Risk factors for homelessness among indigent urban adults with no history of psychotic illness: a case-control study

OBJECTIVES: This study identified risk factors for homelessness among indigent urban adults without dependent children and with no history of psychotic illness. METHODS: We conducted a matched case-control study, stratified by sex, of 200 newly homeless men and women and 200 indigent men and women with no history of homelessness. Newly homeless case subjects were recruited from shelter assessment centers in New York City. Never-homeless control subjects, selected from public assistance centers, were single adults applying for home relief. Control subjects were matched with case subjects according to ethnicity, age, and sex. Trained interviewers employed standardized research instruments to probe 3 domains of risk factors: symptom severity and substance use disorder, family support and functioning, and prior use of services. RESULTS: Significant interaction effects by sex were present for symptom severity, heroin use disorder, and prior service use. Greater numbers of the homeless of both sexes lacked a high school diploma and had less income from all sources, including from their families, than of the never homeless. CONCLUSIONS: Newly homeless men and women with no history of psychotic illness differed from their never-homeless counterparts in the 3 domains investigated, but socioeconomic factors were also important.     

Risk factors for HIV-1 seroconversion among injection drug users: a case-control study.

OBJECTIVES. A nested case-control study was conducted in Miami, Fla, to determine risk factors associated with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) seroconversion among injection drug users. METHODS. The study identified 21 incident cases of HIV-1 infection and 76 unmatched controls from two longitudinal cohorts of injection drug users. One cohort consisted of individuals who originally had been recruited from treatment centers; a second cohort was recruited from the "street." Logistic regression analyses that adjusted for age, gender, and race were performed. RESULTS. The final model determined that the primary independent risk factor that best explained the risk for seroconversion was sharing injection equipment in the year prior to conversion; a marginal risk factor was presence of sexually transmitted disease during this same period. CONCLUSIONS. Both an injection component and a sexual component play a role in seroconversion among injection drug users, although the injection component is much stronger.     

儿童手足口病影响因素病例对照研究

目的 探讨儿童手足口病(hand-foot-mouth disease,HFMD)发生的影响因素.方法 收集江苏省手足口病哨点监测医院手足口病临床病例396例,肠道病毒71型(enterovirus 71,EV71)感染的手足口病病例195例,分别进行1:1配对病例对照研究,应用SPSS 13.0软件进行单因素和多因素条件logistic回归分析.结果 多因素条件Logistic回归分析表明,城乡(OR=1.999,95%C/:1.433～2.789)、家庭收入(OR=0.806,95%C/=0.692～0.938)、饭前便后洗手情况(OR=0.719,95%C/=0.590-0.877)、最近1周外出就餐情况(OR=1.914,95%C/=1.019～3.596)、最近1周接触患者史(OR=3.771,95%C/=2.137-6.654)为手足口病临床病例的影响因素;城乡(OR=2.417,95%C/=1.522-3.839)、饭前便后洗手情况(OR:0.693,95%C/=0.517-0.929)、近1周接触患者史(OR=3.942,95%C/=1.808～8.594)为EV71感染的手足口病影响因素.结论 居住地为农村,最近1周患者接触史是手足口病发病的主要影响因素;饭前便后洗手是降低感染机会的保护因素.     

成人过敏性哮喘危险因素的病例对照研究

目的 探讨导致成人过敏性哮喘及其发作的危险因素。方法 采用病例对照流行病学研究方法,收集102例成人过敏性哮喘患者和394例健康对照人群的一般社会人口学特征、疾病健康状况、吸烟史、职业接触史、室内环境状况以及家族史等信息。结果 单因素及多因素统计分析结果均显示:成人过敏性哮喘患者职业粉尘接触率高于对照组且差异有统计学显著性(P<0.05,OR=1.78);住房类型为平房/筒子楼较多层/高层楼导致过敏性哮喘或其发作的可能性大(P<0.05,OR=3.24),哮喘患者家中床褥晾晒频率较对照组低且差异具有统计学显著性(P<0.10,OR=1.53);哮喘患者家中起居室地面使用木板比例高于对照组且差异有统计学显著性(P<0.01,OR=2.33);室内油烟污染程度哮喘患者组高于对照组且差异有统计学显著性(P<0.01,OR=2.52);同时还发现,双亲中有慢性支气管炎(慢支)或哮喘疾病史可增加其子女患过敏性哮喘的危险性(P<0.01,OR=2.32)。结论 室内环境因素中住房状况差、床褥晾晒频率少、起居室地面使用木板、室内油烟污染可能是成人过敏性哮喘的危险因素,同时职业接触粉尘、双亲有慢支或哮喘疾病史也与该疾病具有一定的关系。研究结果提示成人过敏性哮喘是遗传和环境双重因素共同作用导致的一种复杂疾病。     

Risk factors for self-reported uterine fibroids: a case-control study.

