松阳县风疹与麻疹流行的调查分析

我县于１９９５年发生风疹流行，１９９６年发生麻疹流行。现将流行病学调查结果分析如下。１流行特征１．１流行强度。１９９５年风疹发病１８１例，年发病率为７９．５６／１０万。１９９６年麻疹发病１４１例，年发病率为６１．８３／１０万。两病没有发生死亡病例。１...     

安阳市1996年麻疹流行情况分析

安阳市１９９６年麻疹流行情况分析付秋华根据安阳市１９９６年疫情报告显示，麻疹发病１２１９例，发病率２４．３５／１０万，无死亡病例，现将本市麻疹流行情况分析如下：１流行现状我市多年冷链运转以来，麻疹的发病率一直控制在１３．２／１０万左右，自１９９５年以...     

达日县麻疹流行调查

达日县麻疹流行调查马世信袁世宏（青海省达日县卫生防疫站，达日县，８１４２００）１９９６年１２月～１９９７年３月，达日县发生麻疹流行，病例主要集中在县城流动人口中，各乡也有散发病例。首例病人发生在１９９６年１２月从西藏朝拜归来者。９０多天中全县共发病１...     

咸阳市2005～2010年麻疹流行病学特征分析

目的 分析咸阳市2005～2010年麻疹流行特征,为今后预防和控制麻疹提供依据.方法 收集咸阳市2005～2010年麻疹疫情报告和麻疹监测系统个案资料,采用均数、率、构成比等指标分析描述麻疹流行规律.结果 咸阳市2005～2010年共报告麻疹病例1 313例,年均发病率为4.39/10万.病例主要集中于3～5岁儿童,平均发病年龄为4.54岁;3～7月为麻疹发病高峰期,占总病例数的75.48％.患者以本地病例为主(78.22％),83.46％的麻疹病例无免疫史或免疫史不详.结论 咸阳市麻疹发病与免疫接种效果有直接关系,麻疹病例主要集中于免疫空白和免疫失败人群,应提高儿童的麻疹疫苗及时接种率和有效接种率,并积极开展成年人麻疹疫苗的查漏补种工作,消除免疫失败.     

某训练大队麻疹暴发流行的调查

某训练大队麻疹暴发流行的调查王福元贺栓友王志鹏范勇马治平（兰州军区后勤部卫生防疫队，兰州，７３００２０）１９９６年８月１４日～９月１０日，驻兰州某训练大队发生一起麻疹暴发流行。现将调查结果报告如下。１材料和方法（１）对象：为本次流行的训练队干部、战士...     

2009年奈曼旗麻疹流行病学调查分析

目的通过对2009年奈曼旗麻疹病例流行病学分析,为今后麻疹防控工作提供参考依据。方法对麻疹监测病例进行流行病学调查和实验室检测。结果全年共上报实验室诊断病例148例,临床诊断病例12例。分布在全旗所有苏木镇,5月份为发病高峰。发病年龄集中在0～14周岁,不足初免月龄者发病占有一定的比例(33.98%)。结论婴儿胎传抗体过早消失,儿童含麻疹类疫苗接种不及时接种率低,成人麻疹抗体水平低是本次麻疹流行的主要原因,加强麻疹疫苗常规免疫和强化免疫,提高人群麻疹抗体水平,减少麻疹易感人群是消除麻疹的关键。     

一起麻疹局部爆发性流行的调查分析

１９９８年４月１２日至５月２７日亳州市十九里镇部分村庄发生麻疹爆发性流行,共发病１０８例,发病率１９９．４１／１０万。发病年龄最小５个月,最大３４岁,以７～１４岁年龄段为主,占发病总数的６６．６７％,病例多集中在１９９８年５月１１～２０日,共７４例,占６８．５２％。１０８例病人中男４８例,女６０例,男女之比为１∶１．２５。临床分型以轻中型病例居多,为１０１例,占９３．５１％。造成本次爆发性流行的原因主要是：①作者单位：２３６８００安徽省亳州市人民医院（乔俊华）;亳州市卫生防疫站（张怀忠）疫情报告…     

鲁南地区1999年麻疹暴发的流行病学分析

1999年山东省临沂、枣庄、济宁、泰安市发生麻疹暴发，疫情波及19个县（市、区），历时6个月，累计报告发病1!051例，占全省麻疹病例数的66.10％，罹患率为7.51/10万，死亡1例。经调查，本次麻疹暴发在时间、地理和发病人群关系上具有流行病学意义的联系。发病年龄主要集中在＜15岁（占82.02％）儿童，＜7岁病例占52.61％。麻疹疫苗有效接种率低，造成易感人群的大量积累，是本次暴发的直接原因，而疫情报告不及时，延误了采取应急预防措施，造成了疫情的蔓延。     

