Comparison of New Jersey light traps for collection of adult Culicoides variipennis (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae)

Comparisons between standard incandescent New Jersey and modified ultraviolet New Jersey light traps were made. Both trap types collected the same proportions of males, nulliparous, parous empty, gravid and blood engorged female Culicoides variipennis. Although both traps were highly attractive to females that had taken at least one blood meal, the black light trap collected ca. 10-fold more parous empty and gravid flies than the incandescent and would therefore be recommended for use in trapping C. variipennis for virus assay.     

Comparisons of light traps for monitoring adult Culicoides variipennis (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae)

From 1984 to 1986 tests were conducted to evaluate 4 trap types (ABADRL baffle trap, New Jersey trap, CDC trap, and updraft trap) with or without an incandescent light source, a suction fan or dry ice (as a source of CO2) for sampling adult Culicoides variipennis. The fewest flies were caught in the CDC and updraft traps. The New Jersey trap with suction, a strong light source and dry ice caught most flies, due to a significant increase in nulliparous females. The same New Jersey trap without dry ice caught the highest proportion of flies that had taken at least one bloodmeal. This trap would therefore be recommended for use in trapping for virus assay under epizootic conditions.     

Comparison of several different trapping methods for Culicoides variipennis (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae)

When battery operated CDC miniature incandescent and black light traps (with and without light bulbs) were operated with and without CO2, the rank of trap effectiveness for total numbers of female Culicoides variipennis caught was: black light plus CO2; CO2-baited trap without light bulb; black light without CO2; incandescent light plus CO2 and incandescent light without CO2. In 1983, the black light trap plus CO2 caught significantly more males and females than any other traps, and the incandescent light trap without CO2 caught significantly fewer females than any other traps. There were significant differences also in times gnats were collected, as well as in the gonotrophic condition of females caught in traps and that different traps caught different physiological/reproductive segments of the population. All catches revealed that gravid females began flying only a few min before sunset and peaked in the 1st h after sunset. Because it caught significantly larger numbers of females than other traps and because it was selectively attractive to gravid and parous females, the black light trap would be the trap of choice when large numbers of parous females are desired in arbovirus isolation studies.     

Field comparison of novel and gold standard traps for collecting Aedes albopictus in Northern Virginia

Aedes albopictus is a potential West Nile virus bridge vector in Northern Virginia; however, information regarding its virus transmission dynamics is limited, as this species is not readily collected in existing traps. This study used 5 replicates of a 5 x 5 Latin square to evaluate the efficiency and effectiveness of 2 novel host-seeking mosquito traps (the BG-Sentinel and the Collapsible Mosquito Trap (CMT-20) in collecting Ae. albopictus, relative to a carbon dioxide (CO2)-baited Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) miniature light trap. When used with CO2, the BG-Sentinel (with BG-Lure) collected 33 times more female Ae. albopictus per 24-h trapping period than did the CO2-baited CDC light trap. Without CO2, the BG-Sentinel (with BG-Lure) still collected over 6 times as many female Ae. albopictus as the CO2-baited CDC trap. Both configurations of the BG-Sentinel were significantly more effective than the other traps. The BG-Sentinel was also significantly more efficient in collecting Ae. albopictus and collected a high proportion of this species, both with CO2 and without CO2. The CMT-20 (with SkinLure) collected significantly more Ae. albopictus when used with CO2 than without CO2, but did not collect significantly more Ae. albopictus than the CO2-baited CDC light trap. The proportion of Ae. albopictus collected in the CMT-20 with CO2 and without CO2 did not differ significantly from the proportion of Ae. albopictus collected in the CDC trap.     