To identify risk factors for uterine fibroids, a case-control design used to analyze data from control subjects enrolled in the Cancer and Steroid Hormone Study. Case patients were 201 women who reported a history of uterine fibroids, and control subjects were 1503 women without fibroids, individually matched by age to case patients. Reporting of fibroids was more frequent among premenopausal women, women who had frequent Papanicolaou (Pap) smears, women who used oral contraceptives and had infrequent Pap smears, and women with higher education. Reporting of fibroids was less frequent among women with a lower body mass index who were current or long-time smokers.     

Risk factors for fibroadenoma: a case-control study in Australia.

Risk factors for fibroadenoma were examined in a case-control study involving 117 fibroadenoma cases ascertained by a major private pathology laboratory in Adelaide, Australia, between January 1983 and October 1985. For each case a population control was randomly selected from the electoral roll in Adelaide and matched to the corresponding case by sex, age, and socioeconomic grading of area of residence. Another 189 women whose first biopsy for benign breast disease was examined in the same laboratory during the same time period as those of the cases, but did not show evidence of epithelial proliferation, were also included in the study as a biopsy control group. Risk of fibroadenoma was associated inversely with the Quetelet index, but there was no evidence of an association with age at menarche or menopausal status. The risk of fibroadenoma decreased with an increasing number of full-term pregnancies and was increased in association with use of oral contraceptives at an early age (under 20 years); however, these two associations were observed only when cases were compared with the population controls. Alcohol consumption and dietary fat intake were found not to be associated with altered risk of fibroadenoma, while in multivariate analyses, duration of cigarette smoking and daily vitamin C intake were both shown to have inverse associations with risk of fibroadenoma. Although fibroadenoma does share some risk factors with breast cancer, there is insufficient evidence to suggest that it represents a precursor state.     

Risk factors for alcohol dependence: a case-control study

Several possible risk factors for ICD-10 alcohol dependence were studied by comparing cases (117 men, 188 women) with controls (248 men, 300 women). Logistic regression analyses showed that parental alcohol problems and high trait anxiety were significantly related to high occurrence of alcohol dependence in both men and women. In women, high antisocial behaviour, high impulsivity, and high externality were also related to high occurrence of alcohol dependence. High facial flushing and high stimulation when intoxicated were related to low occurrence of alcohol dependence in both men and women. In men, this was also the case for high social support. Several interactions were observed. In contrast to earlier studies, there was no significant association between alcohol dependence and left-handedness.     

Risk factors for haemorrhagic stroke: a case-control study

A hospital based pair-matched case-control study was undertaken to identify risk factors for haemorrhagic stroke. The study took place in the Government Medical College Hospital, Nagpur, India, a tertiary care hospital. The study consisted of 166 hospitalised computerised tomography scan proved cases of haemorrhagic stroke (International Classification Diseases 9, 431-432), and an age and sex matched control per case. The controls were selected from patients who attended the study hospital for conditions other than stroke. The study included hypertension, serum total cholesterol, alcohol intake, smoking, diabetes mellitus, obesity, physical inactivity, type A personality, use of anticoagulants/antiplatelets, family history of stroke, history of cardiac diseases, past history of transient ischaemic attack, history of claudication and oral contraceptive use in women, as risk factors for haemorrhagic stroke. Bivariate analysis included odds ratio (OR), 95% confidence intervals (CI) for OR and McNemar's chi2 test. Multivariate analysis was carried out by conditional multiple logistic regression analysis. Attributable Risk Percent (ARP), Population Attributable Risk Percent (PARP) and their 95% CI were estimated for significant factors. On conditional multiple logistic regression five risk factors-hypertension (OR=1.9, 95% CI 1.5-2.5), serum total cholesterol (OR=2.3, 95% CI 1.4-4.9), use of anticoagulants and antiplatelet agents (OR=3.4, 95% CI 1.1-10.4), past history of transient ischaemic attack (OR=8.4, 95% CI 2.1-33.6) and alcohol intake (OR=2.1, 95% CI 1.3-3.6) were significant. Estimates of ARP and PARP for these factors confirmed their etiological and preventable role respectively. The current study recognised the significance of five risk factors, which are preventable. These risk factors may be considered for devising effective risk factor intervention strategy for haemorrhagic stroke.     

