垂体移植

早期垂体移植着重了解垂体的生理机能及其与下丘脑、靶腺间的相互关系。近来微囊包埋垂体移植、垂体上皮细胞移植取得了可喜的进展，但也遇到了许多重要问题：如供体的选择与处理，免疫排斥反应等对垂体移植有十分重要的影响，下面就其概况及新进展作一综述。     

巢蛋白在垂体和垂体腺瘤中表达的研究进展

巢蛋白(nestin)是第Ⅵ类中间丝蛋白,主要在胚胎期神经前体细胞和神经干细胞一过性表达。在正常细胞演变成肿瘤细胞过程中,巢蛋白又呈现返祖性表达。近年来研究发现nestin阳性细胞散在的分布于垂体的前叶、中间部和神经部。但这些nestin阳性细胞是否包括了垂体前体细胞还不清楚。在垂体腺瘤的部分毛细血管内皮细胞中也检测到nestin的表达,推测它可作为垂体血管发生的一种检测指标。     

大鼠垂体血管构筑

铸型法,解剖显微镜及扫描电镜观察正常成年大鼠垂体血管构筑,以目镜测微器测定了8个大鼠垂体的长门静脉、短门静脉和垂体外侧静脉。对所测结果进行计算表明,垂体外侧静脉可容许通过的血容量远大于长门静脉和短门静脉容许流量的总和。因此可认为,大鼠垂体内血流的主要方向,是由神经垂体流向腺垂体。铸型还显示长门静脉、短门静脉、垂体外侧静脉属支存有较明显的局部环形缩窄。据信,该处有括约肌存在。它们或许对垂体内血流具有重要的调控作用。     

垂体动脉的应用解剖

目的 :为蝶鞍区肿瘤手术提供垂体动脉的显微外科解剖学资料。方法 :采用显微解剖技术对17个甲醛固定、红色明胶动脉灌注的成年尸头标本的垂体上动脉和垂体下动脉进行观察。结果 :垂体上动脉主要起自颈内动脉床突上段的内侧壁或内下壁 ,发起后向内、向上斜行 ,直至垂体柄 ,行程中可分支至视神经、视交叉 ,起始部直径为 (0 .2± 0 .1)mm。垂体下动脉起自脑膜垂体干 (94.1% )或直接起自颈内动脉 (5 .9% ) ,发起后沿颈内动脉内侧前行 ,再穿出海绵窦内侧壁自鞍底至垂体 ,起始部直径为 (0 .8± 0 .2 )mm。结论 :鞍区肿瘤手术应注意垂体上、下动脉的走行特点 ,并保护好这些动脉 ,以减少手术并发症的发生。     

垂体腺瘤中垂体激素与S-100蛋白免疫组化双重染色观察

目的：探讨滤泡星状细胞在垂体腺瘤分类中的意义及滤泡星状细胞与内分泌细胞之间的关系。方法：应用免疫组化双重染色方法,对４２ 例人重体腺瘤的垂体激素与 Ｓ１００ 蛋白表达进行对照观察。结果：垂体腺瘤组织中的滤泡星状细胞有两种情况,一种为腺瘤组织中可见散在分布的滤泡星状细胞,并可见１ 个瘤细胞既有 Ｓ１００ 蛋白表达,又含激素分泌颗粒;另一种为滤泡星状细胞构成了腺瘤的一种主要的细胞成分。结论：滤泡星状细胞与内分泌细胞的功能密切相关,可能在调整内分泌细胞的产生和激素释放方面起一定的作用;滤泡星状细胞腺瘤应作为垂体无功能腺瘤的一个单独类型。     

垂体转移性肺癌一例

患者女,53岁.因乏力,体重减轻伴多饮多尿、视物模糊入院.体检:神清,全身未扪及淋巴结,GCS15分,双侧巴氏征阴性.     

垂体腺瘤细胞培养的实验研究

目的通过对垂体腺瘤细胞体外培养以垂体腺瘤细胞为移植物供体进行颅外移植,补充垂体功能不足及为腺垂体移植细胞库的建立奠定基础. 方法利用术中切除的垂体腺瘤组织进行了体外培养,并通过染色和放射免疫测定技术,评价体外培养的垂体腺瘤组织的功能状态,寻找其功能最佳间期的规律. 结果没有NGF和HRP介入的情况下,垂体腺瘤细胞的形态和功能状态在培养的第6天为最佳. 结论体外培养的垂体腺瘤细胞仍具有分泌激素的功能,为以垂体腺瘤细胞为移植物供体进行颅外移植的研究奠定了实验基础.     

