升主动脉根部瘤的外科治疗

目的总结升主动脉根部瘤的外科治疗经验。方法101例升主动脉根部瘤患者（年龄14～72岁，平均年龄42．7岁）的主要病因为马方综合征（Marfan syndrome，58例），主动脉瓣环扩张症（34例），主动脉瓣二叶瓣畸形（5例），大动脉炎（4例）；术前有主动脉瓣关闭不全96例，主动脉瓣狭窄4例，术前合并有A型夹层26例，急性左心衰竭（5例）。手术类型：Wheat手术4例，传统或改良Cabrol手术13例，David手术1例，Bentall手术83例。同期行主动脉半弓置换术或降主动脉腔内支架植入术16例，全弓置换术或降主动脉腔内支架植入术4例，二尖瓣置换术或成形术14例，冠状动脉旁路移植术8例。结果全组手术死亡率为6．9％（7／101），2000年后降至3．6％（3／83）；术后主要并发症为低心排血量10例，呼吸功能不全9例，肾功能不全9例。术后随访94例，随访期间死亡1例，5例马方综合征患者术后出现B型夹层。结论Bentall手术是治疗升主动脉根部瘤的首选手术方法，术前左心功能及手术技术是影响手术效果的关键因素。     

Prognostic Factors in the Surgical Treatment of Ruptured Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms

Although the operative mortality following elective aneurysmectomy has achieved satisfactory results, that following surgery for ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) remains high. The purpose of this study was to identify the factors affecting the mortality rate associated with the treatment of ruptured AAAs. Between 1978 and 1999, 33 patients underwent emergency surgery for a ruptured AAA. The operative mortality was 33.3% and in-hospital mortality was 6.0%. Hypotension, defined as a systolic blood pressure <80 mmHg, was seen in 19 patients at the time of presentation, 9 of whom underwent surgery in this state. In the remaining 10 patients, it was possible to increase the systolic blood pressure to ≥80 mmHg preoperatively. Of the 11 patients who died within 30 days of surgery, 9 had hypotension at the time of induction of anesthesia and only 2 had a systolic blood pressure of ≥80 mmHg. A satisfactory outcome was achieved in patients whose condition met the following criteria: a systolic blood pressure ≥80 mmHg at the time of operation, minimal aortic cross-clamping time, less blood loss and blood transfusions, and a shorter operation time to repair the ruptured AAA. Concomitant heart disease was also found to be an important prognostic factor. Received: June 16, 1999 / Accepted: March 24, 2000     

Repair of Ruptured Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm in Octogenarians

Objective

To determine whether advanced age was independently associated with prohibitive surgical risks or impaired long-term prognosis after ruptured aortic aneurysm repair.

Design

Post-hoc analysis of prospective cohort.

Materials

Consecutive patients undergoing ruptured aneurysm repair between January 2001 and December 2010 at a tertiary referral centre.

Methods

Surgical mortality (i.e., <30 days) was compared between octogenarians and younger patients using logistic regression modelling to adjust for suspected confounders and to identify prognostic factors. Long-term survival was compared with matched national populations.

Results

Sixty of 248 involved patients were octogenarians (24%) and almost all were offered open repair (n = 237). Surgical mortality of octogenarians was 26.7% (adjusted odds ratio (OR) 2.1; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.9–5.2) and confounded by cardiac disease. Hypovolaemic shock predicted perioperative death of octogenarians best (OR 5.1; 95%CI, 1.1–23.4; P = 0.037). After successful repair, annual mortality of octogenarians averaged 13.7% vs. 5.2% for younger patients. At 2 years, octogenarian survival was at 94% of the expected ‘normal’ survival in the general population (vs. 96% for younger patients).

Conclusions

Surgical mortality of ruptured aneurysm repair was not independently related to advanced age but mainly driven by cardiac disease and manifest hypovolaemic shock. An almost normal long-term prognosis of aged patients after successful repair justifies even attempts of open repair, particularly in carefully selected patients.     

Endovascular Treatment of Ruptured Infrarenal Aortic and Iliac Aneurysms

The rates of postoperative local surgical complications (e.g. wound-infection, abscess, anastomotic leakage) and the postoperative mortality have markedly decreased over the past decades. However the occurrence of general medical complications (e.g. cardio-pulmonary or renal dysfunction, nosocomial infections, thromboembolism) after abdominal surgery is still frequent with an incidence of 20–60% (1–6).

