奥曲肽治疗6例糖尿病酮症酸中毒的临床观察

目的探讨奥曲肽在糖尿病酮症酸中毒中的应用的疗效。方法2006年1～10月我院消化内科随机选择入院经临床表现和生化检查确诊为糖尿病酮症酸中毒患者分奥曲肽治疗组和对照组，治疗组病人在入选标准前提下在常规治疗的基础上加用奥曲肽每8小时于三角肌处皮下注射50μg，对照组给予常规治疗。观察两组患者治疗后血糖（BG）、β-羟丁酸（D—HB）、非呼吸因素影响的pH（pHNR）、阴离子间隙（AG）、碳酸氢根（HCO3^-）缓解时间的变化。结果治疗组显效4例，有效2例，总有效率100％，对照组显效2例，有效2例，总有效率66．7％。治疗组与对照组相比在降血糖、血酮、缓解酸中毒的差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05、0.01）。结论对于病情严重或反复的糖尿病酮症酸中毒病人，适时应用奥曲肽可以提高抢救成功率、减少并发症。     

乙己苏对老年患者糖尿病酮症酸中毒的疗效评价

目的评价生长抑素-乙己苏在老年患者糖尿病酮症酸中毒(DKA)治疗中的效果。方法 2008年3月~2010年7月本院老年科观察17例确诊严重DKA老年患者,其中8例接受传统治疗(OT),9例接受乙己苏加传统治疗(ST),分别观察两组的血糖(BG)、β-羟丁酸(β-HB)、尿酮、非呼吸因素影响的PH、阴离子间隙(AG),碳酸氢根(HCO3-)及二氧化碳结合力(CO2CP)缓解时间的变化,以研究乙己苏在DKA治疗中的效果。结果乙己苏组较常规治疗组在BG、PH、AG、β-HB、HCO3-缓解时间差异均有统计学意义。结论老年糖尿病酮症酸中毒患者,加用乙己苏能缩短病程,及时控制病情。     

脂肪乳在急性胰腺炎治疗中的应用

目的　探讨脂肪乳剂在急性胰腺炎治疗中的意义。方法　将 40例急性胰腺炎患者随机分为两组 ,治疗组 (n =18)及对照组 (n =2 2 )。两组均按常规给予治疗 ,包括使用奥曲肽或乌司他丁、胃酸抑制剂、抗生素、65 4 2、静脉补液、禁食等 ,治疗组每日加用 10 %脂肪乳剂 5 0 0ml,至恢复正常饮食。定期查血淀粉酶、血糖、血钙、肝肾功能。观察两组腹痛缓解及血淀粉酶降至正常及胰腺水肿缓解天数、住院治疗天数及并发症的发生率。结果　治疗组及对照组腹痛缓解天数 [(5 .0± 0 .5 )vs (5 .5± 1.2 ) ]比较 ,差异无显著意义 (P >0 .0 5 ) ,血淀粉酶恢复正常天数 [(2 .6±1.45 )vs (3 .2± 1.5 4) ]、胰腺水肿缓解天数 [(6.5 6± 1.98)vs (8.5± 2 .2 3 ) ]、住院天数 [(14.5± 9.88)vs (2 0 .89±9.5 6) ]比较 ,差异有显著意义 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,治疗组无并发症发生 ,对照组并发症及病情加重转手术治疗共 5例 ,发生率为 2 2 .7% ,差异有显著意义 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论　急性胰腺炎患者应用脂肪乳剂作为综合治疗措施 ,可以缩短病程 ,减少并发症     

