流动儿童免疫规划相关疾病抗体水平监测

目的评价南通市砖窑厂流动儿童免疫抗体水平情况,为做好砖窑厂流动儿童的免疫预防工作提供依据。方法采用分层整群抽样调查法,对南通市7个县(市、区)砖窑厂流动儿童抗体水平进行检测并做统计学分析。结果本次调查结果显示,乙肝阳性率为61.90%;脊髓灰质炎Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ型阳性率和抗体平均滴度(GMT)分别为92.82%、95.03%、86.74%和1∶202.23、1:233.79、1:76.70;白喉抗体阳性率和抗体几何滴度(GMT)分别为75.48%、1:60.23;破伤风抗体阳性率和GMT分别为79.67%、1:58.96;麻疹抗体阳性率和GMT分别为72.05%、1:32.00;流脑A群抗体阳性率和GMT分别为52.97%、1:16.00;乙脑抗体阳性率和GMT分别为84.64%、1:11.88。结论本次调查显示,砖窑厂流动儿童抗体阳性率不平衡,脊髓灰质炎Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ期和乙脑抗体阳性率较高,基本达到卫生部颁布的预防接种工作规范要求的标准;而乙肝、白喉、破伤风、麻疹、流脑A群抗体阳性率较低,显示其免疫屏障不牢固,应加强对流动儿童的免疫接种工作。     

山东省部分地区2003年健康人群A群C群流行性脑脊髓膜炎抗体水平监测

目的了解山东省健康人群A群、C群流行性脑脊髓膜炎(流脑)抗体水平.方法 2003年对济南等5个市的健康人群血清,采用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)方法进行了A群、C群流脑IgG抗体水平监测.结果 A群流脑抗体阳性率平均为81.98%(1 419/1 731),几何平均滴度(GMT)为117.52;各年龄组人群阳性率和GMT之间的差异有非常显著的统计学意义(χ2＝50.11,F＝16.23,P均＜0.01),＜3、20～39、40～岁组均低于平均水平.C群流脑抗体阳性率仅为7.89%(134/1 699),GMT为11.21,其中有6名≥15岁检测对象C群抗体滴度≥132,提示山东省可能存在C群脑膜炎球菌的自然感染.结论为进一步加强山东省流脑的控制工作,建议完善A群脑膜炎球菌多糖疫苗的免疫策略,同时开展A+C群脑膜炎球菌多糖疫苗接种的试点与观察工作.     

南通市流动儿童免疫规划相关疾病免疫水平监测结果分析

目的评价南通市外来从事规模种植业农民、砖窑厂工人及渔船民0～7岁子女免疫规划相关疾病免疫水平,为制订流动儿童预防接种管理措施提供依据。方法采用分层整群抽样调查法,对南通市9个县(市、区)外来人口集聚地流动儿童抗体水平进行检测并作统计学分析。结果乙肝抗-HbsAg阳性率76.17%;脊髓灰质炎Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ型抗体阳性率和抗体几何平均滴度(GMT)分别为96.11%、97.28%、94.94%和1∶439.43、1∶295.34、1∶93.613;白喉抗体阳性率和抗体GMT分别为76.71%、1∶10.836;百日咳抗体阳性率和抗体水平分别为22.41%、15.976IU/ml;破伤风抗体阳性率和抗体GMT分别为67.87%、1∶33.644;麻疹抗体阳性率和抗体水平分别为94.74%、1 105.1mIU/ml;A群流脑抗体阳性率和抗体GMT分别为64.78%、1∶11.522;乙脑抗体阳性率和抗体GMT分别为62.89%、1∶11.704。结论脊灰、麻疹阳性率和抗体水平均较高,对这部分人群的保护较好。而乙肝、白喉、百日咳、破伤风、A群流脑、乙脑阳性率偏低,显示本市上述行业流动儿童免疫覆盖水平不足,易受到相关传染病的侵袭,预防接种工作有待于进一步加强。     