Effects of trap design and CO2 presentation on the measurement of adult mosquito abundance using Centers for Disease Control-style miniature light traps

Centers for Disease Control miniature light traps augmented with CO2 provide an effective method of monitoring Culex abundance and may provide a useful supplement to New Jersey light traps used by the California Mosquito Surveillance Program. To assist in standardizing sampling protocols, the present research compared the catch of adult mosquitoes collected using 4 trap designs and 3 CO2 presentation methods. When augmented with dry ice, the Arbovirus Field Station (AFS) trap (consisting of a 3-in. fan mounted into a white polyvinyl chloride pipe and operated without a light source or rain shield) collected as many or more Culex females than similar traps purchased from John W. Hock and American Biophysics, or a trap with a 4.25-in. 2-bladed fan constructed by the Orange County Vector Control District (similar to the Encephalitis Virus Surveillance model distributed by Bioquip). Few blooded or gravid females and males were collected, indicating that CO2 released from the dry ice and not light probably was the primary attractant. Catch of Culex tarsalis females in traps baited with CO2 released at 0.5-1.5 liters/min from gas cylinders was significantly greater than in traps baited with dry ice, even though the CO2 release rates from the dry ice at dusk probably were comparable to that released from the cylinders and averaged 0.4-0).5 liters/min for the night. Traps baited with 0.5 liters/ min of CO2 gas released in 15 3- or 2-sec bursts per hour collected the fewest mosquitoes. In all experiments, trap location effects were significant and accounted for as much variability in catch size as trap design or CO2 presentation. Sampling efficiency of all trap designs or CO2 presentations were consistent over time, space, and different levels of mosquito abundance.     

Comparison of octenol- and BG Lure-baited biogents sentinel traps and an encephalitis virus surveillance trap in Portland, OR

Two types of mosquito trap were tested near Smith Lake in Portland, Multnomah County, OR: 2 Biogents Sentinel (BGS) traps baited with carbon dioxide (CO2) and an octenol sachet or a BG Lure, and an encephalitis virus surveillance (EVS) trap with CO2 but without an odor sachet. After 6 trap-nights, the 2 BGS traps caught significantly more mosquitoes than the EVS trap. More Culex tarsalis and an overall greater number of species were caught in the BGS traps. A BGS trap and an EVS trap, both baited with CO2 alone, were compared to investigate whether the difference was due to the attractants or the difference in trap type. The BGS trap caught more mosquitoes but the difference was not significant. The BGS trap, when baited with CO2 and other lures, can be an effective mosquito sampling tool, but further research is needed to understand the importance of the attractants.     

Light, carbon dioxide, and octenol-baited mosquito trap and host-seeking activity evaluations for mosquitoes in a malarious area of the Republic of Korea

Two field trials for commercially available and experimental mosquito traps variously baited with light, carbon dioxide, octenol, or combinations of these were evaluated in a malarious area at Paekyeon-Ri near Tongil-Chon (village) and Camp Greaves, Paju County, Kyonggi Province, Republic of Korea. The host-seeking activity for common mosquito species was determined using hourly aspirator collections from a human- and propane lantern-baited Shannon trap. The total number of mosquitoes and number of each species captured during the test were compared using 8 x 8 and 5 x 5 Latin square designs based on trap location. Significant differences were observed for the total number of mosquitoes collected in the 8 x 8 test, such that counterflow geometry (CFG) with CO2 > or = CFG with CO2 and octenol > or = Shannon trap > or = Mosquito Magnet with octenol > American Biophysics Corporation (ABC) light trap with light, CO2 (500 ml/min), and octenol > or = ABC light trap with light and dry ice > or = ABC light trap with light and CO2 > ABC light trap with light only. A concurrent 5 x 5 test found significant differences in trap catch, where Mosquito Magnet with octenol > New Jersey light trap > or = EPAR Mosquito Killer with CO2 > or = ABC light trap with light and dry ice > Centers for Disease Control (CDC) light trap (manufactured by John W. Hock) with light and octenol. Significant differences in trap catch were noted for several species including: Aedes vexans, Anopheles sinensis, An. yatsushiroensis, An. lesteri, Culex pipiens, and Cx. orientalis. Traps baited with octenol captured significantly fewer Cx. pipiens than those not baited with octenol. Likewise, no Cx. orientalis were captured in octenol-baited traps. Host-seeking activity showed a similar bimodal pattern for all species captured. Results from these field trap evaluations can significantly enhance surveillance efforts. Significantly greater numbers of mosquitoes were captured with mosquito traps using counterflow technology (e.g., Mosquito Magnet and CFG traps) when compared to standard light and carbon dioxide-baited traps. Additionally, field evaluations demonstrate that various traps can be utilized for isolation and detection of arboviruses and other pathogens.     