低分子肝素治疗脓毒症的前瞻性临床研究

目的 探讨低分子肝素对脓毒症的治疗作用。方法 40例脓毒症患者随机分为常规治疗组和 低分子肝素治疗组。观察两组患者治疗前后急性生理学与慢性健康状况Ⅱ(APACHEⅡ)评分、住重症监护治 疗病房(ICU)时间和28 d病死率差异,以及治疗前后白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD)、凝血功能和血小板计数(PLT)变化。结果 低分子肝素治疗组随治疗时间的延长,APACHEⅡ评分 和IL-6水平均下降,治疗后7 d与治疗前比较差异均有显著性(P均<0．05);而常规治疗组呈现先降后升 的趋势;治疗后7 d低分子肝素治疗组APACHE Ⅱ评分和IL-6水平均明显低于常规治疗组(P均<0．05)。 低分子肝素治疗组住ICU时间为(9．92±6．81)d,28 d病死率为40．9％,均低于常规治疗组(12．85±9．14)d 和50．0％,但差异无显著性。低分子肝素治疗组治疗后SOD明显升高[(159．13±99．31)kU／L比(318．38± 254．29)kU／L],MDA明显下降[(17．72±14．89)μmol／L比(6．62±5．53)μmol／L];常规治疗组则均呈相反 的变化趋势[SOD(180．99±169．40)kU／L比(135．16±107．73)kU／L;MDA(17．25±15．74)μmol／L比 (20．77±16．87)μmol／L];治疗后两组比较差异均有显著性(P均<0．05)。两组患者凝血酶原时间(PT)、白陶 土部分凝血酶原时间(KPTT)、纤维蛋白原(FIB)、PLT水平治疗前后差异均无显著性。结论 低分子肝素治 疗脓毒症可抑制炎性介质和氧自由基的释放,临床应用安全,无严重并发症。     

双倍剂量奥曲肽对食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血患者预后的影响

目的:观察双倍剂量奥曲肽治疗食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血患者预后的影响及其不良反应。方法:选择2003年1月-2005年1月我院住院患者37例,分为两组,常规剂量组18例,给予奥曲肽25μg/h总量600μg/d,双倍剂量组19例,奥曲肽50μg/h,总量1200μg/d。结果:6,12,24,48和72 h止血率双倍剂量组分别为47.4%,63.1%,67.9%,78.9%,89.4%;常规剂量组分别为33.3%,50.0%,55.6%,61.1%,77.8%,各时间止血率双倍剂量组均高于常规剂量。平均止血时间双倍剂量组为(11.9±10.8)h,明显低于常规治疗组的(18.5±17.6)h(P<0.01)。平均输血量:双倍剂量组(282±386)mL,明显少于常规治疗组(376±489)mL,有统计学意义(P<0.01)。3 d内再出血率:双倍剂量组为4.7%(1/19),较常规治疗组22.2%(4/18)明显降低,差异有显著性。两组均无明显不良反应。结论:奥曲肽对食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血有较好的疗效,双倍剂量止血速度快,止血率高,再出血率低,减少了输血量,促进患者恢复。     

硬化剂与联合奥曲肽治疗食管静脉曲张出血

目的 :比较急诊单纯硬化剂与联合奥曲肽治疗食管静脉曲张破裂出血的疗效与并发症。方法 :将 5 6例肝硬化食管静脉曲张破裂出血的病人随机分为两组。 2 0例单纯使用硬化剂治疗 ,36例先用奥曲肽 0 .1mg静脉注射后继以 2 5 μg/h静脉滴注维持 ,2 4h后行硬化剂治疗。硬化剂治疗后按原剂量使用奥曲肽 1天 ,第 2天减半量后使用 ,第 3天停用。结果 :单纯硬化剂组和联合奥曲肽组平均止血时间分别为 (15 .7± 4.6 )h和 (14.1± 4.1)h(P >0 .0 5 ) ;近期再出血率分别为 10 .0 %和 5 .5 % (P >0 .0 5 ) ;死亡率分别为 5 .0 %和 5 .5 % (P >0 .0 5 ) ;注射硬化剂后针眼涌血发生率分别为 75 .0 %和 13.0 % (P <0 .0 0 5 )。结论 :急诊单纯硬化剂与联合奥曲肽治疗食管静脉曲张出血的疗效相当 ,但硬化剂联合奥曲肽组注射硬化剂后针眼涌血发生率明显低于单纯硬化剂治疗组 ,有利于硬化剂治疗的操作及降低术中和术后发生大出血的风险。     

奥曲肽治疗门静脉高压性消化道出血的临床价值分析

目的探讨奥曲肽治疗门静脉高压性消化道出血的临床价值。方法选取2008年7月~2012年9月我院确诊治疗的门静脉高压性消化道出血患者94例,依据随机分配原则分为奥曲肽组和对照组,两组患者均给予常规垂体后叶素治疗,奥曲肽组在此治疗基础上同时给予奥曲肽治疗,对比分析两组患者治疗情况和治疗后不良反应发生情况。结果奥曲肽组患者止血、住院时间均明显短于对照组,胃液pH值明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);奥曲肽组患者治疗总有效率明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);奥曲肽组患者治疗后不良反应率明显低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论奥曲肽治疗可有效缓解患者出血症状,缩短患者出血时间,有利于加快患者的恢复,提高治疗效果和降低不良反应的发生,值得临床作进一步推广。     

