辛伐他汀对兔粥样硬化髂动脉P-选择素、细胞间粘附分子-1表达的影响

目的研究辛伐他汀对兔粥样硬化髂动脉组织P-选择素(P-selectin )、细胞间粘附分子-1(ICAM-1)表达的影响. 方法 30只雄性新西兰大白兔,分别予普通饲料喂养(正常对照组8只)及高脂饲料喂养(基础对照组10只,辛伐他汀组12只).正常对照组喂养6周后处死.高脂饲料喂养2周后行髂动脉内膜球囊损伤术;术后辛伐他汀组每只予辛伐他汀15 mg/d;分组喂养4周后处死所有动物,取一侧病变髂动脉做病理切片;取另一侧抽提总RNA和总蛋白,分别应用免疫组化方法、半定量逆转录多聚酶链式反应和Western蛋白印迹测定P-选择素和ICAM-1 mRNA和蛋白质水平的表达. 结果辛伐他汀可以显著降低兔血浆总胆固醇,正常对照组、基础对照组和辛伐他汀组动脉壁P-选择素 mRNA/β-actin mRNA的相对值分别为0.12±0.04、0.51±0.06、0.27±0.06,相互间差异有显著性(P<0.05);ICAM-1 mRNA/3-磷酸甘油脱氢酶(GAPDH) mRNA比值分别为0.25±0.08、0.91±0.10、0.47±0.09,相互间差异有显著性(P<0.05);P-选择素为6.41±1.64、14.38±2.56、9.47±1.69, 相互间差异有显著性(P<0.05);ICAM-1为4.71±1.64、14.03±2.05、6.78±1.39, 相互间差异有显著性(P<0.05);免疫组化结果与之相一致. 结论辛伐他汀可以显著降低兔粥样硬化髂动脉组织P-选择素和ICAM-1的表达.     

葛根素对兔动脉粥样硬化髂动脉CRP表达的影响

新西兰纯种雄性大白兔20只,随机分为正常对照组(正常饮食)、基础对照组(球囊和高脂饮食)和葛根素治疗组(球囊、高脂饮食和葛根素).球囊损伤后4周处死,取一侧病变髂动脉做病理切片,应用免疫组化法测定C反应蛋白(CRP)表达;取另一侧病变髂动脉抽提总RNA应用半定量逆转录多聚酶链反应测定CRP mRNA的表达.发现葛根素抑制兔动脉粥样斑块CRP mRNA及其蛋白质表达.认为葛根紊可以通过调节兔动脉粥样斑块分泌CRP途径发挥稳定动脉粥样硬化斑块的作用.     

葛根素对兔动脉粥样硬化基质金属蛋白酶-9及其组织抑制物-1表达的影响

目的：观察葛根素对动脉粥样硬化兔髂动脉分泌和表达基质金属蛋白酶-9（MMP-9）及其组织抑制物-1（TIMP-1）的影响。方法：20只家兔分为正常对照组（正常饮食，6只）、病理对照组（球囊和高脂饮食，8只）和葛根素组（球囊、高脂饮食和葛根素，8只）。球囊损伤后4周处死，取一侧病变髂动脉做病理切片，应用免疫组化法测定MMP-9和TIMP-1的蛋白表达；取另一侧病变髂动脉抽提总RNA应用半定量逆转录多聚酶链式反应（RT—PCR）测定MMP-9和TIMP-1 mRNA的表达。结果：兔动脉粥样斑块MMP-9 mRNA（mRNA／GAP—DH mRNA）表达：正常对照组、病理对照组、葛根素组的分别为0．81±0．17，1．52±0．24，1.03±0．19，病理对照组、葛根素组的较正常对照组显著增加（P〈0．05），而葛根素组的较病理对照组显著下降（P〈0．05），上述三组的TIMP—1 mRNA的表达依次为1．44±0．14，2．63±0．16，2．67±0．12，病理对照组与葛根素组的较正常对照组显著增加（P〈0．05），但病理对照组与葛根素组间无显著差异（P〉0．05）。免疫组化检测显示葛根素抑制MMP-9蛋白质表达（P〈0．05），但对TIMP-1蛋白质的表达无影响。结论：葛根素可能是通过调节兔动脉粥样斑块分泌MMP-9途径发挥稳定动脉粥样硬化斑块的作用。     