深圳市罗湖区外来民工麻疹IgG抗体水平调查

目的了解外来民工麻疹的免疫状况,探讨降低该人群发病危险因素的有效措施.方法随机抽取深圳市罗湖区外来民工为监测对象,采用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)检测麻疹IgG抗体.结果共监测161人,麻疹IgG抗体阳性150人,抗体阳性率为93.17%,几何平均滴度(GMT)为1∶966.5;在年龄、性别、户籍地等几方面的比较上,麻疹IgG抗体阳性率的差异都没有显著性.结论外来民工的麻疹IgG抗体阳性率及GMT都达到了较高水平,提示目前在辖区内民工人群中发生大范围的麻疹暴发疫情的可能性不大.     

咸阳市2013年人群麻疹、白喉和乙脑抗体水平分析

目的了解咸阳市2013年健康人群中麻疹、白喉和乙脑抗体水平,评价预防接种效果,为防制3种疾病提供参考。方法分层随机抽样抽取252例样本,采用ELISA检测麻疹、白喉和乙脑抗体水平。结果 2013年咸阳市健康人群麻疹、白喉和乙脑抗体阳性率分别为96.8%、73.7%和97.6%;1岁以下的婴幼儿麻疹抗体阳性率为76.5%,其余年龄段均为100.0%;白喉抗体阳性率以3~4岁儿童最高(91.7%);不同年龄段乙脑抗体阳性率94.1%~100.0%。结论咸阳市麻疹、白喉和乙脑防制效果良好,但仍应开展查漏补种工作,特别是针对大年龄儿童及成年人。     

C群脑膜炎奈瑟菌血清杀菌力试验的优化及其应用

目的 优化血清杀菌力试验方法,检测和分析A+C群脑膜炎球菌多糖疫苗接种前后人群血清对C群脑膜炎奈瑟菌(Nm)的杀菌抗体水平.方法 以C群Nm疫苗株(C11)和中国目前C群Nm流行株(053442)作为靶菌,国家Nm标准品测试血清为参考血清,选用Pel-Freez幼兔补体,确定靶菌最适工作浓度.122人接种A+C群脑膜炎球菌多糖疫苗前后分别采集血清标本,共244份,进行C群Nm杀菌抗体水平的检测.结果 菌株C11和053442均可作为靶菌用于血清杀菌力试验;靶菌的工作浓度为A 0.35(600 nm)的菌液稀释4×104倍;A+C群脑膜炎球菌多糖疫苗接种前,122份血清对C11和053442的杀菌抗体几何平均滴度(GMT)分别为1:1.75和1:2.63,人群抗体保护率分别为9.8%和17.2%,A+C群脑膜炎球菌多糖疫苗接种后,122份血清的杀菌抗体GMT和人群保护率均显著升高(P<0.01),对疫苗株和流行株的杀菌抗体GMT分别为1:483.73和1:412.57,保护率分别为100%和95.9%.结论 接种A+C群脑膜炎球菌多糖疫苗,能够显著提高人群对不同亚型的C群Nm的抵抗力,但仍需要针对不同的靶菌进行疫苗免疫效果的监测.     

江苏省健康人群流行性脑脊髓膜炎血清学监测

目的了解江苏省健康人群流行性脑脊髓膜炎A群、C群抗体水平及脑膜炎奈瑟菌(Nm)带菌分布情况,评价江苏省流脑多糖菌苗的接种状况、工作质量,为制定控制措施提供依据。方法采用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA法)检测流脑A群、C群血清抗体水平和流脑免疫成功率,咽拭子用于脑膜炎奈瑟菌(Nm)的分离。结果检测流脑A群抗体1964人,抗体阳性率为86.56%,GMT为1∶5.84;检测流脑C群抗体932人,抗体阳性率为57.51%,GMT为1∶2.68;流脑A群抗体阳性率(χ2=222.51,P<0.05),GMT(F=39.44,P<0.05)均有显著性差异;流脑C群抗体阳性率(χ2=194.12,P<0.05)、GMT(F=42.86,P<0.05)均有显著性差异。健康人群A群、C群流脑带菌率<1%。A群流脑多糖菌苗基础免疫成功率为88.98%,GMT为1∶5.58,抗体4倍增长率为71.65%。结论近期内江苏省不会发生流脑A群流行,存在暴发或散发流脑C群的可能。应加强流脑监测,大力推广A C群流脑疫苗的接种,逐渐将其纳入计划免疫。     

