地震伤员转运救援影响因素分析

目的 分析汶川地震伤员转运医疗救援中的影响因素. 方法 借助第三军医大学附属西南医院院前急救预案配置协调指挥人员、受过心理专业培训的急救专科医护人员和后勤保障人员进行转运伤员以及途中早期施行全程心理疏导. 结果 汶川地震伤员转运救援中,我院救援队员借助院前急救预案、专用器材库支持、整体救援模式和对伤员施行心理疏导,成功转运162例伤员. 结论 本次转运救援模式运行与途中心理救援实践提示,后方医院应建立应对特大灾害伤员心理应激的救援体制,建立健全应对特大灾害远程前接转运救援预案,完善与稳定应对特人灾害批苗伤员远程救援的专业医疗队伍以及建立和完善远程转运的专用医疗物资器材库.     

院前创伤急救进展：新研究带来的机遇与挑战

院前创伤急救是整个创伤救治体系的重要组成部分。大多数院前急救医疗服务（EMS）体系源自于军事医学经验和改进,对于创伤患者的确定性急救自现场就应尽快开始。院前创伤急救成功的关键在＂创伤急救ABC＂：即气道、呼吸、循环,核心是建立并保证气道、通气、液体复苏和快速转运至就近的恰当医院。传统的院前处理面临着新的研究成果的挑战,同时新技术、新方法、新工具的应用也使院前创伤急救变得更加容易,创伤患者的救治结局也得以改善。     

The "Airmedical F.A.S.T." for trauma patients--the initial report of a novel application for sonography

BACKGROUND: While established as an initial screening tool for the evaluation of injured patients at the trauma center, sonographic evaluation of the patient in the prehospital setting remains untested. The purpose of this study was to determine the feasibility of this procedure during prehospital helicopter transport. METHODS: Two qualified flight surgeons performed all imaging studies. Confirmatory endpoints were documented for all images obtained in flight. RESULTS: For this preliminary study, 100 patients are presented; 84 studies were analyzed; 16 were excluded due to patient weight (8), hemodynamic instability (6), or problems with machine calibration (2). Sensitivity was 81.3%; specificity was 100%. The positive predictive value was 100%; the negative predictive value was 95.7%. The accuracy was 96.4%. CONCLUSION: Sonographic studies obtained during air-medical transport are of similar quality and consistency as those obtained in the emergency department. The ability to detect hemoperitoneum in the field may challenge traditional algorithms for prehospital care as a result.     

The Combat Trauma Life Support course: resource-constrained first responder trauma care for Special Forces medics

OBJECTIVE: In response to advances in civilian trauma care and changing military priorities, the United Kingdom Special Forces (SF) community undertook a complete review of its medical support in 1992 and developed a mission-orientated prehospital trauma care program known as the Combat Trauma Life Support (CTLS) program. METHODS: The course was developed dynamically, using a faculty of civilian trauma experts and military doctors to allow both medical and military doctrine to be included. RESULTS: Three scenarios were developed to cover all aspects of SF operations and civilian hospital practice. CONCLUSIONS: The CTLS course provides an evidence-based adaptable model to teach trauma care to SF soldiers operating in austere environments with limited medical equipment and prolonged evacuation times. It allows military and medical priorities to be balanced in a structured format. We believe that the development process may provide the basis for other specific needs-based prehospital trauma care.     

Medical care rendered to the wounded with abdominal nonpenetrating injury during pre-hospital stage

Of 4477 lethal outcomes the death caused by ACI constituted 6.2%. At pre-hospital, stage the lethality was 45.7%, including 67%--from massive hemorrhage, 19%--from shock, 14%--from reflex cardiac arrest caused by abdominal stroke. Of 157 ACI cases 70% were admitted at the peak of development of posttraumatic complications, 20%--in 24 hours after trauma. According to "VPH-SP" scale the severity of casualties' state was the following: 18% (up to 12 points), 43% (16-17 points), 31.2% (21-23 points), 12% (34-37 points), 5% (45-53 points). At admission 36% had a shock, 50.3%--continuous hemorrhage, 18%--peritonitis symptoms. According to the investigation results the main factors that have an influence on the outcome during ACI are the qualitative skilled medical care at the place of trauma with the use of analgetics and infusion therapy as well as qualitative surgical care. Type of transport and speed of the wounded delivery are of minor importance. According to the state severity during ACI 3 groups were selected: up to 10 points; 10-20 points; 21-45 points. For each group the necessary optimal volume of medical care at prehospital stage was recommended (the use of analgetics, infusion and hemostatic agents). To improve the quality of medical care rendered to ACI casualties the medical service adequate to the trauma is required. Besides the emergency care units should be provided with sanitary transport equipped with special apparatus and have the trained medical staff.     

