氯代吡啶和氯甲基吡啶的制备

吡啶类的N-氧化物，加双光气或三光气在二异丙胺或三乙胺存在下，于-20℃反应1h，再缓慢升至室温并反应45min。吡啶N-氧化物得2-氯吡啶（80％），2-甲基吡啶N-氧化物得2-氯甲基吡啶（90％）。3-及4-甲基吡啶或多甲基吡啶的N-氧化物则有异构产物。     

2-吡啶甲醛的制备

2-吡啶甲醛（1）是缓泻药比沙可啶（bisacodyl）的中间体，也是合成有机磷酸酯类解毒药的原料。文献用2-甲基吡啶（2）经N-氧化、酰化、水解后再氧化制得1，但所用氧化剂二氧化硒或四乙酸铅毒性大，易造成环境污染；也可用2经氧化、重排酯化、再氧化、重排、水解而得，步骤长、操作繁琐，收率较低。文献用2与碘混合，得到的复合物在DMSO中加热得到1，总收率35％，但是成本较高，不易放大制备。文献以三氯异氰脲酸（3）氯化2得2-氯甲基吡啶，本研究通过控制2、3的投料比和反应时间，得到收率94．3％的2-二氯甲基吡啶（4）；4再经发烟硫酸水解即可得到1，总收率87．9％。改进后的工艺操作简便，成本较低。反应式如下：     

吉美嘧啶及其关键中间体的制备

目的经过工艺改进摸索精制吉美嘧啶及其关键中间体5-氯-3-氰基-4-甲氧基-2(1 H)吡啶酮的方法。方法以丙二腈、原乙酸三甲酯及1,1-二甲氧基三甲胺为起始原料,经过缩合、闭环、氯代及水解等一系列反应,制备替吉奥有效成分吉美嘧啶。结果精制后的中间体纯度在99.8%以上,单杂控制在0.1%以下。结论用精制后的中间体制备出吉美嘧啶,纯度在99.9%以上,总收率45%。此工艺成本低,容易操作,且适合工业化生产。     

2-氰基-3-三氟甲基-5-异硫氰基吡啶的绿色合成

2-羟基-3-三氟甲基吡啶(1)在三氟甲磺酸锌催化下,经98％硝酸硝化得到2-羟基-3-三氟甲基-5-硝基吡啶(2),(2)在1,2-二氯乙烷溶剂中经三溴氧磷溴化得到2-溴-3-三氟甲基-5-硝基吡啶(3),(3)在醋酸钯催化下与亚铁氰化钾发生氰化反应生成2-氰基-3-三氟甲基-5-硝基吡啶(4),(4)经铁粉-氯化铵...     

2-氰基嘧啶的合成工艺改进

以氯化三甲基嘧啶-2-铵为原料，在氯化铵存在下与氰化钾经亲核取代反应合成波生坦的关键中间体——2-氰基嘧啶，并对其工艺进行改进。改进后的工艺操作简单，反应条件温和，收率高于文献报道水平。     

2-(取代苯氧基)-5-羟基嘧啶类化合物的制备方法研究

目的探索2-取代苯氧基-5-苯甲氧基嘧啶、2-取代苯氧基．5-羟基嘧啶类化合物的制备方法。方法以2．氯-5-羟基嘧啶为起始原料,经溴苄羟基保护、威廉森醚合成法、脱苄基保护等多步反应制得目标化合物。结果采用该合成路线制得13个未见文献报道的取代苯氧基嘧啶类化合物。结论本研究提出了一条操作简便、条件温和的全新苯氧基嘧啶类化合物合成方法。     

以天冬氨酸和丙氨酸为起始原料合成2-甲基-3-羟基吡啶

目的 获得2-甲基-3-羟基吡啶合成方法,降低2-甲基-3-羟基吡啶的合成成本,为常山酮等药物的合成提供了廉价原料。方法 分别以天冬氨酸和丙氨酸为起始原料,经过噁唑中间体,利用Diels-Alder反应,最后脱羧获得2-甲基-3-羟基吡啶,总收率7.4%和30.3%。结果 提供了1种合成2-甲基-3-羟基吡啶的方法,丙氨酸为原料的方法更适合工业化生产,且合成方法简单、原料价格低廉,极大降低了2-甲基-3-羟基吡啶的合成成本,为常山酮等药物的合成提供了廉价原料。     

2-吡啶甲醛的制备

2-吡啶甲醛（1）为常用合成中间体,其制备方法较多,大多以2-甲基吡啶为原料。本研究以2-氰基吡啶（2）为原料,常压下在硫酸水溶液中钯炭催化加氢制得1（图1）,并考察了硫酸浓度及用量、投料比、反应温度和时间、催化剂用量等因素对收率的影响：15％硫酸用量为2的20倍（质量比），催化剂用量为2的7％，于60℃反应16h，1总收率可达92％。此法操作简单，收率高且对环境污染小。     

