矿工肺腺癌有、无肺门或纵隔淋巴结转移之间,差异无显著意义（Ｐ＞０．０５）。结论ｎｍ２３基因可能在云锡矿工肺鳞癌和肺腺癌形成及转移过程中起不同的调节作用,其表达程度与云锡矿工肺鳞癌淋巴结转移呈负相关;未发现其与云锡矿工肺腺癌淋巴结转移有相关关系。     

The consequences of Bilharziasis. Medical and public health importance in North-west Tanzania

A survey of the prevalence of bilharsiasis and its consequences in north-west Tanzania showed that, although Schistosoma mansoni infections were light and had little effect on public health, S. haematobium, rampant in the area, was giving rise to hydronephrosis, ureteric lesions or non-functioning kidneys in more than 20% of the child population and in over 10% of the adults. These figures, from an unselected community sample, were higher than had been expected; in addition, evidence of a significant mortality of young men from this cause was obtained. S. haematobium in Tanzania is therefore of considerable public health importance.     

鳞状细胞癌抗原单抗与免放试剂盒的制备及其临床价值

目的 制备鳞状细胞癌抗原(SCCA)单克隆抗体及免放分析试剂盒,并探讨其在宫颈癌、肺鳞癌临床诊断中的应用价值。方法 用重组人SCCA抗原免疫小鼠,通过细胞融合杂交瘤技术制备并筛选一对SCCA单抗,研制SCCA免放试剂盒,并评价其检测灵敏度,通过检测临床血清标本来评价其敏感度和特异性。结果 筛选出两株可以配对的SCCA单抗,研制的SCCA免放试剂盒检测灵敏度为0.08 ng/mL,对宫颈癌和肺鳞癌的临床测定的敏感度分布可达92.24%和89.52%,特异性为98.75%。结论 本SCCA免放试剂盒灵敏度高,特异性好,可用于宫颈癌、肺鳞癌的早期临床诊断和疗效观察,可有效提高宫颈癌、肺鳞癌的早期检出率。     

Cutaneous melanin density of Caucasians measured by spectrophotometry and risk of malignant melanoma, basal cell carcinoma, and squamous cell carcinoma of the skin

Recent advances have enabled quite accurate estimation by spectrophotometry of the density of cutaneous melanin. The relation between skin cancers and this objective measure of skin phenotype is examined here. For this purpose, a population-based case-control study of subjects aged 20-59 years of northern European ancestry was conducted in Tasmania, Australia. Cases (n = 244) of cutaneous malignant melanoma during 1998-1999, and a sample of cases of basal cell carcinoma (n = 220) and squamous cell carcinoma (n = 195) of the skin were identified from cancer registrations. Controls (n = 483) were selected from a comprehensive population listing. Melanin at the upper inner arm was estimated from skin reflectance of light of 400 and 420 nm wavelengths. For melanoma, basal cell carcinoma, and squamous cell carcinoma, respectively, the odds ratios comparing the least with the highest of four melanin categories were 6.2 (95% confidence interval (CI): 2.3, 16.6), 6.3 (95% CI: 2.6, 15.1), and 4.2 (95% CI: 1.7, 10.8) for men and 1.9 (95% CI: 1.0, 3.7), 1.4 (95% CI: 0.7, 3.0), and 0.7 (95% CI: 0.3, 1.7) for women. The gender differences were not due to disparities in site of occurrence or (for melanoma) in thickness of the lesion. The authors conclude that, particularly for men, cutaneous melanin density at the upper inner arm is a strong predictor of risk of skin cancer.     

Ideologies of sexuality,menstruation and risk: girls' experiences of puberty and schooling in northern Tanzania

This paper examines girls' voiced experiences of menstruation, puberty and schooling in northern Tanzania. The study was conducted in Moshi and Rombo Districts of Kilimanjaro, a predominantly Chagga region with historically strong support for girls' education. The major question explored was how the onset of menses and puberty may be impacting on girls' school participation, given societal implications of pubertal onset and potentially gender discriminatory school environments. The methodology included a comparative case study using in‐depth interviews and participatory research with young women living in urban and rural Kilimanjaro. Along with important findings about how menstrual onset creates challenges for girls attending school emerged findings about the significant gaps in girls' knowledge about body changes, sexual health and HIV/AIDS. These findings underline the importance of identifying new girl‐centred approaches to guidance on bodily development and HIV prevention.     

Carcinoma of the lung in Iceland: 1931-1974

During the period 1931-1974, 464 cases of primary lung cancer were diagnosed in Iceland. Only 34 cases were recorded from 1931-1954, but during the next two decades 156 cases and 274 cases were reported, a total of 430 cases which are analyzed in this paper. There is a preponderance of small cell anaplastic carcinoma 33.4% in this series. Epidermoid or squamous cell carcinoma was found in only 24.7% of cases and large cell anaplastic carcinoma in 15.4%. During the period 1955-1974, 143 major surgical procedures were performed for lung cancer in this country, 68 exploratory thoracotomies and 75 resections. Of the resections 58.7% were pneumonectomies. There were 3 surgical deaths in the resected series, for a mortality of 4%. Pneumonectomy carried a mortality of 6.8%, but lobectomies or segmental resections carried no mortality. In the resected series the absolute 5-year survival rate is 29.3%. Patients with epidermoid lesions have the most favorable prognosis. There is a definite correlation between tobacco consumption or cigarette smoking in Iceland and the rising incidence of lung carcinoma.     