Contribution of air medical personnel to the airway management of injured patients

INTRODUCTION: Air medical services are being pressured to demonstrate their value. Airway management is the first priority of care when treating injured patients in the prehospital setting. Injured patients with decreased Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) are candidates for advanced airway procedures and air medical transport. RESEARCH QUESTION: The purpose of this study was to determine the extent of air medical crews' contributions to the airway management of the injured patient in the prehospital setting. METHOD: A study of adult (age > 12 years) injured patients encountered in a field setting, whose GCS on the arrival of the air medical crew was < or = 8, was conducted for 21 months (Feb. 1, 1991-Oct. 31, 1992). RESULTS: During the study period, 174 patients who met the criteria were transported by the air medical crew. All but one received advanced airways including oral tracheal intubation, nasal tracheal intubation or cricothyrotomy. Of those, 68 (39%) of these procedures were completed by ground personnel (ground group), and 105 (61%) were completed by the air medical personnel (air group). The mean GCS for the ground group was 3.69 and for the air group was 4.69. The distributions were significantly different (Wilcoxon Rank Test p = 0.0002). Nineteen percent (13/68) of the patients whose airways were successfully managed by the ground personnel had a GCS of 5 to 8, as did 44% (46/105) of the air group's patients. The groups' patients were not significantly different in age or sex distribution. CONCLUSION: Properly trained air medical personnel positively contribute to the prehospital care of injured patients by establishing definitive airways in patients with higher GCSs.     

Military trauma life support: a comprehensive training program for military physicians

The Israel Defense Forces Medical Corps prepares Israeli physicians for their field duty as providers of prehospital trauma care under combat conditions. Many physicians have no previous experience with emergency medicine. Military trauma education has been improving continuously to meet this challenge. In 1990, the Advanced Trauma Life Support program was launched in Israel. In 1998, a task-oriented approach to military trauma. Military Trauma Life Support, was introduced. This course is integrated in the 3-month training period of medical officers. Its objectives are to provide a comprehensive curriculum in prehospital military trauma, to simulate realistic combat scenarios and injury patterns, and to add practical skills and prehospital experience. The practical section includes definitive airway management in hospital operating rooms, emergency procedures training on cadavers, and prehospital experience on civilian emergency medical services ambulances.     

Patient education: using a radiology nurse

Employment of a radiology nurse in the patient education program of a 300-bed community hospital helps protect patients' rights and promotes efficient patient care. It has been shown to enhance efficient use of hospital services and to increase physician support, staff satisfaction, and patient satisfaction, while increasing community support for the hospitals.     

A comparison study of chest tube thoracostomy: air medical crew and in-hospital trauma service

Chest tube thoracostomy (CTT) is not frequently performed by non-physician-staffed air medical crews (AMC) due to concern regarding safety, efficiency and training requirements. This study compared two groups of patients requiring CTT, one group with insertion performed by an AMC and the other by a physician trauma service (TS) in the emergency department on patient arrival. The CTT of 172 patients managed at a Level I trauma center between October 1988 and September 1990 were reviewed. Seventy-two patients were managed by the AMC and received CTT in a prehospital setting; the air medical personnel placed the chest tube cleanly in all cases. Chest tubes placed by AMC were removed within 48 hours of transport to minimize infection risk. One hundred patients requiring CTT in the hospital setting were randomly selected from the trauma registry during a similar time span. The study compared the patients' Injury Severity Scores (ISS), and trauma scores, any placement complications and the overall mortality. While the AMC often treated patients with higher acuity, as reflected by ISS and trauma scores and overall higher mortality, the rate of complications between CTT performed by AMC and TS was similar. Appropriately trained AMC can safely perform CTT without putting patients at increased risk.     