“Fast-track”-surgery, also called “Fast-track”-rehabilitation or “ERAS” (enhanced recovery after surgery) programme, is a combination of different pre-and intraoperative measures, which have been mainly validated in elective colonic surgery, but they can be principally employed in all surgical settings. With this approach it is possible to accelerate the postoperative convalescence and reduce the rate of general complications markedly (4, 7–10).     

微创腔内隔绝术治疗降主动脉夹层动脉瘤

目的：探讨腔内隔绝术（ＥＶＧＥ）治疗降主动脉夹层动脉瘤（ＤＡＡ）的临床应用价值。方法：２３例ＤｅｂａｋｅｙⅢ型ＤＡＡ患者,经股动脉将直形人造血管－支架复合体（移植物）导入夹层动脉瘤裂口处,支架张开使人造血管固定于裂口附近的动脉壁上,将裂口封闭,消除动脉瘤破裂的危险。结果：３例术中出现内漏的病人,经即时附加导入移植物而将漏门封闭。全部获得成功。结论：ＥＶＧＥ治疗ＤＡＡ,创伤小、并发症少、术后恢复快,有广阔的临床应用前景。     

肾动脉水平以下腹主动脉瘤的诊断和治疗(附261例报告)

为提高腹主动脉瘤手术的安全性，对１９６０年１月～１９９７年１２月２６１例肾动脉水平以下腹主动脉瘤的处理进行了分析。１９７０年以前手术切除７３例，其中５０例经主动脉造影确诊。１９８７年以来的１７８例由Ｂ超和ＣＴ确诊，５例行动脉造影或数字减影造影（ＤＳＡ）、５例经磁共振血管成像明确了动脉瘤上界和肾动脉的关系。结果：患者均行动脉瘤切除人造血管移植，手术死亡率３．８％，５年存活率７４．４１％。腹主动脉瘤诊断中最为关键的是确定动脉瘤上界与肾动脉间的距离，若Ｂ超与ＣＴ不能肯定，主动脉造影或ＤＳＡ极有帮助。提示：手术操作和麻醉技术的改进使腹主动脉瘤修补术变得更为迅速、安全和方便。     

升主动脉瘤伴主动脉瓣关闭不全外科治疗25例

报告２５例升主动脉瘤伴主动脉瓣关闭不全的手术经验。方法１１例伴有主动脉夹层分离，其中ＤｅＢａｋｅｙⅠ型６例、Ⅱ型５例。施行Ｂｅｎｔａｌ手术１９例，分别置换主动脉瓣及升主动脉１例，升主动脉置换加主动脉瓣悬吊５例。结果因止血困难采用Ｃａｂｒｏｌ分流止血２例；术后１６小时延迟大出血１例；无早期死亡病例。远期因心内膜炎死亡２例；术后３０月发生胸降主动脉瘤１例；无假性动脉瘤发生。结论应根据升主动脉瘤的病变类型及范围采用不同的手术方式。准确的吻合技术、保留瘤壁的完整性，使升主动脉瘤的手术治疗更为安全。心内膜炎是Ｂｅｎｔａｌ手术后最主要的远期并发症，须引起高度重视     

Predicting Outcome in Ruptured Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm: A Prospective Study of 100 Consecutive Cases

OBJECTIVES: Case selection for surgery in patients presenting with ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms (RAAA) is often difficult. A previous retrospective review identified five pre-operative risk factors associated with mortality [J Vasc Surg 23 (1996) 123]. In this study we aimed to identify whether these criteria could be usefully applied prospectively in patients presenting with RAAA. METHODS: All patients presenting with RAAA from October 2000 to December 2002 were included. The criteria were recorded with the time they were available and the time surgery commenced. The decision to operate was made on clinical grounds and no patient was refused surgery on the basis of these criteria. RESULTS: One hundred consecutive patients were studied, median age 75 (range 54-94). The operative mortality was 32.9% (26/79 patients). Surgical mortality increased with the number of positive criteria and was 8% (2/24), 24% (7/29), 55% (11/20) and 100% (6/6) for scores, 0, 1, 2 and > or =3, respectively. Age and conscious level were available in every patient. However, an ECG, haemoglobin and creatinine results were only available in 94, 81, and 69%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The scoring system accurately predicted operative mortality. The score was available in the majority of cases and may help the surgeon give informed consent to patients and relatives prior to surgical intervention.     

The Surgical Treatment of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms in Patients with Light to Moderate Renal Dysfunction

Objective : The incremental surgical risk caused by mild or moderate renal dysfunction in patients undergoing surgery for an abdominal aortic aneurysm is not well defined. The aim of this study is to analyze the prognostic significance of mild or moderate renal dysfunction in 79 patients who have undergone repair of an infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm at our institution.