垂体肿瘤转化基因的研究进展

垂体肿瘤转化基因(PTTG) 是一个新近从垂体瘤组织中分离到的原癌基因。目前研究发现PTTG在许多肿瘤组织内高表达, 是一种强肿瘤转化基因,可通过多种机制参与肿瘤的发生发展,并受多种因子的调控,对体外细胞转化及体内肿瘤形成有重要作用。     

An ultrastructural study of the interstitial cells of Cajal of the human stomach

The interstitial cells of Cajal of the human stomach were studied at the electron microscope. These cells have an exceptionally elongated shape and several lateral branches. Their cytoplasm characteristically possesses cisternae of smooth endoplasmic reticulum and filaments. A capsular-like structure surrounds them and joins them to each other and to the neighbouring nerve endings and smooth muscle cells, and so they all make up anatomical units. Elastic fibres also make bridges between these cells and between smooth muscle cells and nerve endings. Despite these common characteristics, differences in cell number, distribution in respect of the muscle bundles and some cytoplasmic features have been found, depending on where these cells are located. In fact, there are few interstitial cells in the fundus, poor in filaments and branches, and only located inside the circular muscle layer. In the corpus and antrum they are many, rich in filaments and with their numerous branches make interconnected networks, one inside the circular muscle layer, another apposed to its myenteric surface and, in the antrum, a third one apposed to its submucosal surface, which accompany analogous nerve networks. Substantial differences in the contacts between the interstitial cells and the smooth muscle cells and nerve endings have not been found. For their ultrastructural characteristics a smooth muscle nature has been suggested for these cells. A correlation has also been attempted between the electrical and mechanical activities performed by the different gastric areas and the interstitial cell structure and arrangement.     

Subcellular distributions of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-like immunoreactivity in the subcommissural organ of the golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus)

Immuno-electron microscopy specifically enhanced with silver staining has been used to demonstrate the localization of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in the ependymocytes of the hamster subcommissural organ (SCO). Hamster SCO consists of the ependymal and hypendymal cell layers, the latter being arranged as rosette-like structure across the posterior commissure (PC) and often arranged with longitudinal axis parallel to the ventricle. All cytoplasmic regions of the ependymal and hypendymal cells were strongly stained with CGRP. In the hypendymal layer, the CGRP positive hypendymal cells were frequently in contact with local blood vessels and arranged in-groups traversing the thick portion of the PC. Ultrastructurally, the CGRP-immunoreaction products were distributed at the dilated cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER) and secretory granules of the ependymal and hypendymal cells. The dilated cisterna of the rER was usually concentrated in the basal region of the ependymal cells and irregular in shape. These dilated cisternae were filled with a flocculent material or finely granular substance, but hardly studded with ribosomes. Labelled secretory granules were abundant in the apical pole of the ependymal cells and discharged their contents into the third ventricle in the form of a thin layer of secretion. This CGRP positive material appeared to constitute the pre-Reissner's fiber (RF). On the basis of the present ultrastructural evidences, we proposed that ependymocytic CGRP in SCO may be synthesized and stored in the cisternae of rER, then released and incorporated into the RF in the third ventricle through the secretory granules. The abundant amount of CGRP in ependymocytes of SCO and RF in the third ventricle suggests a significant endocrine function of CGRP in hamster SCO.     