海南省2013年医疗机构医疗废物管理处置调查

 目的 调查海南省2013年各级医疗机构的医疗废物管理处置情况,为制定医疗废物管理措施提供依据。方法 采用横断面调查,研究内容包括医疗废物的组织管理、分类收集、暂时贮存和处置。检查医疗机构1830家(三级医疗机构5家,二级医疗机构18家,一级医疗机构235家,一级以下医疗机构1572家)。结果 95.03%制定管理制度和应急方案,89.00%开展工作人员培训,89.78%配备工作人员个人防护,85.79%建立交接登记,76.23%交接登记内容完整,75.90%分类收集,84.97%盛放容器符合要求,68.03%暂存地点符合要求,78.09%暂存时间符合要求,59.95%运送工具清洁消毒符合要求,80.60%采取集中处置;二级以上医疗机构的医疗废物管理处置工作基本符合要求,一级医疗机构存在一定问题,一级以下医疗机构存在问题(组织管理、收集运送、贮存、处置)明显,三者之间有统计学差异(P＜0.05)。结论 医疗机构的级别越低,医疗废物处理的合格程度越低,尤其一级以下医疗卫生机构。此类机构数量最多、不合格项目最多,而且与大众接触的密切程度也最高,应引起高度重视;管理制度建设比较完善,但后续的收集、存储、运送和处理逐渐递减,这可能是卫生监督的关键控制点。另外,探讨应用《医疗废物管理评价计分表》对医疗机构进行量化分级监督,增加后续指标权重的分级量化管理,值得后续深入研究。
     

创伤救治中的医源性辐射损伤

放射学检查在创伤救治中具有重要价值,能够快速准确地评估病情和指导临床决策,进而改善救治效果,但检查过程暴露的电离辐射会增加患者肿瘤发生的风险。研究显示目前医务人员对于医源性辐射损伤的认识并不充分,创伤救治中有过度使用放射学检查的趋势。临床医师、放射科医师、设备研发与制造人员、受检者及政府卫生监管部门应共同承担责任,积极采取有效措施,发挥放射学检查作用的同时,力争把伤员辐射暴露降到最低。     

中国创伤中心现状与展望

创伤中心作为创伤救治的重要环节和基石,对提高创伤救治效率至关重要。我国现存的创伤救治体系中,创伤中心的建设还很匮乏,远远落后于欧美发达国家。在一些医院,急诊创伤外科的建立,承担了类似"创伤中心"的地位,但仍存在很多不足。政府部门和创伤医疗人员已认识到创伤中心的重要性,在建设规范,专科设立和人员培训等各方面做出了努力,取得了一定的成绩。中国创伤中心的建设将是一项长期的工作。     

Land mine injuries: a study of 708 victims in North Iraq and Cambodia

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to explore the effect of low-cost prehospital trauma systems on trauma outcome in land mine victims and to study prehospital risk indicators for better triage of land mine injuries. METHODS: A 5-year prospective study of the effect of in-field advanced life support provided by local paramedics was conducted in mine-infested areas in North Iraq and Cambodia. RESULTS: After implementation of a rural rescue system, there was a significant reduction in trauma mortality from 26.2% in 1997 to 11.8% in 2001 (95% confidence interval for difference, 5.1%-23.6%). The mortality rate was significantly higher in fragmentation mine victims, 25.2%, as compared with blast mine victims, 5.7% (95% confidence interval for difference, 14.4%-24.6%). The severity of associated fragment injuries in patients with traumatic amputations is a solid risk predictor (area under the curve in receiver operating characteristics plots > 0.9). CONCLUSIONS: Low-cost prehospital trauma systems improve trauma outcome in land mine victims where prehospital transit times are high. The fragment wounds represent the main challenge for trauma care providers.     