Methods : The postoperative results of 35 non-dialysis-dependent patients (Group I) with renal dysfunction were included and compared with a group of 44 patients (Group II) with similar characteristics of age, gender and pre-operative risk factors. All operations were performed through a standard transperitoneal median laparotomy. Results : The mean operation and aortic cross-clamp times did not differ significantly between the two groups (234 ± 15 min vs. 189 ± 17min; p = 0.25 and 57 ± 12 min. vs. 52 ±9 min.; p = 0.52). Early operative mortality was 5.71% in patients with renal dysfunction and did not differ significantly when compared with the other group of patients 4.5%; p = 0.083). Blood requirement was higher (p < 0.01) and the hospital stay was longer (p < 0.001) in group I. There were 18 patients in group I (51.4%) and three patients in group II (6.8%) in whom the pre-operative serum creatinine level increased above 2.5 mg/dl during the postoperative period. The postoperative increase of creatinine level differed significantly in patients with pre-operative renal dysfunction (p < 0.001). There were nine patients (25.7%) in group I and four patients (9.1%) in group II who required mechanical ventilation for more than 24 hours (p = 0.025). There was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of cardiac morbidity p = 0.234).

Conclusion : Patients with even a mild or moderate degree of renal dysfunction require close monitoring and prolonged hospital care during the postoperative period. Although satisfactory early surgical outcomes may be expected in this particular group of patients, pulmonary and renal morbidity rates are higher than in patients with normal renal function.     

Increased Circulating Levels of Basement-Membrane Components in Patients With Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms – A Pilot Study

Aim

The decision for abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) repair is based on aneurysm size. However, smaller aneurysms can rupture, while larger ones can remain stable. New variables and markers are needed to better select patients at high rupture risk. The study was done to analyse if AAA patients have increased levels of circulating basement-membrane (BM) fragments.

Design

Circulating levels of BM components type IV and XVIII collagen were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in 10 patients with AAA, nine patients with peripheral artery disease (PAD) and 10 healthy controls (CON).

Results

AAA patients had significantly increased levels of type IV and XVIII collagen compared with CON (134.0 ± 24.8 ng ml⁻¹ vs. 104.5 ± 16.4 ng ml⁻¹; p = 0.005 and 149.0 ± 56.9 ng ml⁻¹ vs. 59.6 ± 8.7 ng ml⁻¹; p < 0.001, respectively). The PAD patients did not have significantly increased levels of these fragments when compared with CON. In addition, the AAA patients had significantly increased level of type XVIII collagen (149.0 ± 56.9 ng ml⁻¹ vs. 58.3 ± 25.4 ng/ml⁻¹; p < 0.01) when compared with the PAD group.

Conclusion

Based on this preliminary analysis of a small number of subjects, patients with AAA had significantly increased levels of circulating BM components. BM fragments should be studied further to establish their potential role as biomarkers for AAA.     

Changes of the Infrarenal Aortic Segment After Conventional Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Repair

OBJECTIVES: to delineate the natural history of the residual infrarenal aortic segment after conventional abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) repair. DESIGN: open prospective study. PATIENTS AND METHODS: between 1990 and 1997, 100 patients, who underwent conventional infrarenal AAA repair at our department, were followed annually by means of colour duplex ultrasonography. Data from 76 patients who had at least 3 scans were analysed. RESULTS: mean duration of follow-up was 4.7 years (range: 3-8 years). The residual infrarenal aorta dilated a mean of 0.57 mm annually. No patient required reoperation. There was no significant correlation between dilatation and any of the recorded risk factors except for the initial neck diameter (p=0.03). CONCLUSIONS: conventional AAA surgery is durable so that surveillance, during the first 5 postoperative years, is not justified in terms of cost-effectiveness. The impact of such a dilatation on endovascular AAA repair requires further investigation.     

马凡氏综合征所致升主动脉瘤的外科治疗：附9例报告

９例马凡氏综合征合并升主动脉瘤患者中，行Ｂｅｎｔａｌｌ氏手术８例，升主动脉瘤切除后人造血管置换１例，无近期死亡。对动脉瘤巨大者，主张经股静脉插管以建立体外循环，对术中心肌保护、减少出血等问题作了讨论。     

Prevalence of Thoracic Aortic Aneurysms in Patients with Degenerative Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms: Results from the Prospective ACTA Study

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