重庆市健康人群A群C群脑膜炎奈瑟菌抗体水平调查

目的了解重庆市健康人群A、C群脑膜炎奈瑟菌(Nm)抗体水平,为制定预防控制流行性脑脊髓膜炎(流脑)措施提供依据。方法采用分层随机抽样方法,在5个区、县共采集1 125名健康人群血清标本,应用酶联免疫吸附试验检测A、C群Nm抗体。结果调查的1 125名健康人群中,A群Nm抗体阳性率22.58%(254/1 125),几何平均滴度(GMT)为1∶1.70;C群Nm抗体阳性率11.73%(132/1 125),GMT为1∶1.30。A、C群Nm抗体水平均较低,A群Nm抗体水平相对较高。A群Nm抗体水平与是否接种A群或A C群脑膜炎菌多糖疫苗有关联性,而C群抗体水平与是否接种A C群脑膜炎菌多糖疫苗无关联性。结论及时接种A C群脑膜炎球菌多糖疫苗对预防控制流脑有重要意义,应提高疫苗的有效接种率。     

2003年济南市部分地区健康人群流行性脑脊髓膜炎抗体水平调查

[目的]了解济南市人群流脑抗体水平、人群对脑膜炎双球菌的易感性,为流脑的免疫预防提供科学依据.[方法]2003年抽取济南市364名健康人群进行血清流脑A群和C群IgG抗体检测.[结果]检测364人,血清A群抗体阳性率为98.90%,几何平均滴度（GMT）为1：33.31;C群抗体阳性率为38.74%,GMT为1：2.35.A群流脑抗体GMT水平＜2岁组最低,C群流脑抗体GMT水平天桥区最低.[结论]济南市健康人群对A群脑膜炎双球菌有较高的免疫力,但对C群脑膜炎双球菌免疫力普遍较低.     

盐城市健康人群A、C群脑膜炎奈瑟氏菌带菌率及免疫水平监测

目的了解盐城市健康人群A、C群脑膜炎奈瑟氏菌(简称Nm)带菌状况和免疫水平,评价流脑疫苗免疫效果。方法采用分层随机抽样的方法,将调查对象分成7个年龄组,每个年龄组监测50人,每人采集咽拭子标本和一定量的静脉血,检测A、C群Nm带菌状况及杀菌力抗体。结果在调查的正常人群中,A群Nm抗体阳性率为78.38%(319/407),几何平均滴度(GMT)为1︰8.86,C群Nm抗体阳性率为6.14%(25/407),GMT为1︰1.14;Nm总带菌率为3.39%,其中A群Nm带菌率为1.81%,C群Nm带菌率为1.58%;流脑初免接种一剂的人群A群Nm抗体阳性率为70.70%(58/82),几何平均滴度(GMT)为1︰4.03;流脑初免接种两剂的人群A群Nm抗体阳性率为78.87%(56/71),几何平均滴度(GMT)为1︰8.90。结论人群中Nm带菌状况有所变迁,A群脑膜炎菌多糖疫苗免疫效果显著。     

Arsenic,cadmium, cobalt,copper, lead,mercury, molybdenum,selenium and zinc concentrations in liver,kidney and muscle in Australian sheep