高血糖对2型糖尿病胰岛β细胞功能及胰岛素抵抗的影响

目的观察葡萄糖毒性对胰岛β细胞功能及胰岛素抵抗的影响.方法采用前瞻性研究,对38例初次诊断的2型糖尿病患者予强化降糖治疗并观察血糖控制前后胰岛β细胞功能及计算胰岛素抵抗指数.结果血糖控制后反映胰岛β细胞功能的指数显著升高(P＜0.01)Homa-Is(3.19±1.16比5.23±1.97,t=20.416);FNNS/FPG(0.019±0.08比1.02±0.07,t=44.218),胰岛素抵抗指数显著下降(P＜0.01)Homa-IR(2.03±0.82比1.12±0.41,t=10.223)及IAI(-5.84±1.29比-4.62±0.86,t=2.823).结论纠正葡萄糖毒性,可改善早期2型糖尿病患者胰岛β细胞功能,减轻胰岛素抵抗.     

奥曲肽治疗急性轻症胰腺炎的疗效观察

目的观察奥曲肽治疗急性轻症胰腺炎的疗效。方法选择急性轻症胰腺炎患者51例,随机分为常规治疗对照组27例和常规治疗加用奥曲肽治疗组24例,比较两组治疗效果。结果治疗组的腹痛缓解时间及血、尿淀粉酶值恢复正常时间均短于对照组(P<0.05)。结论奥曲肽治疗急性轻症胰腺炎安全有效。     

连续性血液净化对重症肺炎合并多器官功能衰竭的回顾性分析

目的 评价连续性血液净化(CBP)治疗重症肺炎呼吸衰竭继发休克伴急性肾功能衰竭的效果 及其与预后的关系。方法 25例不同程度多器官功能衰竭(MOF)重症肺炎患者采用CBP治疗,按其转归分 为撤机出院组、死于感染性休克组、远期死于重症肺炎组。评价CBP治疗前1 d,治疗后24、48和72 h各项实 验室指标及危重病评分变化。结果 ①25例患者中A组7例,B组9例,C组9例;治愈率28％,总病死率 72％。②B组患者接受CBP治疗时间平均不到48 h被迫终止。单因素分析提示:B组治疗前血糖显著高于 A组[(13．17±5．84)mmol／L比(8．07±2．28)mmol／L,P<0．05],纤维蛋白原显著高于C组[(5．75± 3．08)g／L比(3．10±1．06)g／L,P<0．05],B组在CBP治疗48 h后纤维蛋白原和所需多巴胺浓度均较A、 C组显著升高[(8．24±3．57)g／L比(5．13±0．94)g／L和(3．01±1．22)g／L,(12．00±6．93)μg·kg-1·min-1 比(1．00±2．45)μg·kg-1·min-1和(2．89±4．37)μg·kg-1·min-1;P均<0．05]。③A组治疗前急性生理学 与慢性健康状况Ⅲ(APACHEⅢ)评分较B、C组低[(89．43±11．28)分比(108．00±15．10)分和(104．67± 13．77)分,P均<0．05];A、C组治疗72 h后与B组比较APACHEⅡ变化率[(-10．43±4．89)分和(-9．11± 3．76)分比(-2．33±4．39)分,P<0．01]、APACHEⅢ变化率[(-21．57±13．53)分和(-14．33±8．32)分比 (2．33±12．18)分,P<0．01]、MODS评分变化率[(-2．14±2．19)分和(-1．00±1．87)分比(0．56±1．88)分, P<0．05]差异均有显著性。结论 ①CBP能有效救治部分重症肺炎呼吸衰竭继发休克伴急性肾功能衰竭患 者。③APACHEⅢ评分在治疗前后均是敏感的评价指标,初步提示APACHEⅢ90-100分的区域是此类患者 应用CBP的指征。③治疗前血糖和纤维蛋白原水平是潜在风险因子,纤维蛋白原的持续升高提示预后较差。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.