卡托普利对家兔动脉粥样硬化纤溶酶原激活物抑制物-1基因表达的影响

目的　研究卡托普利对家兔动脉粥样硬化纤溶酶原激活物抑制物 - 1(PAI- 1)基因表达的影响。方法　37只家兔随机分为正常对照组、胆固醇喂养组、卡托普利组 ,饲养 12周。取一段靠近升主动脉起始部的动脉做常规病理切片 ,一近端胸主动脉抽提总RNA ,应用逆转录多聚酶链式反应测定PAI- 1mRNA的表达。结果　卡托普利尽管不影响血浆总胆固醇水平 ,但能抑制动脉粥样硬化的形成。而 3组动脉壁PAI - 1mRNA的相对值分别为 0 5 10± 0 0 75、1 32 1± 0 0 5 6、0 6 87± 0 119,相互间有统计学差异 (P <0 0 1)。结论　卡托普利能抑制动脉粥样硬化时PAI- 1基因的过度表达 ,这种作用可能是血管紧张素转化酶抑制剂治疗效益的重要机制之一。     

L-精氨酸对糖尿病兔动脉损伤后内膜增生和内皮功能的影响

目的 :探讨糖尿病动脉损伤后内膜增生的机制和L 精氨酸对内膜增生及内皮功能的影响。方法 :2 8只糖尿病兔和 14只正常兔髂动脉行球囊损伤术后分为对照 (Con)组、糖尿病 (DM)组、L 精氨酸(L arg)组 ( 2 2 5 %L arg溶液饮水 )。术后 4周取髂动脉行图象分析或血管反应性测定 ,同时测定血浆中MDA、SOD和NO含量。结果 :DM组血浆中MDA水平明显低于Con组和L arg组 ,而SOD和NO水平明显降低。DM组内膜面积明显大于对照组 ( 0 2 5 5± 0 0 2 4vs.0 176± 0 0 2 9mm2 ,P <0 0 1) ,而L arg组内膜面积明显小于DM组 ( 0 15 3± 0 0 16,P <0 0 1)。L arg组髂动脉环对乙酰胆碱的舒张反应明显高于DM组。结论 :L arg能改善糖尿病兔的内皮功能 ,抑制动脉损伤后内膜增生     

辛伐他汀对兔粥样硬化髂动脉血管细胞黏附分子-1表达的影响

黏附分子家族中一员血管细胞黏附分子-1(vascular celladhesion molecule-1 VCAM-1)在动脉粥样硬化早期血单核细胞、T淋巴细胞与血管内皮细胞黏附的过程中起了重要作用.本研究观察辛伐他汀对兔粥样硬化髂动脉组织VCAM-1表达的影响. 1材料与方法 18只新西兰大白兔观察7 d后,分别给予高脂饮食(胆固醇1 g@d-1@只-1,猪油10 g@d-1@只-1;n=13)和普通饮食(n=5).高脂喂养后14 d行髂动脉内膜球囊损伤术.     

葛根素抑制家兔髂动脉球囊损伤后再狭窄

观察家兔髂动脉球囊损伤后葛根素抑制损伤部位平滑肌细胞增殖的药效。复制球囊损伤家兔髂动脉造成血管狭窄模型 ,实验分为 5 0mg (kg·d)葛根素治疗组、10 0mg (kg·d)葛根素治疗组和手术对照组 ,通过体外超声定期检测血管腔直径 ,病理切片观察血管内膜和中膜面积。结果发现 ,球囊损伤术后第 5周 5 0mg (kg·d)葛根素治疗组的血管直径 (1.6 6± 0 .4 1mm)和 10 0mg (kg·d)葛根素治疗组的血管直径 (1.5 9± 0 .17mm)显著高于对照组(1.13± 0 .4 3mm)。病理切片结果发现 10 0mg (kg·d)葛根素治疗组内膜 /中膜面积比 (36 %± 18% )显著低于对照组(12 4 %± 6 4 % )。结果提示 ,葛根素对球囊损伤术后血管平滑肌细胞增殖有一定抑制作用。     

普伐他汀对家兔动脉粥样硬化纤溶酶原激活物抑制物-1基因表达的影响

目的研究普伐他汀对家兔动脉粥样硬化纤溶酶原激活物抑制物-1(PAI-1)基因表达的影响。方法27只家兔分为正常对照组、胆固醇喂养组、普伐他汀组,饲养12周时处死。取靠近升主动脉起始部的动脉做常规病理切片,取近端胸主动脉抽提总RNA,应用逆转录多聚酶链式反应测定PAI-1mRNA的表达。结果普伐他汀显著降低血浆总胆固醇水平,抑制动脉粥样硬化的形成。而3组动脉壁PAI-1mRNA的相对值分别为0.510±0.075、1.321±0.056、0.675±0.040,相互间有统计学差异(P＜0.01)。结论普伐他汀能抑制动脉粥样硬化时PAI-1基因的过度表达,这种作用可能是降低胆固醇效益的机制之一。     