Matched muscle, liver and kidney samples from 152 sheep in different states of Australia were analysed for trace elements. Mean levels found in muscle, livers and kidneys were 0.010, 0.010 and 0.011 mg kg⁻¹ (fresh weight) for arsenic; 0.0035, 0.280 and 0.853 mg kg⁻¹ for cadmium; 0.006, 0.060 and 0.044 mg kg⁻¹ for cobalt; 0.74, 66.0 and 2.72 mg kg⁻¹ for copper; 0.007, 0.040 and 0.057 mg kg⁻¹ for lead; 0.0025, 0.0034 and 0.0061 mg kg⁻¹ for mercury; 0.014, 1.05 and 0.44 mg kg⁻¹ for molybdenum; 0.09, 0.31 and 0.95 mg kg⁻¹ for selenium; and 40.4, 37.2 and 20.8 mg kg⁻¹ for zinc. The lead, mercury and arsenic concentrations in meat and organs may be regarded as low, but the concentrations of cadmium in kidney and livers are sometimes relatively high. Apart from cadmium, lead and selenium, tissue trace element concentrations were not related to the age of the investigated animals. Differences in essential and non-essential trace element accumulation in sheep reared in different regions (states and territories) of Australia were also evaluated. Cadmium, lead and selenium were the only elements that appeared to show significant regional differences. Overall the results show that concentrations of the elements considered are within current acceptable ranges.     

Homocysteine, folate, vitamin B12, and cardiovascular risk in Indians, Malays, and Chinese in Singapore

OBJECTIVE: To examine the hypothesis that the higher rates of coronary heart disease (CHD) in Indians (South Asians) compared with Malays and Chinese is partly attributable to differences in blood concentrations of homocysteine, and related blood concentrations of folate and vitamin B12. DESIGN: Cross sectional study of the general population. SETTING: Singapore. PARTICIPANTS: Random sample of 726 fasting subjects aged 30 to 69 years. MAIN RESULTS: Mean plasma total homocysteine concentrations did not show significant ethnic differences; values were Indians (men 16.2 and women 11.5 mumol/l), Malays (men 15.0 and women 12.5 mumol/l), and Chinese (men 15.3 and women 12.2 mumol/l). Similarly, the proportions with high plasma homocysteine (> 14.0 mumol/l) showed no important ethnic differences being, Indians (men 60.0 and women 21.9%), Malays (men 53.9 and women 37.8%), and Chinese (men 56.6 and women 30.6%). Mean plasma folate concentrations were lower in Indians (men 8.7 and women 10.9 nmol/l) and Malays (men 8.5 and women 10.8 nmol/l), than Chinese (men 9.7 and women 13.8 nmol/l). Similarly, the proportions with low plasma folate (< 6.8 nmol/l) were higher in Indians (men 44.9 and women 36.6%) and Malays (men 45.3 and women 24.5%) than Chinese (men 31.4 and women 12.6%). Mean plasma vitamin B12 concentrations were lowest in Indians (men 352.5 and women 350.7 pmol/l), then Chinese (men 371.1 and women 373.7 pmol/l), and then Malays (men 430.5 and women 486.0 pmol/l). CONCLUSION: While there were ethnic differences for plasma folate and vitamin B12 (in particular lower levels in Indians), there was no evidence that homocysteine plays any part in the differential ethnic risk from CHD in Singapore and in particular the increased susceptibility of Indians to the disease.     

Tuberculosis in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil, in the 1990s

The characteristics of tuberculosis (TB) cases and deaths were analyzed in order to characterize the epidemiological profile of TB (incidence and mortality) in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil, in the 1990s. Annual incidence and mortality rates were calculated by gender, age bracket, and clinical forms of the disease using databases from the Tuberculosis Information System of the Bahia State Health Secretariat and the Mortality Information System of the Brazilian Ministry of Health. TB spatial distribution was analyzed according to health district. Cases and deaths were predominantly in males in the 15 to 39 year group. The pulmonary form showed the highest incidence and mortality. The existing data did not corroborate the hypothesis that AIDS/TB co-infection might contribute to maintaining the high mortality rates. The greater occurrence of tuberculosis in certain health districts may be associated with population density and unfavorable living conditions.     