Carcinoma of the lung in Iceland: 1931–1974

During the period 1931–1974, 464 cases of primary lung cancer were diagnosed in Iceland. Only 34 cases were recorded from 1931–1954, but during the next two decades 156 cases and 274 cases were reported, a total of 430 cases which are analyzed in this paper. There is a preponderance of small cell anaplastic carcinoma 33.4% in this series. Epidermoid or squamous cell carcinoma was found in only 24.7% of cases and large cell anaplastic carcinoma in 15.4%. During the period 1955–1974, 143 major surgical procedures were performed for lung cancer in this country, 68 exploratory thoracotomies and 75 resections. Of the resections 58.7% were pneumonectomies. There were 3 surgical deaths in the resected series, for a mortality of 4%. Pneumonectomy carried a mortality of 6.8%, but lobectomies or segmental resections carried no mortality. In the resected series the absolute 5-year survival rate is 29.3%. Patients with epidermoid lesions have the most favorable prognosis. There is a definite correlation between tobacco consumption or cigarette smoking in Iceland and the rising incidence of lung carcinoma.     

E-cad与PTEN在宫颈鳞状上皮病变中的表达

目的:研究E-cad和PTEN在宫颈鳞状上皮病变中的表达及意义。方法:选取正常宫颈20例、C INⅠ~Ⅱ21例、C INⅢ22例及宫颈鳞癌20例标本。采用免疫组化法(S-P法)检测标本中E-cad与PTEN的表达情况。结果:E-cad在正常宫颈、C INⅠ-Ⅱ、C INⅢ及鳞癌中膜表达阳性率分别为100.0%、90.5%、45.5%和35.0%。PTEN在正常宫颈鳞状上皮中表达于细胞核为强表达,在正常宫颈、C INⅠ-Ⅱ、C INⅢ及鳞癌中表达阳性率分别为100.0%、100.0%、90.9%和85.0%。PTEN在宫颈病变中的表达经统计学处理无显著性差异(P>0.05)。结论:E-cad可作为宫颈鳞状细胞癌的早诊指标。作为抑癌基因的PTEN,在宫颈病变各组中的表达,经统计学处理,无显著性差异,说明PTEN与宫颈癌的发生无关。     

Result of surgical treatment in 226 cases of primary lung cancer]

From August, 1979 to June, 1990, 226 cases of primary lung cancer were treated surgically at our Department. Of these, 176 cases, excluding hospital deaths from lung cancer and other diseases, were analyzed according to prognosis. The 5-year survival rate of the 176 cases was 40.2% and the 5-year survival rates according to sex were, male, 36.1%; female, 53.2%. The 5-year survival rates according to postoperative stage were, stage I, 64.1%; stage II, 44.1%; stage III A, 22.1%; stage III B & IV, 0% and the 5-year survival rates according to histologic type were, adenocarcinoma, 40.5%; squamous cell carcinoma, 49.7%; large cell carcinoma, 18.9%; small cell carcinoma, 0%. The 5-year survival rates according to primary site were, right side, 43.8%; left side, 34.6%; right upper lobe, 39.7%; right middle lobe, 60.0%; right lower lobe, 44.4%; left upper lobe, 41.7%; left lower lobe, 18.1%. The prognosis of squamous cell carcinoma, and the early stage, female group, right side group, right middle & lower lobe group, were all fairly good.     

宫颈鳞癌中EZH2和Ki67的表达及其临床病理意义

目的:探讨EZH2和Ki67在宫颈鳞癌中的表达及其临床意义。方法:应用免疫组织化学S-P法,检测40例宫颈鳞癌组织、10例CIN组织、10例正常宫颈组织中EZH2和Ki67的表达及其与临床病理特征的相关性,并探讨二者的相关性。结果:EZH2在正常宫颈组织、CIN、宫颈鳞癌组织中的阳性表达率分别为30.0%,70.0%,92.5%。Ki67在正常宫颈组织、CIN、宫颈鳞癌组织中的阳性表达率分别为10.0%,30.0%,95.0%。EZH2蛋白表达阳性率在淋巴结转移组明显高于无淋巴结转移组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。Ki67蛋白表达与临床特征均无关(P>0.05)。EZH2与Ki67表达间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:在正常宫颈组织、CIN和宫颈鳞癌组织中,EZH2和Ki67蛋白表达的阳性率均呈逐渐升高趋势,表明均参与了宫颈鳞癌的发生发展;二指标的无相关性,表明EZH2间接调节了癌细胞的增殖。