A two-year evaluation of elevated canopy trapping for Culex mosquitoes and West Nile virus in an operational surveillance program in the northeastern United States

The effectiveness of CO2-baited Centers for Disease Control and Prevention miniature light traps elevated in the tree canopy (approximately 7.6 m) was compared with light traps placed at ground level (approximately1.5 m) and grass-sod infused gravid traps for collecting Culex pipiens, Culex restuans, and Culex salinarius and detecting West Nile virus (WNV) activity in an operational surveillance program that encompassed 12 ecologically diverse sites in Connecticut in 2004 and 2005. More than twice as many Cx. pipiens were collected on average in light traps suspended in the tree canopy than in either light or gravid traps placed at ground level. This difference was generally restricted to those collection sites where markedly greater numbers of Cx. pipiens were collected with all trapping methods but was not associated with site-specific urbanization indices. Culex restuans was not preferentially attracted to light traps suspended in the tree canopy. No differences in the overall abundance of this species were recorded with either of the 2 trapping procedures, but both light traps were more effective than the gravid traps. Culex salinarius was significantly more attracted to ground-based light traps than traps suspended in the tree canopy, while gravid traps were ineffective at all sites regardless of the level of urbanization or any other specific land-use characteristic. CO2-baited light traps placed in the tree canopy were generally superior to ground-based light traps for detecting WNV in Cx. pipiens. West Nile virus-infected females were collected more regularly, and the frequency of infected pools was significantly greater. Twofold higher minimum field infection rates (maximum likelihood estimation [MLE] = 6.7 vs. 3.0 per 1,000 mosquitoes) were also recorded from canopy collections of this species, and virus was detected in canopy-collected females several weeks before it was detected in collections from light traps at ground level. We conclude that the use of CO2-baited light traps placed in the tree canopy for targeted trapping of Cx. pipiens and subsequent detection of WNV are likely to yield better overall results than light traps placed at ground level in this region of the northeastern United States. The virus isolation data obtained from Cx. pipiens collected in gravid traps compared favorably both temporally and spatially with results from canopy trap collections. There were no significant differences in the overall frequency of WNV-infected pools or MLEs for Cx. pipiens, but fewer total WNV isolations were made from Cx. pipiens collected in the gravid traps and virus was detected more infrequently. Results reaffirmed the utility of gravid traps as effective surveillance tools for detection of WNV in Cx. pipiens in the northeastern United States. However, findings also demonstrated that CO2-baited light traps placed in the tree canopy provided more consistent results where weekly detection of virus amplification is a critical objective. The comparative effectiveness of ground- and canopy-based light traps for detection of WNV-infected Cx. restuans and Cx. salinarius was inconclusive owing to the limited number of virus isolations that were made from these species during the 2 years of study. However, WNV virus isolations were made several weeks earlier and more frequently from Cx. restuans collected in traps placed in the canopy rather than at ground level in 2004. Results support the view that ground-based light traps are more effective for detection of WNV in Cx. salinarius.     

Adult biting midge response to trap type,carbon dioxide,and an octenol-phenol mixture in northwestern Florida

The efficacy of Centers for Disease Control, ABC PRO, and counterflow geometry (CFG) mosquito suction traps to sample populations of adult Culicoides was investigated in northwestern Florida. These traps were baited either with a 4:1:8 mixture of octenol, 3-n-propylphenol, and 4-methylphenol alone or in combination with carbon dioxide (CO2). Control traps were operated without the octenol-phenol mixture or CO2. Four species, in order of descending abundance, were collected in all traps regardless of treatment: Culicoides mississippiensis, C. barbosai, C melleus, and C. furens. Midge abundance from traps baited with octenolphenol alone was not significantly different, regardless of species, when compared with traps without the mixture. However, when CO2 or CO2 plus the mixture was used, trap collections of C. mississippiensis and C. barbosai significantly increased, with the latter mixture exhibiting a synergistic effect on trap catch for both species. When this combination was used, the ABC PRO trap collected significantly more C. mississippiensis, whereas the CFG trap caught significantly more C. barbosai compared with all traps powered with 6-V batteries (P < 0.05). The effects of CO2 plus the octenol-phenol mixture on C. melleus collections appeared to be additive only for ABC PRO and CFG traps. Populations of C. furens were sporadic and too low (<0.5% of total collection) to determine any statistically meaningful differences. On the average, CFG traps powered with 12-V batteries only increased midge collection 1.2 times compared with similar traps powered by 6-V batteries. This increase was not significantly different (P > 0.05).     