碱性成纤维细胞生长因子预防球囊成形血管再狭窄

目的 :探讨实验性兔髂动脉粥样硬化狭窄模型于血管成形后 ,给予碱性成纤维细胞生长因子 (b FGF) ,对改善血管内皮功能及对再狭窄的预防作用。方法 :建立髂动脉狭窄模型兔 6 0只 ,2 0只用于成形前 (10只 )和成形后即刻 (10只 )管腔面积的组织学分析 ,余 40只随机分成 b FGF组和对照组 ,于血管成形后 4周两组兔均处死 ,行体外血管反应性测试和管腔面积的组织学分析。结果 :由乙酰胆碱诱导的内皮依赖性最大舒张反应 (Emax)b FGF组 [(41± 8) % ]大于对照组 [(12± 9) % ],P <0 .0 5 ;由硝普钠 (SNP)诱导的内皮非依赖性血管 Emax b FGF组 [(88± 7) % ]大于对照组 [(6 6± 5 ) % ],P <0 .0 5 ;血管成形后 4周对照组腔面积 [(0 .5 4± 0 .2 6 ) mm2 ]小于b FGF组 [(1.0 8± 0 .32 ) mm2 ],P <0 .0 5 ,比成形后即刻 [(1.2 0± 0 .2 8) mm2 ]狭窄 5 5 %。结论 :实验性髂动脉粥样硬化狭窄模型兔于血管成形后给予 b FGF,在促进内皮依赖性及非依赖性血管舒张功能恢复的同时 ,有预防成形血管近期再狭窄发生的作用     

普罗布考对兔动脉粥样硬化模型C反应蛋白水平的影响及其与斑块稳定性的关系

目的观察兔动脉粥样硬化(AS)模型中C反应蛋白(CRP)的水平与斑块稳定性之间的关系,及普罗布考对CRP水平的影响。方法 20只新西兰大白兔采用随机数字表法分为正常对照组(n=6)、高脂饮食组(n=8)和普罗布考组(n=6)。对照组予普通饲料喂养,高脂饮食组和普罗布考组予高脂饲料喂养。4周后高脂饮食组和普罗布考组行髂动脉内膜球囊损伤术。术后普罗布考组每只大白兔加用普罗布考1g/d口服,10周末取血测血清CRP水平,之后处死动物取损伤处动脉,用HE染色观察动脉病理形态学变化。结果高脂饮食组动脉可见典型的AS斑块形成,普罗布考组无典型斑块形成,内膜增厚较为明显;与高脂饮食组比较,普罗布考组血清CRP水平较低[(8.10±1.02)mg/L比(11.35±2.32)mg/L,P<0.05]。结论 CRP在兔AS模型的表达水平明显增加,与斑块的不稳定性有关,普罗布考有一定的抑制兔AS模型血清CRP表达的作用。     

胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点分析

目的胰岛素瘤是最常见的胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤，因其临床表现多样，导致诊断困难。影像学诊断尤其是超声内镜(EUS)在胰岛素瘤的诊断中起着重要作用，拥有较高的敏感性和特异性。本研究拟通过明确胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点，以期有助于提高影像学的诊断准确率和降低漏诊率，尤其是在教育和培训实践中对于EUS的学习者更具有指导价值。 方法回顾性分析解放军总医院第一医学中心病案资料数据库1993年1月至2019年11月经外科手术、病理确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者的临床资料，检索方法采取搜索术后病理诊断为"胰岛素瘤"的病例，通过查阅病例的方法，提取出胰岛素瘤的大小和解剖分布等数据，进一步分析其特点。 结果共检索到确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者116例，其中，男45例、女71例，年龄13～76岁，平均年龄(44.4±14.85)岁。胰岛素瘤单发110例(94.8%)、多发6例(5.2%)。位置分布：头颈部46例(39.7%)，单发45例、多发1例；体尾部68例(58.6%)，单发65例、多发3例；全胰腺多发2例(1.7%)。病变大小特点：最大径0.4～3.4 cm，平均大小(1.53±0.58)cm。≤1 cm 29例、>1 cm而≤1.5 cm41例、>1.5 cm而≤2.0 cm28例，≤3 cm 15例，>3 cm 3例。年龄与肿瘤的大小相关，≤44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.36±0.51)cm、>44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.70±0.60)cm，P<0.05。头颈部的肿瘤大于体尾部的肿瘤，头颈部肿瘤平均大小(1.66±0.63)cm，体尾部(1.42±0.52)cm，P<0.05。 结论胰岛素瘤在胰腺体尾部较头颈部更好发；绝大多数单发，但可以全胰腺多发；多数小于1.5 cm，肿瘤的大小与患者年龄和肿瘤的解剖分布相关。     

