温州汉族人群短串联重复序列D6S477位点多态性研究

目的获得D6S477基因座在中国温州汉族群体中基因型及等位基因频率数据,探讨其在法医学应用价值.方法应用聚合酶链式反应(PCR)、聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳及银染显带技术对温州地区汉族140名无关个体的D6S477位点进行分型,并检验D6S477基因型频率分布是否符合Hardy-Weinberg平衡,计算法医学常用的各种概率.结果D6S477位点检出7个等位基因,19种基因型.基因型频率的分布符合Hardy-Weinberg平衡(x2=13.6,P＞0.05,df=15),观测杂合度h0为83.6 2.21%,偶合机率为0.074,亲子关系指数为3.04,个体识别率为0.926,期望排除率为0.667,多态信息含量为0.78.结论不同人群基因频率分布存在一定的差异,所得到的等位基因频率数据可为温州汉族人群法医个体识别,亲子鉴定及遗传学研究提供更多依据.     

温州汉族人群D20S85和D2S441基因座的遗传多态性调查

目的 研究D20S85和D2S441位点的遗传多态性及其法医学应用价值.方法 应用聚合酶链式反应、聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳及银染显带技术对温州地区212名汉族无关个体的D20S85和D2S441位点进行分型,并检验其基因型频率分布是否符合Hardy-Weinberg平衡定律.结果 D20S85观察到9个等位基因及32种基因型,D2S441观察到10个等位基因及36种基因型.多态性分布符合Hardy-Weinberg平衡.两基因座的杂合度(H)分别为0.750、0.731,多态性信息量(PIC)为0.75、0.79.结论 该研究所得到的等位基因频率数据可为温州汉族人群法医个体识别、亲子鉴定及遗传学研究提供更多依据.     

中国汉族人群D3S1358和D16S310位点的遗传多态性研究

目的 调查中国河北省汉族人群D16S310和D3S1358位点基因频率分布及基因型分布，探究在法医学应用中的意义。方法 从河北省无血缘关系汉族个体的抗凝血中提取DNA，进行PCR扩增，变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶垂直电泳分型并银染。结果 两个位点各检出6个等位基因，其基因频率分布符合Hardy-Weinberg平衡，家系调查结果证实了等位基因的传递符合孟德尔遗传规律，D16S310和D3S1358两位点的杂合度、多态信息量分别为0.6688,0.6307和0.732,0.6812。两位点联合个人识别率为0.9112,累计非父排除率为0.7180。结论 这两个多态位点在中国汉族人群中具有较好的多态性，所得到的遗传学数据可用于中国河北汉族人群法医学个人识别和亲子鉴定及遗传学研究提供依据。     

浙南地区汉族6个STR基因座的遗传多态性调查

目的研究D6S477、D1S549、D3S1358、D16S539、D8S1179、vWA、的遗传多态性及其法医学应用价值。方法应用聚合酶链式反应(PCR)、聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳及银染显带技术对温州地区汉族147名无关个体的D6S477、DIS549、D3S1358、D16S539、D8S1179、vWA位点进行分型,并检验D6S477、DIS549、D3S1358、D16S539、D8S1179、vWA基因型频率分布是否符合Hardy-Weinberg平衡定律。结果D6S477、D1S549、D3S1358、D16S539、D8S1179、vWA位点分别检出9、7、6、9、9和11个等位基因,29、18、18、20、34和27个基因型;联合检测6个STR基因座,累积Dp值为0.9999997,累积PIC值为0.9998,各基因型分布经χ2检验,P>0.05,符合Hardy-Weinberg平衡定律。结论该研究所得到的等位基因频率数据在法医学个人识别和亲子鉴定中有较高实用价值,适用于浙南地区的汉族人群。     

贵州汉族群体D16S539、D7S820、D13S317基因座遗传多态性研究

目的 了解贵州汉族人群D16S539、D7S820、D13S317基因座的遗传多态性分布。方法 应用聚合酶链反应复合扩增技术，对154名无血缘关系的汉族个体进行D16S539、D7S820、D13S317 3个短串联重复序列（short tandem repeats,STR)基因座等位基因频率进行了调查分析，并与其他汉族人群进行了比较。结果 3个STR基因座基因频率的分布均符合Hardy-Weinberg平衡，3个STR基因座总个体识别率为0.9962，累积多态信息量为0.9879，获得了贵州汉族人群这3个位点等位基因频率数据，且不同地区汉族人群中的分布无明显差异。结论 所得到的等位基因频率数据可为贵州汉族人群法医个体识别、亲子鉴定及遗传学研究提供更多依据。     

河南汉族群体D3S1358、D3S1545基因座遗传多态性

目的研究人类短串联重复序列D3S1358,D3S1545在河南汉族人群中的遗传多态性,并探讨该基因座在法医学和基因诊断中的应用可能性.方法采集河南无血缘关系汉族个体血样,应用Chelex法提取DNA,聚合酶链式反应扩增,非变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分型.结果得到D3S1358,D3S1545在河南汉族群体中的基因频率,D3S1358有7个等位基因,19个基因型,杂合度为0.71,个体识别率为0.89,非父排除率为0.51;D3S1545有8个等位基因,26个基因型,杂合度为0.78,个体识别率为0.93,非父排除率为0.58.结论该基因座多态性较好,分布符合Hardy-Weinberg平衡,可以用于个体识别和亲权鉴定.     