十堰市1996～2000年麻疹疫情分析

目的：探讨十堰市麻疹流行现状，以采取有效的控制措施。方法：使用EPInfo分析处理十堰市1996-2000年麻疹病例个案调查表。结果：5年共发病1901例，年平均发病率为11.20/10万，与前5年相比发病率下降了99.83％，各县（区）均有病例报告，部分县有爆发、流行；全年各月份均有病例发生，2-5月发病较多，占71.96％；发病年龄以10岁以下儿童为主，占81.69％；流行主要原因是部分儿童漏种，易感人群积累所致。结论：我市仍需进一步加强麻疹疫苗的常规免疫，提高接种质量；落实对高危人群及时进行麻疹疫苗强化免疫；提高麻疹监测系统质量，开展人群抗体水平监测，完善疑似病例血清学检测。     

一起麻疹流行的流行病学分析

[目的]分析平罗县一起麻疹流行的流行病学特征。[方法]对平罗县麻疹流行监测资料、流行病学调查资料及数据进行流行病学分析。[结果]本次麻疹流行波及全县13个乡镇,共报告麻疹疑似病例301例,确诊162例,罹患率为0.51‰。流行模式为散发与暴发并存,以散发为主,局部出现以乡或村(居委会)为单位的暴发;病例主要集中于8月龄以下儿童及15~39岁青壮年,占病例总数的82.72%;人群分布中以散居儿童和农民居多,占病例总数的77.78%;临床症状以典型病例为主,占病例总数的60.50%;162例病例中,有接种史者25例,占15.43%;无接种史者55例,占33.95%;接种史不详者82例,占50.62%。[结论]母体胎传抗体滴度达不到保护水平,以及人群缺乏隐性感染机会,造成易感人群的积累,是8月龄以下儿童和15岁以上大年龄人群发病比例较高及本次麻疹暴发流行的主要原因。建议麻疹疫苗初免起始月龄从8月龄提前到6月龄;适当增加大年龄组人群的强化免疫次数。我县儿童麻疹疫苗接种存在漏种、接种不及时和免疫不成功现象,应提高麻疹疫苗的接种率、接种及时率和免疫成功率。     

Benzene in blood and phenol in urine in monitoring benzene exposure in industry

Determinations of benzene concentration in blood and of phenol in urine were made by head-space gas chromatography techniques on samples taken near the end of the work day from two groups of workers potentially exposed to low levels of benzene in the work-place atmosphere. Preliminary results suggest that benzene in blood is more reliable than phenol tests for assessing both exposure and uptake of benzene. Normal values of phenol in urine (10 mg/liter or less) were found in nearly all those cases in which benzene was detected in the blood.     

2012年绵阳市蔬菜中农药残留状况

目的 了解绵阳市2012年市售蔬菜中农药残留情况,为食用蔬菜监管提供依据.方法 全部样品均按照GB/T 5009-2003的方法进行农药的残留检测.依据GB 2763-2005《食品中农药最大残留限量》进行判定.结果 2012年共检测蔬菜165份,农药检出率和超标率分别为72.12％和23.64％.豆类、根茎类、叶菜类、瓜果菜类和食用菌类蔬菜检测农药残留超标率分别为8.00％、23.53％、36.00％、5.26％和27.03％,差异有统计学意义(x2=11.41,P＜0.01).不同种类农药超标率差异有统计学意义(x2 =62.42,P＜0.01).夏季和冬季蔬菜农药超标率差异无统计学意义(x2=3.44,P＞0.05).结论 绵阳市叶菜类蔬菜中农药残留情况较为严重,应采取有效措施,加强蔬菜的监督管理,从源头禁止高毒农药的使用,加大蔬菜种植、销售环节的监测,确保市民食用蔬菜的安全.     

2019年中国肿瘤流行病学研究进展

恶性肿瘤已成为中国居民的主要死因之一。近些年来,中国政府积极推进肿瘤预防和控制领域的研究工作,取得了很大的进步。本文简要汇总中国在肿瘤流行病学领域的研究进展,具体包括2019年的肿瘤负担、癌症危险因素及其干预、筛查和早期发现、癌症防治专项行动(2019-2022年)方案等方面,以期为我国肿瘤防治工作的有效开展提供技术支撑和理论依据。     

Correlation among cadmium levels in river sediment, in rice, in daily foods and in urine of residents in 11 prefectures in Japan

Objective: The objective of this study is to examine if overall correlation exists among cadmium levels (Cd) in the general environment, dietary Cd intake, and Cd body burden of local residents. Methods: Eleven prefectures in Japan were selected as the areas where large-scale data on Cd levels in urine of adult women (40–49 and 50–59 years of age, respectively) were available to calculate geometric mean (GM) values for each of the prefecture. Other data were cited from published or previously established databases on Cd in the sediments of river bottoms (as a representative of Cd in the environment), Cd in rice for local consumption, and Cd in daily food duplicate samples collected from local women populations, and calculated for GM values for the prefectures. The GM values were subjected to correlation matrix and regression analysis. Results: Marginally significant (P<0.10) correlation was detected between Cd in sediment and Cd in rice. Furthermore, correlation of Cd in sediment was significant with Cd in total foods (P<0.05) and possibly with Cd in urine (P<0.05–0.10). Importance of data on Cd in rice paddy soil as a missing link is discussed. Conclusions: Correlation was demonstrated in the flow of Cd transport from the environment (expressed as Cd contents in river sediments) to humans (in terms of Cd in urine) among general populations in Japan.     