Pathogenesis of carcinoma of the papilla of Vater

Most adenomas and carcinomas of the small intestine and extrahepatic bile ducts arise in the region of the papilla of Vater. In familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) it is the main location for carcinomas after proctocolectomy. In many cases symptoms due to stenosis lead to diagnosis at an early tumor stage. In about 80%, curative intended resection is possible. Operability is the most relevant prognostic factor. Most ampullary carcinomas resp. carcinomas of the papilla of Vater develop from adenomatous or flat dysplastic precursor lesions. They can be sited in the ampulloduodenal part of the papilla of Vater, which is lined by intestinal mucosa. They also can develop in deeper parts of the ampulla, which are lined by pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa. Intestinal-type adenocarcinoma and pancreaticobiliary-type adenocarcinoma represent the main histological types of ampullary carcinoma. Furthermore, there exist unusual types and undifferentiated carcinomas. Many carcinomas of intestinal type express the immunohistochemical marker profile of intestinal mucosa (keratin 7?, keratin 20+, MUC2+). Carcinomas of pancreaticobiliary type usually show the immunohistochemical profile of pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa (keratin 7+, keratin 20?, MUC2?). Even poorly differentiated carcinomas, as well as unusual histological types, may conserve the marker profile of the mucosa they developed from. These findings underline the concept of histogenetically different carcinomas of the papilla of Vater which develop either from intestinal- or from pancreaticobiliary-type mucosa of the papilla of Vater. Molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas are similar to those of colorectal as well as pancreatic carcinomas, although they appear at different frequencies. In future studies, molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas should be correlated closely with the different histologic tumor types. Consequently, the histologic classification should reflect the histogenesis of ampullary tumors from the two different types of papillary mucosa.     

Demonstration of the mechanism of action of biguanides

Summary Palmitic acid oxidation in rat diaphragm homogenate is depressed by biguanide concentrations that are still incapable of inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation. Glucose oxidation is not directly effected by the same biguanide concentrations: however, the inhibitory effect of palmitic acid on glucose oxidation is partly removed by biguanides. Inhibition of fatty acid oxidation, which accounts for most of the metabolic effects caused by these drugs, can be regarded as the fundamental mechanism of action of biguanides. There is some evidence suggesting that these drugs might interact with carnitine, thus preventing long-chain fatty acids from being transported across the mitochondrial membrane to the site of oxidation. Traduzione a cura degli AA.     

Lack of correlation of degree of villous atrophy with severity of clinical presentation of coeliac disease

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Both the clinical presentation and the degree of mucosal damage in coeliac disease vary greatly. In view of conflicting information as to whether the mode of presentation correlates with the degree of villous atrophy, we reviewed a large cohort of patients with coeliac disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We correlated mode of presentation (classical, diarrhoea predominant or atypical/silent) with histology of duodenal biopsies and examined their trends over time. RESULTS: The cohort consisted of 499 adults, mean age 44.1 years, 68% females. The majority had silent coeliac disease (56%) and total villous atrophy (65%). There was no correlation of mode of presentation with the degree of villous atrophy (p=0.25). Sixty-eight percent of females and 58% of males had a severe villous atrophy (p=0.052). There was a significant trend over time for a greater proportion of patients presenting as atypical/silent coeliac disease and having partial villous atrophy, though the majority still had total villous atrophy. CONCLUSIONS: Among our patients the degree of villous atrophy in duodenal biopsies did not correlate with the mode of presentation, indicating that factors other than the degree of villous atrophy must account for diarrhoea in coeliac disease.     

血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展

血吸虫童虫是宿主免疫系统攻击的重要靶标,包括皮肤型、肺型和肝门型童虫。宿主分子对童虫生长发育具有重要作用。童虫生长发育机制包括免疫调节、信号转导、性别发育及凋亡等。肌动蛋白、组织蛋白酶、烯醇化酶和葡萄糖基转移酶等分子为血吸虫童虫生长发育的重要分子。本文对血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展做一综述。     

氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性评价

目的评价氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性，为现场大规模应用灭螺提供依据。方法按照中华人民共和国国家标准GB 15670-1995《农药登记毒理学试验方法》和鱼类毒性试验方法进行。结果经口、经皮肤的LDso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000 mg/kg，经呼吸道的LCso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000mg/m3，该药经口、经皮肤、经呼吸道毒性均属微毒类药物；兔眼用药后，观察期内无不良反应，对眼无刺激性；皮肤用药后对皮肤无刺激性。与氯硝柳胺原药、氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐原药和氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂相比，氯硝柳胺悬浮剂对鱼急性毒性最低。结论氯硝柳胺悬浮剂属微毒类药物，对鱼的毒性低于其乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂，适合于现场应用。     