The Golgi apparatus of rat pachytene spermatocytes during spermatogenesis

A morphological and immunocytochemical study of the Golgi apparatus in pachytene spermatocytes was performed in an effort to correlate the structure and function of this organelle during meiotic prophase. In stages I-III of the cycle, the Golgi complex of pachytene spermatocytes is a flattened discoid, 0.5-1 microns in diameter, composed of vesicles interspersed with classically described Golgi cisternae. During subsequent maturation of pachytene spermatocytes (stages IV-XIII), the size of the Golgi complex increases significantly, attaining a size of 2-3 microns. However, unlike pachytene spermatocytes of stages I-III, the majority of the Golgi complex of more mature spermatocytes is characterized by an abundance of distinct stacks of cisternae interspersed with numerous vesicles and tubules. The composition of the Golgi complex was also studied by using two monoclonal antibodies that recognize either the cis or the trans Golgi cisternae, respectively, and employing biotin-streptavidin-peroxidase immunocytochemistry in 5 micron frozen sections of testes. Immunodetection of the distinct cisternae revealed that the increase in size of the Golgi complex during maturation of pachytene spermatocytes was due predominantly to an accumulation of trans Golgi; the amount of cis Golgi remained unchanged. The morphological data presented in this study are consistent with an heightened secretory activity of pachytene spermatocytes during their maturation. In addition, the increase in size of the Golgi apparatus during the extensive prophase of pachytene spermatocytes may suggest that the mechanism employed by germ cells to partition the Golgi complex during the first division of meiosis varies significantly from that of somatic cells undergoing mitosis.     

神经垂体内5-羟色胺的免疫电镜研究

本文用免疫电镜方法研究了大鼠神经垂体内5-HT的超微结构分布。结果表明:神经垂体内的5-HT免疫反应产物定位于神经末梢的大颗粒囊泡内、小透亮囊泡表面和线粒体外膜。有时,垂体细胞胞浆也呈5-HT免疫反应阳性。5-HT免疫反应阳性的神经末梢分布于毛细血管周围和垂体细胞附迈。本文首次报道含5-HT的神经末梢可与非5-HT神经末梢形成对称性轴-轴突触。其中,5-HT末梢为突触前成分。本文结果提示:神经垂体内的5-HT不仅可通过非突触方式而且可通过突触方式释放,参与神经内分泌功能的调节。     

The ultrastructure of the principal cells and intraepithelial leucocytes in the initial segment of the rat epididymis

The ultrastructure of the principal cells and intraepithelial leucocytes in the initial segment of the rat caput epididymidis was examined with the electron microscope. Specializations of the principal cells associated with absorption include numerous endocytic invaginations of the cell surface, numerous coated vesicles and multivesicular bodies in the apical cytoplasm. It was demonstrated that particulate tracers are taken into the cells and sequestered in secondary lysosomes and multivesicular bodies. Morphological features consistent with secretory activity are also found in the principal cells and include numerous cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum with a flocculent grey content and an extremely well-developed Golgi apparatus. The speculation that the principal cells are actively secretory despite the absence of secretory granules formed in the Golgi and of a visible mechanism for release of the product at the cell surface is discussed. The “halo cells” in the epididymal epithelium were also examined and it is shown that many of these cells are not typical migratory lymphocytes. Chief among the differences are their granule-containing multivesicular bodies and more abundant endoplasmic reticulum. Nonetheless, it is conceivable that the halo cells are lymphocytes and that the conditions they encounter as they leave the circulation and enter the epididymal epithelium may stimulate morphological changes. The possible immunological significance of these observations is discussed.     

The effects of colchicine on the ultrastructure of odontogenic cells in the common skate,Raja erinacae

Ultrastructural alterations in duced by colchicine were investigated to determine the secretory activities of odontogenic cells during formation of tooth enameloid matrix in skates. Treated skate inner dental epithelial (IDE) cells did not display dilated cisternae of the granular endoplasmic reticulum (GER) nor accumulate Golgi-associated secretory granules at any dose level or time interval examined. This response was markedly different from that observed in teleost IDE cells synthesizing the enameloid collagen matrix. Treated skate IDE cells did show increased accumulations of glycogencontaining vesicles and intercellular glycogen associated with amorphous material, compared to controls. Additionally, the aberrant occurrence of large intracellular glycogen pools and amorphous material suggested that carbohydrate processing was a major function of skate IDE cells. Treated odontoblasts associated with enameloid matrix formation sometimes showed dilated GER cisternae, but procollagen secretory granules were not obsered. Instead, electron dense material was present within the Golgi cisternae, tubular granules, and large granules. Some elecron-dense material appeared to be shunted to a resorptive pathway via multivesicular bodies in treated odontoblasts. The continuity of tubular granules with the enameloid matrix suggested that they contained precursors of the enameloid matrix, and possibly the periodic, 17.5-nm crossstriated, “giant” fibers. Treated odontoblasts associated with predentin collagen matrix deposition showed dilated GER cisternae and accumulations of procollagen secretory granules, features consistent with the function of active collagen synthesis and secretion. The findings indicate that (1) skate IDE cells do not synthesize enameloid collagen as found in bony fish tooth development; (2) skate IDE cells do process glycogen for secretion into the enameloid matrix; (3) collagen, although present, is not a major constituent of skate enameloid matrix; (4) enameloid “giant” fibers are unique to elasmobranchs; and (5) odontoblasts synthesize and secrete proteins other than collagen into the enameloid matrix.     