Light and hens as attraction factors of Nyssomyia whitmani in a rural area, Southern Brazil

OBJECTIVE: To verify the influence of traps with electric light and hens as factors that attract sandflies and compare results between capture methods. METHODS: The study was conducted in the Palmital Farm, Southern Brazil. Sandfly collections were conducted with Falc?o traps and an electric aspirator, fortnightly, between 8 p.m. and 11 p.m. in the presence or absence of light and hens in peridomiciliary areas, from September 1998 to June 1999. RESULTS: A total of 43,767 specimens from eight species of sandflies were collected: Nyssomyia whitmani, N. neivai and Migonemyia migonei constituting 99.9% of the total collected, with predominance of N. whitmani. The number of this species collected inside the hen's shed in the presence of hens (21,045) was greater than in their absence (10,434). In the presence of hens, with distinct intensities of light, a larger number of N. whitmani samples were collected with 3W light. In the presence of hens and light (3W), the number of N. whitmani collected with the electric aspirator (5,141) was superior to that collected with the Falc?o trap (1,675). In the absence of light, with or without the presence hens, there was no difference between the numbers of N. whitmani collected with the electric aspirator or the Falc?o trap. CONCLUSIONS: Hens and electric light together attract more N. whitmani to peridomicilary areas. The number of N. whitmani collected with an electric aspirator inside a hen's shed with the presence of hens and light is greater than those collected with a Falc?o trap in the same conditions.     

Field evaluation of a new surveillance trap in Sweden

Field tests were conducted to assess the effectiveness of American Biophysics Counterflow 2000 (CF2000) traps compared to CO2-baited Centers for Disease Control (CDC) miniature traps at a site in central Sweden. Adult mosquitoes representing 17 species and 6 genera were collected in July and August 1998. Although the 2 trap types did not differ significantly in total number of adult female mosquitoes collected, CF2000 traps captured a greater diversity of mosquito species and significantly more adult males than did CDC traps. Interspecific differences in capture rates and interactions between trap type and location also were observed.     

Evaluation of surveillance devices for monitoring Aedes aegypti in an urban area of northeastern Peru

In this study, we assessed the efficacy of the American Biophysics Corporation Standard Professional (ABC-PRO) light trap, the Omni-Directional Fay-Prince trap (with and without CO2), and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Wilton trap as a means of evaluating populations of adult Aedes aegypti in an urban area of northeastern Peru. Efficacies of collections from each of the trap types were compared to backpack-aspirator collections and human-landing collections. Collections were conducted twice daily, 3 days per week, for 27 wk from July 2001 to July 2002. Backpack-aspirator collections yielded significantly more mosquitoes (1,764) than any of the other collecting methods with a mean of 21.80 mosquitoes collected per sampling period. This method was less specific for Ae. aegypti than were human-landing collections because only 28.3% of mosquitoes collected with backpack aspirators were Ae. aegypti. Human-landing collections yielded only 23% (554/2,411) of the total mosquitoes collected. However, more than 80% (445/554) of the mosquitoes collected by this method were Ae. aegypti. None of the trapping devices evaluated collected mosquitoes, specifically Ae. aegypti, as effectively as backpack-aspirator or human-landing collections. The ABC-PRO trap, which was the most effective device in collecting mosquitoes, particularly Ae. aegypti, collected less than 2% of the total mosquitoes (mean of 0.12 mosquitoes/sampling period), and less than 3% of total Ae. aegypti (mean of 0.11 Ae. aegypti/sampling period). We conclude that none of the trap devices evaluated in this study is an acceptable alternative to backpack-aspirator or human-landing collections for monitoring populations of adult Ae. aegypti in Peru.     