芜湖地区儿童隐孢子虫病调查

1989年5月~9月,对安徽省芜湖市五所医院儿科就诊的腹泻患儿进行隐孢子虫病调查。粪检腹泻患儿3 498人,卵囊检出率1.9%。男女检出率无差异;6个月内的患儿中未检出卵囊阳性者;86.2%的卵囊阳性者分布于7个月~4岁年龄段;乡村患儿的卵囊检出率2倍于城市患儿;病例呈高度散发状态;卵囊检出率从6月下旬开始上升,在本调查中,92.5%的病例分布于6月下旬~9月。所见病例,从临床表现到大便性状均无特殊,且均呈自限性,病程似较文献报道者为短。     

2003年汕头市住院婴儿住院情况分析

目的调查住院婴儿疾病分布情况。方法利用SAS8．0对汕头市2003年住院婴儿2923例病例进行统计分析。结果婴儿住院的病因包括：早产、新生儿窒息、呼吸道及消化道感染、新生儿黄疸以及先天性疾病等；造成婴儿死亡的前5位病因主要是出生窒息、窘迫、先天性肺炎、新生儿吸人性肺炎以及先天性心脏畸形；婴儿的住院时间越长，入院情况越危急，受到医院感染的机会越大；入院婴儿平均住院日为7．089天，平均住院费用3717．834元。结论婴儿发病入院主要由于先天性疾病以及后天感染，这是家庭及社会进行婴儿健康干预与促进的重点。     

谈神经内科医院感染危险因素及护理对策

目的：了解引起神经内科住院患者医院感染的危险因素，采取有效的护理措施，以降低医院感染的发生率和死亡率。方法：结合多年临床经验，对医院感染不同的危险因素进行分析及提出护理对策。结论：神经内科医院感染发病率较高，获得途径以外源为主，针对主要危险因素的发生原因，我们应加强病房管理，严格执行消毒隔离制度，合理应用抗生素，加强基础护理和健康教育，缩短住院天数，以降低神经内科医院感染的发病率。     

Musculoskeletal pain in ragpickers in a southern city in Brazil

BACKGROUND: Ragpickers are informal workers who collect recyclable materials to earn a small wage. Their life and working conditions are extremely precarious. The ergonomic hazards and musculoskeletal pain in a sample of ragpickers in Pelotas, a city in southern Brazil are examined. METHODS: Two comparison groups were available: a matched sample of non-ragpickers from the same poor neighborhoods, and a random sample of the general population of the city. The cross-sectional study gathered data by interview on 990 individuals in 2004. Musculoskeletal pain was assessed using the Standardized Nordic Questionnaire. RESULTS: Ragpickers reported higher prevalences for most awkward postures and ergonomic exposures compared to neighbors with other demanding manual jobs. The prevalence within the last 12 months of low back pain (LBP), lower extremity pain (LEP), and upper extremity pain (UEP) among ragpickers were 49.2%, 45.1%, and 34.9%, respectively; levels similar to those reported by neighborhood controls. Both ragpickers and non-ragpickers reported considerably higher ergonomic exposures, and more prevalent LBP, than the general population. CONCLUSIONS: Ragpickers experience many occupational hazards and ergonomic stressors. Their overall prevalence of musculoskeletal pain was similar to a comparison group with other physically demanding manual jobs. For LBP, this prevalence was substantially higher (49% vs. 35%) than in the general population.     

Changes in social inequalities in health in the Basque Country

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To determine the extent of the inequalities in self reported health between socioeconomic groups and its changes over time in the Basque Country (Spain). DESIGN: Cross sectional data on the association between occupation, education and income and three health indicators was obtained from the Basque Health Surveys of 1986 and 1992. Representative population samples were analysed. In 1986 the number of respondents was 24 657 and in 1992, 13 277. SETTING: Basque Country, Spain. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The effect of socioeconomic position on health and the magnitude of social inequalities in health were quantified using the odds ratios based on logistic regression analysis, and the Relative Index of Inequality. RESULTS: As was expected, social inequalities in self reported health existed in both surveys, but the social gradient was greater in 1992. Social differences varied according to gender and health indicator. According to education an increase in social inequalities was observed consistently in all the health indicators except long term conditions in women. A consistent increase in inequalities in limiting longstanding illness was also observed according to all socioeconomic indicators. CONCLUSIONS: These results agree to a large extent with those of previous studies in other countries. In this context the unequal distribution of material circumstances and working conditions between socioeconomic groups seem to play a major part in health inequalities. The worsening of the labour market during this period and the onset of a new economic recession may explain the increase in social inequalities over time.