4-甲基-3-硝基吡啶的合成

以2—氨基—4—甲基吡啶为原料，通过硝化、重氮化羟基置换、氯化及脱氯等4步反应制得标题物，总收率60％。     

2-吡啶甲醇及2-吡啶甲醛的合成

以 2 -甲基吡啶为原料、过氧化氢为氧化剂制备 2 -吡啶甲醇和 2 -吡啶甲醛,工艺方法经济、安全     

Synthesis of Pyrimidine Incorporated Piperazine Derivatives and their Antimicrobial Activity

Thiophene substituted chalcones (1a-e) were cyclised with thiourea in presence of potassium hydroxide to get 4-substituted-6-(thiophen-2-yl)pyrimidine-2-thiols (2a-e) which were then stirred with methyl iodide to obtain 4-substituted-2-(methylsulfanyl)-6-(thiophen-2-yl)pyrimidines (3a-e). Compounds (3a-e) were refluxed with different N-methylpiperazine and N-phenylpiperazine to afford 4-substituted-2-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-6-(thiophen-2-yl)pyrimidines (4a-e) and 4-substituted-2-(4-phenylpiperazin-1-yl)-6-(thiophen-2-yl)pyrimidines (5a-e). The structures of all the newly synthesised compounds 4b, 4d, 5a and 5b showed good antibacterial activity at 40μg/mlconcentration. Compounds 4a, 4d, 4e, 5c and 5e showed significant antifungal activity at 40 μg/ml concentration compared with standard drugs.     

Determination of glycidyl esters and 3-MCPD esters in edible oils by sample pretreatment with the combination of lipase hydrolysis and modified QuEChERS for GC-MS analysis

Glycidyl esters (GEs) and 3-chloroprapane-1,2-diol esters (3-MCPDEs) are processing contaminants in refined edible oils that have raised concerns globally owing to their potentially carcinogenic properties. Official analytical methods for GEs and 3-MCPDEs, such as AOCS Cd 29a-13 and AOCS Cd 29b-13, require up to 16 h for chemical hydrolysis. Also, parallel experiments should be conducted to correct for the conversion of analytes during hydrolysis in AOCS Cd 29b-13. For AOCS Cd 29c-13 with the shortest operating time, the reaction time (3.5–5.5 min) and temperature of alkaline hydrolysis should be carefully controlled, implying the accuracy may be influenced by human errors. Here, we propose a novel method based on Candida rugosa lipase hydrolysis and direct detection of free form GEs, glycidol, which was achieved by sample preparation with modified QuEChERS, to prevent side reactions in previous approaches, and also to shorten the overall sample preparation time. Glycidol was directly analyzed without halogenation and derivatization, whereas 3-MCPD required derivatization for analysis by GC-MS. Our method showed good accuracy and precision in terms of repeatability, intermediate precision, and reproducibility (inter-laboratory precision). The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) for glycidol were 0.02 and 0.1 mg/kg, which is sufficient for practical applications. The proposed method was further compared with AOCS Cd 29c-13 by determination of GEs content in commercial oil samples and spiked samples. Our method with a streamlined procedure seems to possess potential advantage of reduced errors from operational factors. This proposed method based on direct detection of glycidol may serve as a simplified alternative for routine analysis of GEs and 3-MCPDEs in edible oils.     

利用斑马鱼模型研究靛玉红及其衍生物抑制血管生成作用的构效关系

目的 利用斑马鱼模型考察中药单体靛玉红(Ind)及其衍生物的抑制血管生成活性及其量效关系,并为斑马鱼模型在新药构效关系研究中的应用提供实验依据。方法 选用TG(VEGFR2：GFP)系血管荧光转基因斑马鱼作为筛选模型,分别用Ind及其衍生物靛玉红-3’-单肟(IMO)、6-溴-靛玉红-3’-单肟(BIO)处理斑马鱼胚胎,以节间血管数作为指标,考察药物对斑马鱼胚胎抑制血管生成的影响。结果 在相同的剂量下,Ind、IMO与BIO抑制斑马鱼节间血管(ISV)生成的作用依次增强,三者都显示明显的量效关系。Ind、IMO 与BIO的半数有效剂量(EC₅₀),分别为89.10,5.188和2.686 μmol·L^-1。结论 在靛玉红母体结构改造中,随着C-3’位肟化以及C-6位溴原子的引入,溶解性明显改善,其抑制血管生成活性也逐渐增强。     

Novel Steroidal 1,4-Diketones and Pyridazine Derivatives as Potential Antiestrogens

A series of steroidal 1,4-diketone derivatives was synthesized by acid-catalyzed condensation of 2-acetylestradiol-17β-acetate with substituted phenylglyoxals. Conversion of the products into the corresponding pyridazine derivatives was achieved by reaction with hydrazine hydrate. The synthesized compounds were evaluated for their uterotrophic, antiuterotrophic, and antifertility activities in mature female albino rats. Among the compounds tested, the phenyl 2 , p-bromophenyl 3 , and p-methoxyphenyl 5 diketone derivatives displayed uterotrophic activity of 72%, 72%, and 91%, respectively. The gradation of antiestrogenic activity was assessed in vivo by the inhibition of the estrone-stimulated uterine growth. Compounds 2–5 showed moderate antiestrogenic activity of 53–56%. None of the tested compounds elicited antifertility activity as assessed by the post-coital antiimplantation activity test.     