The effectiveness of light, 1-octen-3-ol, and carbon dioxide as attractants for anopheline mosquitoes in Madang Province, Papua New Guinea

The effectiveness of light, 1-octen-3-ol (octenol), carbon dioxide (CO2) and a combination of CO2 and octenol were compared as mosquito attractants using encephalitis vector surveillance traps in 2 villages in Madang Province, Papua New Guinea (PNG). Five species were collected, Anopheles koliensis, Anopheles farauti 2, Anopheles farauti 4, Anopheles longirostris, and Anopheles bancroftii. Light alone was not attractive to any of these species, and the attractiveness of octenol alone, though greater than light, was less than that of CO2 or the CO2 + octenol combination. With An. longirostris, the addition of octenol to CO2 resulted in a statistically significant increase in trap numbers; however, for the other species, any increase was not significant, and with An. koliensis and An. bancroftii, trap numbers were actually reduced when the CO2 + octenol bait was used. In PNG, the use of octenol alone would be effective in attracting more anophelines than if light alone was used; however, octenol by itself was not as effective as CO2.     

Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) species in southeastern Nebraska

Twenty-four species of Culicoides were collected between April and September of 1986 from Nemaha and Richardson counties of southeastern Nebraska using New Jersey light traps and tree hole sampling. Light trap samples were dominated by C. crepuscularis (42.4%), C. stellifer (29.6%), C. haematopotus (17.4%), C. variipennis (4.1%) and C. obsoletus (2.8%). Culicoides guttipennis and C. villosipennis were the most common of the 9 tree hole species collected. New state records for Nebraska were obtained for C. lahillei, C. riggsi, C. footei, C. paraensis, C. nanus, C. spinosus, C. biguttatus and C. piliferus.     

CO2诱捕法与紫外线灯诱法在成蚊监测中的比较研究

目的研究CO2诱捕法与紫外线灯诱法在成蚊监测中的效果。方法 2007年5-10月份,在上海虹桥国际机场公共绿地内,采用CO2诱捕法与紫外线灯诱法每旬监测一次成蚊密度。结果 CO2诱捕法所捕获雌蚊总数占捕获总数的97.01%,捕获淡色库蚊雌蚊总数占捕获淡色库蚊总数的97.02%,分别高于灯诱法的90.14%和90.58%(χ总2=18.82,P<0.01;χ淡2=16.27,P<0.01);灯诱法捕获的淡色库蚊占捕蚊总数的98.90%,高于CO2诱捕法的94.02%(χ2=13.49,P<0.01);2种方法所监测的蚊虫季节消长趋势基本一致,CO2诱捕法能连续捕获白纹伊蚊,紫外线灯诱法只在某个时点捕获。结论 CO2诱捕法适用于常规监测和白纹伊蚊专项监测。     

Composition and adult activity of salt-marsh mosquitoes attracted to 1-octen-3-ol,carbon dioxide,and light in Topsail Island,North Carolina

By monitoring weekly for 3 months with Centers for Disease Control (CDC) light traps baited with carbon dioxide (CO2) and light, 12 species of mosquitoes were collected from salt-marsh areas in Topsail Island, North Carolina: Aedes vexans, Anopheles atropos, An. bradleyi, An. crucians, An. punctipennis, Culex pipiens, Cx. restrans, Cx. salinarius, Ochlerotatus sollicitans, Oc. taeniorhynchus, Oc. infirmatus, and Uranotaenia sapphirina. The hourly activities of common salt-marsh mosquitoes, namely Oc. sollicitans, Oc. taeniorhynchus, An. atropos, An. bradleyi, and Cx. salinarius, were observed from 1700 to 0800 h by using a collection bottle rotator trap baited with 1-octen-3-ol (octenol), CO2, and light. The mosquitoes exhibited different peaks of adult activity, with a significantly greater number of mosquitoes collected from 0600 to 0800 h than from 1700 to 1900 h.     