The relation between good communication skills on the part of the physician and patient satisfaction in a military setting

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to assess the correlation between patients' view of the consultation and the assessment of an auditing physician on the same consultation. METHODS: A prospective study in military clinics was conducted. A board-certified family physician made a real-time semistructured assessment of the medical consultation. At the end of it, the patient was asked to fill in the Consultation Satisfaction Questionnaire. The degree of correlation between patients' satisfaction from consultation and the scores given by the auditing physician was evaluated. RESULTS: Twelve primary care physicians were evaluated. A total of 117 (76.5%) of 153 patients returned their questionnaires. A positive correlation was found between physician's communication skills and general satisfaction (r = 0.614), professional care (r = 0.367), and depth of relationship (r = 0.275) calculated from the Consultation Satisfaction Questionnaire. No correlation was found between patient satisfaction and other consultation skills. CONCLUSIONS: Good communication skills may enhance patient satisfaction. It may be advisable to investigate whether a training program to enhance the physician's communication skills can improve patient satisfaction.     

Prophylactic medical examination of military personnel with ENT-diseases

One of the most important goals in military otolaryngology is a prevention ENT-diseases of armed forces personnel. Prophylactic medical examination of their staff is the major instrument in it. The article presents detailed project of its realization in accordance with present-day classification of ENT-diseases (International Classification of Diseases by World Health Organization), new structure of medical service and its resources and conditions. The diseases of the nose, ear and throat were considered. Algorithm of patients' observation and volume of diagnostic examinations were given.     

Communication in the diagnostic mammography suite: implications for practice and training

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: The diagnostic mammography suite is a microcosm of challenging physician-patient communication in radiology. Little has been written about communication practices in the diagnostic mammography suite, the effect of this communication on both physicians and patients, and implications for radiology training programs. We surveyed radiology residents and staff about communication training, practices, and experiences communicating directly with patients in the diagnostic mammography suite. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We asked the membership of the Association of Program Directors in Radiology to disseminate surveys to radiology residents and staff radiologists in their institutions. We analyzed response frequencies and correlations. RESULTS: We received responses from 142 residents and 120 staff radiologists. More than half of staff respondents spoke personally with every patient who had an abnormal diagnostic mammogram; 37% felt they had inadequate time to do so. Most residents and staff highly rated their own communication skills and confidence in ability to explain results and respond to patients' emotions, but experienced stress doing so. A majority of respondents reported no formal communication skills education after medical school. Twenty-nine percent of staff respondents regularly observed residents' communication with patients and 39% of residents reported receiving feedback about their communication. Residents' opportunities to observe staff communicate with a patient and to receive feedback on their own patient interactions were correlated with self-rated communication skill and confidence in ability to respond to patients' emotions (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS: Radiologists engage in challenging and stressful patient communication interactions. There is a paucity of educational curricula on interpersonal and communication skills in radiology. This has implications for both patient and physician satisfaction and patient outcomes.     

Initial 67th Combat Support Hospital Optometry Services in Taszar, Hungary, during Operation Joint Endeavor

BACKGROUND: Existing U.S. Army personnel and equipment authorization documents do not recognize the need for optometry services at deployed combat support hospitals (CSHs). The specific hospital tasked with the mission of supporting Operation Joint Endeavor from a support base in Taszar, Hungary, did not have any documentation authorizing the assignment of ophthalmology assets. Current Army doctrine stipulates the presence of an area support medical battalion, with assigned optometry assets, to deploy and operate near a CSH. However, in the winter of 1995, when Operation Joint Endeavor began, there were no area support medical battalions staffed in Europe, and none deployed to the Taszar support base. Therefore, the 67th CSH's mission to provide comprehensive inpatient and outpatient care on a contingency basis to all personnel in the area of operations did not have a doctrinal means of supporting an eye care requirement. OBJECTIVE: To meet this eye care shortfall between doctrinal policy and actual operational needs or requirements, the optometry staff of the 67th CSH scavenged two optometry field sets from old Operation Desert Storm war stock and deployed with the main body of hospital personnel to Taszar, Hungary, on December 18, 1995. In doing so, the Table of Organization and Equipment was thus supplemented with extra equipment and personnel, beyond doctrinal guidelines, to accomplish the assigned mission. METHOD: This report is a prospectively gathered summary of the eye care provided from December 18, 1995, to September 15, 1996. RESULTS: A total of 1,471 patients were examined and treated, averaging 7 patients per day. Less than half of the case load was medical in nature, with the remaining being refractive in nature or for periodic examination. The most common pathologies seen were soft contact lens complications, non-contact lens corneal pathology, conjunctivitis (bacterial, viral, and adenoviral), and ocular trauma (foreign bodies, chemical splashes, blunt injury). Refractive cases during the entire deployment involved primarily myopes requiring increased correction. However, close to half of the refractive cases in the first month involved habitually uncorrected low hyperopes and early presbyopes. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the productivity presented by the case load demand of this CSH's area medical support mission, an eye care need was clearly met, adding to the overall mission success of the 67th CSH.     