Murine Typhus in Austin,Texas, USA, 2008

In August 2008, Texas authorities and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention investigated reports of increased numbers of febrile rash illnesses in Austin to confirm the causative agent as Rickettsia typhi, to assess the outbreak magnitude and illness severity, and to identify potential animal reservoirs and peridomestic factors that may have contributed to disease emergence. Thirty-three human cases of confirmed murine typhus were identified. Illness onset was reported from March to October. No patients died, but 23 (70%) were hospitalized. The case-patients clustered geographically in central Austin; 12 (36%) resided in a single ZIP code area. Specimens from wildlife and domestic animals near case-patient homes were assessed; 18% of cats, 44% of dogs, and 71% of opossums had antibodies reactive to R. typhi. No evidence of R. typhi was detected in the whole blood, tissue, or arthropod specimens tested. These findings suggest that an R. typhi cycle involving opossums and domestic animals may be present in Austin.     

Gender,play, language,and creativity in preschoolers

This study explored the effects of a child's gender and school setting on preschoolers' language abilities (receptive vocabulary), creativity, and social play. The participants were primarily European-American children who spoke English as a primary language (nine children were bilingual), and were from middle income socioeconomic backgrounds. There were 20 girls and 33 boys. Ages ranged from 3.11 to 6.60 years with a mean age of 4.66 years. On separate occasions, children individually completed the Goodenough-Harris Draw-a-Person Test and the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-IV. We also recorded the children's social play using Howes and Matheson's [1992. Sequences in the development of competent play with peers: Social and social pretend play. Developmental Psychology, 28, 961–974] scale. We employed a time sampling approach and also notated the area in which the child was playing. We found that gender and school setting influenced children's language abilities and social play. For example, children in the preschool that engaged in pretend play with greater frequency performed well on the receptive vocabulary test. We also found that certain classroom areas generated different types of social play. We discuss the applied value of our findings as these relate to future research.     

Vitamins, selenium, iron, and coronary heart disease risk in Indians, Malays, and Chinese in Singapore

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To examine the hypothesis that the higher rates of coronary heart disease (CHD) in Indians (South Asians) compared with Malays and Chinese is partly because of differences in antioxidants (vitamins A, C, and E, and selenium) and pro-oxidants (iron). DESIGN: Cross sectional study of the general population. SETTING: Singapore. PARTICIPANTS: Random sample of 941 persons aged 30 to 69 years. MAIN RESULTS: There were moderate correlations between vitamin A and vitamin E, and between these vitamins and selenium. Mean plasma vitamins A and E were similar by ethnic group. Vitamin A concentration for Indians were (men 0.66 and women 0.51 mg/l), Malays (men 0.67 and women 0.54 mg/l), and Chinese (men 0.68 and women 0.52 mg/l). Vitamin E concentrations for Indians were (men 12.9 and women 12.8 mg/l), Malays (men 13.6 and women 13.3 mg/l), and Chinese (men 12.6 and women 12.6 mg/l). In contrast, mean plasma vitamin C concentrations were lower in Indians (men 5.7 and women 6.9 mg/l) and Malays (men 5.1 and women 6.4 mg/l) than Chinese (men 6.3 and women 8.4 mg/l). Mean serum selenium was lower in Indians (men 117 and women 115 micrograms/l) than Malays (men 122 and women 122 micrograms/l) and Chinese (men 126 and women 119 micrograms/l). Mean serum ferritin was much lower in Indians (men 132 and women 50 micrograms/l) than Malays (men 175 and women 85 micrograms/l) and Chinese (men 236 and women 92 micrograms/l). MAIN CONCLUSIONS: Lower vitamin C and selenium in Indians, particularly in combination, could play a part in their increased risk of CHD. Vitamins A and E, and ferritin (iron) have no such role. Lower vitamin C in Indians and Malays is probably because of its destruction by more prolonged cooking. In Indians, lower selenium is probably because of a lower dietary intake and the much lower ferritin to a lower dietary intake of iron and its binding by phytates.