Urbanization and the efficiency of carbon dioxide and gravid traps for sampling Culex quinquefasciatus.

The efficiency of gravid and CO2 traps for sampling female Culex quinquefasciatus was evaluated along 2 parallel 6.4 km long urban (high housing density) to rural (low housing density) transects in east Bakersfield, Kern County, CA. There were no significant differences in the number of female Cx. quinquefasciatus collected by gravid traps within urban and rural zones. The number of females collected per trap night ranged from 6.8 to 15.5. The number of females collected by CO2 traps increased significantly from 1.4 to 3.1 per trap night in urban to 31.8 to 111.2 per trap night in rural zones and was inversely correlated with housing density. These results indicate that female Cx. quinquefasciatus were effectively sampled by gravid traps in urban subdivisions and by CO2 traps in rural mixed agricultural areas.     

黑箱法和CO2诱捕法在成蚊监测中的比较研究

目的比较黑箱法和CO2诱捕法在成蚊监测中的效果。方法2008年5～11月,在上海市黄浦区2010年上海世博会园区内,采用黑箱法和CO2诱捕法每旬监测一次成蚊密度。结果黑箱法捕获成蚊以淡色库蚊居多,占80．5％;CO2诱捕法捕获成蚊以白纹伊蚊比例最高,占55．9％;CO2诱捕法捕获雌蚊比例高于黑箱法;黑箱法和CO2诱捕法捕获的白纹伊蚊和淡色库蚊密度变化都具有统计学相关性。结论黑箱法适合用于淡色库蚊的监测;而CO2诱捕法适用于白纹伊蚊的监测。     

Does 1-octen-3-ol enhance trap collections of Japanese encephalitis virus mosquito vectors in northern Australia?

The responses of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) mosquito vectors to 1-octen-3-ol (octenol) and CO2 were evaluated using Centers for Disease Control (CDC) light traps at 3 sites in northern Australia. There was no significant difference between the number of Culex sitiens subgroup mosquitoes or Cx. gelidus collected in CDC light traps baited with either CO2 alone or CO2 + octenol on Badu Island. At both mainland locations, using octenol in combination with CO2 significantly increased collections of Cx. sitiens subgroup mosquitoes. Collections of nontarget species, such as Ochlerotatus spp., Anopheles spp., and Verrallina spp. were also significantly increased with the addition of octenol. At all 3 locations, reducing collections of nontarget mosquitoes by not using octenol increased the proportion of Culex spp. collected, thus potentially reducing the time and resources required to sort and process collections for JEV detection. Our results also indicate that trials into the efficacy of using octenol as an attractant should be carried out in each area prior to the implementation of a mosquito-based arbovirus surveillance system.     

Evaluation of 1-octen-3-ol, carbon dioxide, and light as attractants for mosquitoes associated with two distinct habitats in North Carolina

Field studies were conducted in North Carolina to determine the responses of mosquitoes found in salt marsh and inland creek flood plain areas to 1-octen-3-ol (octenol), carbon dioxide (CO2), and light in various combinations with Centers for Disease Control (CDC) light traps. Over 56,000 adult mosquito specimens of 12 species in 4 genera were collected in the salt marsh. They exhibited a general response pattern of octenol + CO2 + light > CO2 + light = octenol + CO2 > octenol + light > octenol alone. Significantly, more Aedes sollicitans, Ae. taeniorhynchus, Anopheles bradleyi, and Culex salinarius were attracted to octenol + CO2 + light than to CO2 + light. Over 19,000 specimens of 24 species in 7 genera were collected in the inland creek flood plain. Although the response patterns to the attractants were similar to those in the salt marsh area, there was no significant difference between octenol + CO2 + light and CO2 + light. Aedes vexans, An. crucians, and An. punctipennis were attracted nearly equally to these two attractant combinations. These studies demonstrate that responses to combinations of these attractants are species specific. However, different combinations of attractants can significantly increase the collection of targeted species important in arbovirus transmission. The use of these combinations would be very beneficial in mosquito-borne virus surveillance studies. The use of octenol by itself or in conjunction with light was found the least useful for collecting mosquitoes in both habitats.