Risk factors for open-angle glaucoma: a case-control study

The objective of this study was to identify possible risk factors associated with open-angle glaucoma (OAG). A case-control study included patients seen at an ophthalmologic clinic. Cases were all consecutive new patients with either unilateral or bilateral OAG detected during the study period. Controls were a random sample of all other patients aged 30 or more, seen in the same department in the same period. Data on demographic, anthropometric and diet habits as well as medical characteristics were collected from 144 patients by medical examination and interview. The study took place at the University Department of Ophthalmology and general private practice of ophthalmology, both in the city of Kinshasa. Forty consecutive patients with OAG and 104 controls were chosen randomly between all consecutive non OAG patients. Odds ratio (OR) are presented for the relation between OAG and age, sex, ethnicity, family history of glaucoma, the length of stay in Kinshasa, body mass index, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, cigarette smoking, alcohol, diet habits. Adjusted odds ratio resulting from stepwise logistic regression was employed. Results indicate: family history of glaucoma (OR, 18; 95% CI, 5.80-59.00; P < 0.001), age (OR, 1.05; 95% CI, 1.01-1.09; P = 0.025), body mass index (OR, 1.09; 95% CI, 1.01-1.18; P = 0.05), hyperopia (OR, 2.9; 95% CI, 1.05-7.08; P = 0.03), Mongo ethnic group (OR, 3.5; 95% CI, 1.11-12.20; P = 0.03) and consumption of rice (OR, 4.6; 95% CI, 1.65-12.20; P = 0.004) conferred a significantly greater risk of OAG. This study seems confirm that Mongo ethnic group is associated with an increased risk of OAG.     

Risk factors for cryptorchidism: a nested case-control study

Summary. .A nested case-control study of cryptorchidism (i.e. undescended testicles) was undertaken as part of a hospital-based cohort study of 6699 singleton male neonates in New York City. Since some of the cryptorchid infants experienced spontaneous descent of their testes, separate analysis was performed for this third group of late descenders' ( n = 140). Cases ( n = 63) represented infants whose testes remained undescended at the one year assessment. Controls ( n =219) represented the next male infant who was delivered immediately after an infant who was cryptorchid at birth. The only independent risk factors for cryptorchidism were Asian ethnic group (adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 3.90,95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.22-12.41), swollen legs or feet during pregnancy (adjusted OR=2.16, 95% CI = 1.15-4.04), a family history of cryptorchidism (adjusted OR=4.32, 95% CI = 1.91-9.80), low birthweight (adjusted OR = 4.10, 95% CI = 1.39-12.08), and use of analgesics during pregnancy (adjusted OR = 1.93/95% CI = 1.03-3.62). Multiple logistic regression analysis was also performed to identify those factors that were associated with late testicular descent. In this analysis the independent risk factors were black or Hispanic ethnicity (adjusted OR = 2.05, 95% CI = 1.09-3.83), a family history of cryptorchidism (adjusted OR = 4.25,95% CI = 1.84-9.78), consumption of cola-containing drinks during the pregnancy (adjusted OR = 2.09, 95% CI = 1.10-3.99), a low birthweight delivery (adjusted OR = 9.78, 95% CI = 3.39-28.20), and preterm birth (adjusted OR = 4.01, 95% CI = 1.66-9.70).     