大鼠肾脏间质细胞增龄性变化的透射电镜观察

本文观察了二组不同年龄大鼠肾间质细胞的超微结构,结果表明,肾间质细胞有增龄变化,主要包括:细胞数量、胞质、胞质突起、细胞器增多,核周池缩小。     

神经垂体分泌物释放入脑脊液主要途径结构基础的电镜研究

目的探讨神经垂体分泌物直接释放入脑脊液途径的结构基础。方法透射电镜和扫描电镜观察大鼠神经垂体。结果神经垂体无髓神经纤维终止于毛细血管或垂体细胞周围,垂体细胞突起与神经纤维膨体及终末之间形成细胞间池。有孔型毛细血管内皮外有基膜与血管周隙分隔,血管周隙内可见到完整的膜包分泌颗粒(100~300 nm)。神经垂体表面的囊上皮孔(2~5μm)附近经常可见分泌颗粒。结论细胞间池-血管周隙-囊上皮孔,构成了神经垂体分泌物释放入脑脊液主渠道的结构基础。     

Ultrastructure and morphometry of the urethral glands in normal,castrated, and testosterone-treated castrated male mice

Recent studies of the urethral glands in the male mouse and rat have suggested that they are testosterone-dependent glands that may be potential sites for secretory immunity in the male genital tract. In the present study we describe the ultrastructural features of these glands in normal mice and provide quantitative data on the sizes of the acinar cells and their organelles in sham-, oil-, and testosterone-treated castrated mice. Acinar cells in urethral glands from normal mice contain numerous secretory granules, prominent Golgi complexes, elongated mitochondria, and an abundance of rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) with large and dilated cisternae, all of which are features characteristic of secretory cells. In some acinar cells the cisternae of the RER were filled with closely packed, unbranched, straight, tubular structures that were oriented parallel to one another, that radiated from aggregates of dense material, or that were randomly attanged. In other acinar cells the cisternae of the RER showed a network of branching and anastomosing vesicular-like structures whose limiting membranes were occasionally seen in continuity with the membranes of the RER. Secretory acini showed large, unbranched tubules in the acinar lumen. When cut at right angles the large tubules exhibited a distinct fuzzy outer coat with fine projections radiating outwards. The ultrastructure of the acinar cells and the presence of tubules in the lumen suggests that they are engaged in secretion of a tubular protein. Morphometric analysis of acinar cells in the urethral glands showed that the mean volumes of nuclei, cytoplasm, secretory granules, vacuoles, and mitochondria were significantly reduced in castrated mice in comparison to either normal or testosterone-treated castrated mice. This confirms earlier observations that the urethral glands are targets of testosterone. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

神经垂体内儿茶酚胺能神经与肽能神经相互关系的电镜研究

为了探明神经垂体内神经激素释放的调节机制,本文采用免疫组织化学和化学损毁相结合的方法,在电镜水平分别显示神经垂体内的后叶加压素(VP)能神经和儿茶酚胺(CA)能神经,观察它们的分布和相互关系。结果发现:大鼠神经垂体内不仅有广泛的VP神经终末分布,而且存在着因6-OHDA损毁所致溃变的CA能神经终末。CA能神经终末与垂体细胞和小胶质细胞之间存在着密切关系,甚至可建立突触样连接。CA能终扣与VP能终扣可建立轴-轴突触。在这种情况下,含CA的神经终末为突触前成分,含VP的神经终末为突触后成分。上述结果为神经垂体内神经激素释放的调节机制首次提供了超微结构证据。