3号染色体短臂上八个短串联重复序列位点的遗传多态性研究

目的　研究湖南汉族人群 8个位于染色体 3 p区域的短串联重复序列 (short tandem repeat,STR)位点 :D3 S12 97、D3 S14 89、D3 S12 66、D3 S1568、D3 S12 89、D3 S13 0 0、D3 S12 85和 D3 S3 681基因型及等位片段频率分布。方法　随机抽取 2 2 5名湖南汉族无关个体静脉血 ,抽提 DNA,复合 PCR技术扩增上述位点 ,ABI 3 77全自动测序仪进行基因分型。结果　共检出 91种等位基因 ,基因频率分布在 0 .0 0 2～ 0 .43 1之间 ,构成 3 12种基因型。 8个 STR位点基因型分布均符合 Hardy-Weinberg平衡 (P>0 .0 5) ,杂合度大于0 .72 9,个体识别力大于 0 .72 5,非父排除率大于 0 .596,多态信息含量大于 0 .682。民族比较结果显示 ,湖南汉族与非洲黑人及欧洲白人在大多数位点差异有显著性 (P<0 .0 0 1)。结论　研究结果对人类群体遗传学及法医学研究具有重要应用价值     

宁夏汉族人群19个短串联重复序列基因座遗传多态性

目的:分析宁夏地区汉族人群19个短串联重复序列(STR)基因座(D19S433、D5S818、D21S11、D18S51、D6S1043、D3S1358、D13S317、D7S820、D16S539、CSF1PO、Penta D、vWA、D8S1179、TPOX、Penta E、TH01、D12S391、D2S1338、FGA)的基因频率、期望杂合度、个体鉴别力等法医学参数。方法:收集宁夏籍汉族个体347例为研究对象。用血样卡采集研究对象的外周静脉血,应用GoldeneyeTM DNA(免提取)身份鉴定系统20A对上述19个STR基因座及牙釉基因直接进行复合扩增。采用ABI-3130XL型基因分析仪进行毛细管电泳法检测19个位点基因座的基因型及等位基因。应用HWE精确检验软件对研究对象的19个STR基因座位点的基因型频率分布进行Hardy-Weinberg平衡检验。采用PowerStats分析软件对STR基因座等位基因及基因型数据进行处理。结果:19个STR基因座的基因型分布均符合Hardy-Weinberg平衡。19个STR遗传比标记具有高度多态性。宁夏汉族19个STR基因座共检出120个等位基因,共775种基因型,等位基因频率分布在0.001至0.503。19个STR基因座的期望杂合度(He)在0.631～0.905之间,匹配概率(Pm)在0.032～0.186,个体鉴别力(DP)在0.814～0.986,非父排除率(PE)在0.330～0.770,亲权指数在1.360～5.260,多态性信息含量在0.590～0.920。结论:19个STR组成的复合检测系统在宁夏汉族人群中具有高度的多态性和鉴别能力,可用于该群体法医学个体识别、亲权鉴定及群体遗传学研究。     

广西黑衣壮族D2S1338,D8S1179,D18S51基因座遗传多态性

目的 获得广西黑衣壮族人群3个STR基因座的群体遗传分布资料.方法 应用荧光标记STR基因扫描技术对152名广西黑衣壮族无关个体进行基因分型.结果 D2S1338检测出11种等位基因,频率分布在0.0030～0.2800.D8S1179检测出7种等位基因,频率分布在0.0987～0.2237.D18S51检测出12种等位基因,频率分布在0.0033～0.2467.对上述3个STR基因座的基因型观察值和期望值进行X^2检验,均符合Hardy-Weinberg平衡定律（P＞0.05）.D2S1338、D8S1179、D18S51基因多样性分别为0.8498、0.8450、0.8507;多态信息总量均为0.8300.结论 广西黑衣壮族3个STR基因座属高度多态性位点;D2S1338的等位基因19、D8S1179的等位基因10和D18S51的等位基因15可能是广西黑衣壮族群体中相应STR基因座最原始的等位基因.     

15个短串联重复序列在拉萨市和那曲地区藏族人群的多态性分布

目的 调查15个短串联重复序列(STR)(D8S1179、D21S11、D7S820、CSF1PO、D3S1358、TH01、D13S317、D16S539、2S1338、D19S433、VWA、TPOX、D18S51、D5S818、FGA)在408名西藏拉萨市和那曲地区藏族人群中的基因型与等位基因频率分布. 方法 提取基因组DNA,利用多重PCR和五色荧光(6FAM、VIC、NED、PET、LIZ)自动化检测技术,获得基因分型图,然后进行统计分析,获得15个STR基因座在西藏拉萨市和那曲地区藏族群体中的基因型频率和等位基因频率,并作Hardy-Weinberg平衡检测及两地区基因频率的比较分析. 结果 在拉萨市藏族群体中,15个STR基因座分别检测到11～47种基因型,5～12种等位基因,那曲地区藏族群体中,分别检测到12～58种基因型,6～14种等位基因;15个STR基因座的等位基因频率分布均符合Hardy-Weinberg平衡,拉萨和那曲地区藏族人群等位基因频率分布差异性较小. 结论 该15个STR在西藏拉萨市和那曲地区藏族群体中具有较高的遗传多态性,适合作为藏族群体的遗传标志,用于人类学、遗传疾病连锁分析、法医学亲子鉴定和个体识别等研究领域.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.