青年人大肠癌影响因素病例对照研究

目的初步探讨青年人(≤35岁)大肠癌发病的危险因素,为进一步研究提供科学依据。方法以湖南省肿瘤医院确诊的大肠癌患者为病例组,运用1:1匹配病例对照研究方法,用条件logistic回归对青年人大肠癌相关变量进行单因素和多因素分析。结果病例组、对照组男性均为88例,女性均为64例;病例组年龄为16～35岁,平均年龄为(28.62±3.56)岁,对照组年龄为17～37岁,平均年龄为(30.27±2.84)岁,2组年龄差异无统计学意义;病例按病变部位分为直肠73例,结肠79例;病理类型为腺癌86例,黏液腺癌38例,印戒细胞癌17例,未分化癌11例;多因素分析结果表明,肠息肉、直系亲属癌症史、慢性肠炎、精神刺激史、常吃动物油及动物食品为青年人大肠癌的危险因素(OR=8.752、6.370、5.249、5.016、3.458、2.967),经常锻炼、常吃蔬菜为其保护性因素(OR=0.384、0.650)。结论肠息肉、直系亲属癌症史、慢性肠炎、精神刺激史、常吃动物油及动物食品可能是中国青年人大肠癌的危险因素,而经常锻炼和常吃蔬菜可能是其保护因素。     

老年出血性脑梗死危险因素分析

目的探讨老年出血性脑梗死(HI)的危险因素, 为老年出血性脑梗死防治提供依据。方法采用病例对照研究方法, 选取2011年10月-2012年10月在抚顺某医院住院, 临床证实为脑梗死后出血的患者96 例作为病例组, 对照组为同期入院的101例无脑梗死后出血的急性脑梗死患者;采用调查表收集患者一般情况(患者性别、年龄、文化程度和居住地以及吸烟、饮酒生活习惯等)、入院时病情(包括血液生化检查、心电图、B超、影像学检查等)、既往病史(高血压、高血糖、血脂异常、心脏病史)等;采用描述性统计分析以及logistic多元回归分析老年出血性脑梗死的危险因素。结果96例HI患者中, 大面积脑梗死和脑栓塞分别占62.5%和43.75%, 出血部位位于脑皮质最多(75.00%), 基底节区颞顶叶、顶叶、小脑半球各占9.38%, 87.5%的患者出血表现为片状渗血, 12.5%形成血肿;logistic回归分析结果表明, 脑栓塞、皮质梗死、大面积脑梗死、入院时高血糖、高血压(OR值分别为6.39、2.35、2.58、2.29、2.10)是HI发病的独立危险因素。结论老年出血性脑梗死的发生与脑梗死类型、梗死面积、发生部位、高血糖、高血压等因素有关。     

Risk factors for human cysticercosis morbidity: a population-based case-control study.

A population-based case-control study to determine social and behavioural risk factors for Taenia solium cysticercosis in humans was carried out in a rural area. Shandong province, China. Forty-eight cases with cysticercosis were ascertained through a prevalence survey conducted among 7281 persons in 1993. For each case, four controls residing in the same village and matched for age and sex were randomly selected. Information regarding demographic, social and behavioural factors was collected during house visits through interviews and direct observation. Risk factors strongly associated with human cysticercosis included poor personal hygiene, being unable to recognize cysticerci-containing meat, poor pig-raising practices and a history of passing tapeworm proglottides. The results indicate that health education in combination with chemotherapy for taeniasis is required for the control of cysticercosis in humans.     

Risk factors for toxocaral ocular larva migrans: a case-control study.

Twenty-four patients with serologically confirmed toxocaral ocular larva migrans (OLM) and 24 age- and sex-matched controls were the subjects of an epidemiologic study. Information on the exposure to dogs and other factors possibly associated with transmission of toxocariasis was obtained by contacting the parents of the subjects. The odds of having had a dog present in the household within the year previous to onset of illness were 3 to 1 for cases vs controls. An association of pups (< 3 months) in the households of OLM patients within one year of onset was statistically significant (P < .05). Twenty-three of 24 OLM patients had had dogs in their homes some time before their illness, and the twenty-fourth patient had a history of geophagia, a behavioral pattern previously identified as a risk factor for toxocariasis. Exposure to cats and other animals in or outside the home did not differ for patients and controls. Infected dogs, especially pups, in the patients' homes were the most probably sources of infection for this group of OLM patients.     