Safety of fentanyl for analgesia in adults undergoing air medical transport from trauma scenes

Introduction: Although proper analgesia provision for patients in the in hospital acute setting has received recent attention, little discussion has been done of prehospital pain relief. This study was conducted to evaluate the safety of fentanyl administration during air medical transport of adult trauma patients.Setting: Urban air medical transport program using a flight nurse/paramedic crew operating with patient care protocols and off-line medical control.Methods: Flight records for trauma patients transported directly from the scene receiving fentanyl were analyzed retrospectively. Study parameters were obtained for the times just preceding and after fentanyl administration. A t test (α = 0.05) comparison between before and after fentanyl administration was performed for the following study parameters: systolic blood pressure, heart rate, oxygen saturation, respiratory rate, and Glasgow coma score in non-intubated patients. Flight records were also reviewed for any administration of naloxone or subjective notation of complications possibly attributable to fentanyl.Results: Fentanyl was administered 154 times to 99 patients. No patient received in-flight naloxone, and no fentanyl-related complications were noted on flight record review.Conclusion: Administration of fentanyl for in-flight trauma analgesia in adults seems safe. Further study should investigate efficacy of in-flight fentanyl administration and determine whether prehospital opiate administration impairs emergency department evaluation of trauma patients.     

特重型颅脑损伤的院前急救和院内处理

目的从创伤现场、院前急救、到院后的神经专科处理及康复等一系列连锁关系，探讨提高特重型颅脑损伤救冶的整体水平的方法。方法对我科自1993年1月至2004年6月救治的124例患者进行回顾性总结。按照颅脑损伤的临床与病理过程，将特重型颅脑损伤分为三期，实行分期的、有重点的连续性治疗。结果在本组124例患者中生存56例(生存率45．2％)。其中恢复良好19例(15．3％)，中残13例(10．5％)，重残24例(19．4％)；死亡68例(54．8％)。结论特重型颅脑损伤成功的救治必须各个环节并重，尤其是事发现场与院前急救十分关键，良好的专科治疗是救冶的根本；如能及时实行现场抢救及专科治疗，不但可挽救部分患者生命，且可改善预后、提高生存质量。     

A retrospective analysis of the intubations performed during 5 years of helicopter emergency medical service in Amsterdam

INTRODUCTION: Different skilled personnel perform prehospital airway management, by far one of the most challenging skills with major consequences upon failure. SETTING: The setting for this study was the helicopter emergency medical service at the Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective analysis of all medical charts of intubated trauma patients in the period from May 1995 to May 2000. We focused on intubation reasons and conditions. RESULTS: In 43 of 653 patients (7%) the process of intubation was recorded as being difficult, leading to 5 failed intubations (11.6%). In 432 of 653 trauma victims (66%), general anaesthesia was required before intubation. Forty (9%) of these patients died, most soon after arrival in the hospital. The clinical condition of 221 (34%) patients was so poor that they did not require additional drugs for intubation; 73% of those patients died, with two-thirds dying at the accident site. CONCLUSION: The rate of difficult intubation in this analysis is low (7%). The overall airway failure (11.6%) is the same as seen in the literature when sedation and relaxation are used. An adult trauma victim with a Revised Trauma Score of 0 has a very poor prognosis of survival.