Binding sites on acetylcholinesterase for reversible ligands and phosphorylating agents: A theoretical model tested on haloxon and phosphostigmine

The reaction of acetylcholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.7; human erythrocytes) with phosphostigmine, haloxon and VX was studied, and the effect of three reversible ligands (TMA, edrophonium, coumarin) and of acetylthiocholine upon the time-dependent and time-independent (reversible) inhibition by the organophosphates was evaluated. The three ligands and acetylthiocholine decreased the second-order rate constant of phosphorylation by a factor proportional to the enzyme-ligand dissociation constant, or to both K_m and K_ss (Michaelis constant and the substrate-inhibition constant for acetylthiocholine) irrespective of the organophosphate. However, the time-independent inhibitions by phosphostigmine and haloxon were differently affected. Acetylthiocholine affected the time-independent inhibition by phosphostigmine by a factor proportional to K_m, and that by haloxon by a factor proportional to K_ss. Coumarin had no effect on the time-independent inhibition by phosphostigmine, while TMA and edrophonium displaced phosphostigmine from its complex. Coumarin displaced haloxon from its complex with the enzyme, while TMA and edrophonium had no effect. We conclude that phosphostigmine and haloxon bind reversibly to different sites on the enzyme and the experiments agree with a theoretical model that haloxon binds reversibly to a peripheral site on acetylcholinesterase, and phosphostigmine to the catalytic site.     

3-氯-2,4,5-三氟苯甲酸的合成

目的：合成3-氯-2,4,5-三氟苯甲酸。方法：以3,4,5,6--四氟苯二甲酸为起始原料,经酯化、氨化、重氮化和桑德德迈耳反应制得3--氯苯甲酸。结果：酯化时使用发烟硫酸;重氮化和桑德德迈耳反应时溶剂由水改为水和二氯乙烷,使产率增加,质量提高。结论：该合成路线条件温和,操作简单,收率提高到61．8％。     

1,3-二羰基衍生物的合成及胰岛素增敏活性研究

目的合成1．3-二羰基衍生物并检测其胰岛素增敏活性。方法在化合物1的基础上合成了5个目标化合物,用3T3-L1前脂肪细胞对这些化合物进行了胰岛素增敏活性筛选。结果化合物3在3T3-L1脂肪细胞模型上表现出较强的胰岛素增敏活性。结论化合物3可能在体内具有降糖活性,拟选送进行体内降糖活性测试。     

Synthesis and Evaluation of Biological and Antitumor Activities of Tetrahydrobenzothieno[2,3‐d]Pyrimidine Derivatives as Novel Inhibitors of FGFR1

A series of tetrahydrobenzothieno[2,3‐d]pyrimidine derivatives were designed, synthesized, and evaluated as inhibitors of FGFR1. These analogs were synthesized via Gewald's reaction under mild conditions. The structures of the synthesized compounds were characterized by spectroscopic data (IR, ¹H NMR and MS). Their antitumor activities were evaluated against H460, A549 and U251 cell lines in vitro. Results revealed that the tested compounds showed moderate antitumor activities. Structure–activity relationship analyses indicated that compounds with an aromatic ring substituted in the C‐2 position or with larger molecules such as 3g , 4c , and 7 were more effective than others. The compound, 3g (78.8% FGFR1 inhibition at 10 μ m ), was identified to have the most potent antitumor activities, with IC₅₀ values of 7.7, 18.9, and 13.3 μ m against the H460, A549, and U251 cell lines, respectively. Together, the results suggested that tetrahydrobenzothieno[2,3‐d]pyrimidine derivatives may serve as a potential agent for the treatment of FGFR1‐mediated cancers.     

苯基哒嗪酮及其GABA衍生物的合成、抗惊活性及构效关系的研究

本文报道了14个6－芳基－4，5－二氢－3（2H）哒嗪酮，15个6－芳基－3（2H）哒嗪酮和17个6－芳基哒嗪的3位GABA衍生物的合成及其抗电惊活性。活性最强的是2′，4′－二氯苯基－3（2H）哒嗪酮（ED50＝10.15mg/kg）。对芳基哒嗪酮类的构效分析表明，苯环上的取代基对化合物的抗惊活性有明显影响，吸电子取代基和疏水性参数值较大的取代基有利于提高化合物的抗惊活性。