124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌基因突变特征分析

目的对临床分离的耐多药结核分枝杆菌相关基因的突变特征进行分析。方法对124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌以及50株敏感株的耐药相关基因(包括异烟肼inh A、kat G、oxyR-ahp C间隔区以及利福平rpo B)进行序列测定,分析其基因突变情况。结果异烟肼耐药inh A基因突变率为14.5%;kat G基因突变率为70.2%(87/124),主要位于315位;oxyR-ahp C间隔区突变率为15.3%;inh A、kat G两种基因同时突变率75.0%,三种基因同时突变率为89.5%。利福平rpo B基因突变的检出率高达95.2%,突变主要发生在531、526、516位点。结论我省耐多药菌异烟肼耐药相关基因最常见突变为kat G 315、inh A C-T(-15)、axyR-ahp C间隔区(-10)C-T,利福平为rpo B531、526、516。结合MDR-TB耐药相关基因的特征分析,可以建立一种快速、准确、特异的适合于我省的检测结核菌耐多药性的新方法。     

Assessment of quality of life of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis

The aim of the study was to assess the quality of life (QOL) and the psychological status of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA). The QOL, anxiety and depression of the parents of 28 children with JCA were evaluated and compared to those of the parents of 28 healthy children. Mothers of JCA children and mothers of healthy children reported similar QOL. The reported anxiety and depression levels were similar for mothers and fathers in both groups. The parents of children with pauciarticular-type JCA reported lower QOL and higher levels of anxiety and depression than the parents of children with other types, namely polyarticular and systemic JCA. These findings may be explained by the fact that the pauciarticular patients had shorter disease duration and were less frequently seen in the outpatient clinic. The QOL of mothers of children with JCA was found to be slightly impaired in the group of children with pauciarticular JCA. Future larger studies are needed to confirm these results, as the number of subjects in the three groups was rather low. Received: 26 September 2001 / Accepted: 8 February 2002     

Numerical Simulation of the Effect of Rate of Change of Glucose on Measurement Error of Continuous Glucose Monitors

Background

A 5-day in-patient study designed to assess the accuracy of the FreeStyle Navigator® Continuous Glucose Monitoring System revealed that the level of accuracy of the continuous sensor measurements was dependent on the rate of glucose change. When the absolute rate of change was less than 1 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (75% of the time), the median absolute relative difference (ARD) was 8.5%, with 85% of all points falling within the A zone of the Clarke error grid. When the absolute rate of change was greater than 2 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (8% of the time), the median ARD was 17.5%, with 59% of all points falling within the Clarke A zone.

Method

Numerical simulations were performed to investigate effects of the rate of change of glucose on sensor measurement error. This approach enabled physiologically relevant distributions of glucose values to be reordered to explore the effect of different glucose rate-of-change distributions on apparent sensor accuracy.

Results

The physiological lag between blood and interstitial fluid glucose levels is sufficient to account for the observed difference in sensor accuracy between periods of stable glucose and periods of rapidly changing glucose.

Conclusions

The role of physiological lag on the apparent decrease in sensor accuracy at high glucose rates of change has implications for clinical study design, regulatory review of continuous glucose sensors, and development of performance standards for this new technology. This work demonstrates the difficulty in comparing accuracy measures between different clinical studies and highlights the need for studies to include both relevant glucose distributions and relevant glucose rate-of-change distributions.     

Study of constancy of hydrogen-consuming flora of human colon

The constancy of the hydrogen consuming flora of the human colon was studied in 15 healthy subjects via two measurements obtained 18 to 36 months apart. Hydrogen disappearance rate and the major products of H₂-consuming bacteria, methane and sulfide, were measured during incubation of fecal homogenates with excess hydrogen and sulfate. In 11/15, the hydrogen consumption rate and the predominant hydrogen-consuming pathway (methanogenesis, sulfate reduction, or neither) remained constant. However, major shifts in these pathways were observed in four subjects, with two losing and two gaining the ability to produce methane. Methanogenesis was associated with the highest hydrogen consumption rate. This study demonstrates that clinically unrecognizable, major alterations of the colonic flora occur in healthy subjects. Understanding of the factors responsible for these alterations might allow for therapeutic manipulation of the colonic flora.Supported in part by the Department of Veterans Affairs and NIDDKD RO1 DK 13309-25.