上海非户籍人口巨大儿发生危险因素的病例对照研究

目的 探讨非户籍人口巨大儿发生的危险因素,特别是可控因素,为制定干预措施提供依据。方法 采用成组病例对照研究,选择闵行区产院出生的非户籍巨大儿206例作为病例组,按性别匹配选取同期出生的非户籍正常体重儿作为对照组,采用卡方检验、多因素非条件logistic回归分析巨大儿发生的危险因素。结果 研究显示,孕周每增加一周,巨大儿的发生危险增加,OR为2.47;第二产、第三产发生巨大儿的危险分别为第一产的2.90倍、3.72倍;母亲孕前BMI每增加1kg/m²、孕期增重每增加1kg,巨大儿的发生的危险增加,OR分别为1.34、1.08。母亲孕期不运动、母亲孕中期食量较平时增加20%以是巨大儿发生的危险因素,OR分别2.33、15.84。结论 本研究中发现的巨大儿发生的危险因素中,母亲的孕前高BMI、孕期增重过多、孕期不运动及孕中期食量增加过多是可干预的危险因素,值得相关部门在制定干预措施时多加重视。     

97例胆结石危险因素的病例对照研究

目的 探讨胆结石患病的主要危险因素。方法 病例对照研究。结果 多因素Ｌｏｇｉｓｔｉｃ回归分析表明,有统计学意义的危险因素依次为：家族史（ＯＲ＝２２．２５,Ｐ〈０．０１）、油腻饮食（ＯＲ＝８．１９,Ｐ〈０．０５）、血脂增高（ＯＲ＝６．３０,Ｐ〈０．０１）、饮酒（ＯＲ＝４．８４,Ｐ〈０．０５）。结论 家族史、油腻饮食、血脂产高和饮酒是胆结石患病的主要危险因素。     

Risk factors for adenomatous endometrial hyperplasia: a case-control study

A population-based case-control study of histologically confirmed endometrial neoplasia was conducted in Toronto, Canada, between 1977 and 1978. Pathologic slide review resulted in classification of patients to diagnostic categories of endometrial carcinoma, endometrial carcinoma in situ, and endometrial hyperplasia. This report concerns the subset of patients classified as having adenomatous endometrial hyperplasia. Two age-matched neighborhood controls were selected for each case, and analyses included only those case-control sets in which the case and at least one control were concordant on menopausal status. Among postmenopausal women (87 cases and 151 controls), noncontraceptive estrogen use was a statistically significant risk factor (adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 6.7), as was heavy body weight relative to height (Quetelet index) (adjusted OR = 3.2). Long-term (5+ years) estrogen use conferred an estimated relative risk of more than 20, but use of oral contraceptives did not alter risk significantly. Among premenopausal women (62 cases and 97 controls), a high Quetelet index appeared to be a significant protective factor, even when adjusted for oral contraceptive use (adjusted OR = 0.2). While oral contraceptive use was not associated with a change in risk, long duration of use was highly, but statistically not significantly, protective against hyperplasia. The data for pre- and postmenopausal women indicate that both endogenous and exogenous estrogen exposure are important factors in the etiology of adenomatous endometrial hyperplasia.     

Risk factors for childhood burns: a case-control study of Ghanaian children.

STUDY OBJECTIVE--To study risk factors for childhood burns in order to identify possible preventive strategies. DESIGN--Case-control design with pair matching of controls to cases in relation to age, sex, and area of residence. The cases and controls were identified by a community based, multisite survey. The effects of host and socioenvironmental variables reported by mothers were investigated in a multivariate analysis using conditional logistic regression. SETTING--A developing country setting the Ashanti Region in Ghana. PARTICIPANTS--These comprised 610 cases aged 0-5 years who had been burned (as evidenced by a visible scar) and 610 controls with no burn history. MAIN RESULTS--The presence of a pre-existing impairment in a child was the strongest risk factor in this population (OR = 6.71; 95% CI 2.78, 16.16). Other significant risk factor included: sibling death from a burn (OR = 4.41; 95% CI 1.16, 16.68); history of burn in a sibling (OR = 1.79; 95% CI 1.24, 2.58); and storage of a flammable substance in the home (OR = 1.51; 95% CI 1.03; 2.21). Maternal education had a protective effect against childhood burns, although this effect was not strong (OR = 0.76; 95% CI 0.55, 1.05). CONCLUSIONS--Community programmes to ensure adequate child supervision and general child wellbeing, particularly for those with impairments, as well as parental education about burns are recommended, to reduce childhood burns in this region of Ghana. The public should bed advised against storing flammable substances in the home.