复式PCR检测恶性疟原虫与间日疟原虫的研究

目的： 建立在同一次扩增中即可鉴别患者感染的疟原虫虫种的复式ＰＣＲ检测方法。方法： 根据恶性疟原虫（Ｐ．ｆ．）中度重复基因序列ｐＢＲＫ１－１４ 和间日疟原虫（Ｐ．ｖ．）线粒体细胞色素Ｃ氧化酶基因ＣＯＩＩＩ合成引物,采用经优化的ＰＣＲ反应体系, 对疟原虫ＤＮＡ模板进行扩增。结果： Ｐ．ｆ．与Ｐ．ｖ．分别被扩增出２０６ 和３７０ ｂｐ 大小的ＤＮＡ片段,与人白细胞ＤＮＡ 无交叉;用该反应体系至少可检测出原虫血症为５×１０－ ７的Ｐ．ｆ．感染和１．０２×１０－ ６ Ｐ．ｖ．感染; 自云南疟疾流行区采集的７８３份滤纸干血滴样本中, 复式ＰＣＲ法阳性检出率为８５．８％ , 误诊率为０, 漏诊率为０．１％ , 而镜检法依次分别为８４．９％ 、３．１％ 和１．０％ , 两者符合率为９５．８％ 。结论： 本复式ＰＣＲ检测疟原虫较镜检敏感、特异, 适用于我国恶性疟与间日疟混合流行区的疟疾诊断、流行病学调查、药物的疗效考核和献血员的筛选等。     

套式PCR扩增特定SSrRNA基因片段诊断间日疟及混合感染的研究

根据间日疟原虫（Ｐ．ｖ．）小亚单位核糖体核糖核酸（ＳＳｒＲＮＡ）基因序列，设计并合成两对特异引物，采用套式聚合酶链反应（ＰＣＲ）技术，扩增出一条长１２０个碱基对（ｂｐ）的间日疟原虫ＳＳｒＲＮＡ基因特定片段，并用于云南间日疟患者的血样检测。结果表明：该系统特异性强，除间日疟原虫外，恶性疟原虫（Ｐ．ｆ．）、三日疟原虫（Ｐ．ｍ．）及正常人血ＤＮＡ样本均无此扩增带出现。该系统检测原虫的敏感度为０．１个疟原虫／ｌμｌ血，大大高于常规镜检。在进行间日疟检测中，该系统与镜检的阳性符合率为１００％，更重要的是发现镜检漏诊的４例Ｐ．ｖ．和Ｐ．ｆ．的混合感染病例。鉴于该系统具有特异、敏感、稳定、简便的特点和鉴别疟原虫种类、判定混合感染等优点，故对疟疾的诊断、大规模流行病学研究及疫情监控具有应用价值     

间日疟原虫环子孢子蛋白基因片段的扩增应用于诊断间日疟感染的研究

根据间日疟原虫环子孢子蛋白（ＣＳＰ）基因序列，设计并合成间日疟原虫特异性引物一对，采用聚合酶链反应技术，进行间日疟原虫感染的检测。结果：（１）从间日疟原虫患者的全血ＤＮＡ中扩增出约７７２ｂｐ的基因片段，经限制性内切酶切，证实为间日疟原虫ＣＳＰ基因片段；（２）与间日疟原虫亲缘关系相近的三株恶性疟原虫、弓形虫、利什曼原虫和正常人全血核酸抽提物经扩增后均未见特异性的扩增条带；（３）该检测体系可检测出间日疟原虫感染血样中２．８虫／μｌ血的水平；（４）将该检测体系用于深圳地区及湖北随州地区间日疟感染患者血样的检测，１４７份患者的血样中１４４份检出阳性，可见一条特异性扩增带，与镜检的符合率达９８％，而２０正常人血样均为阴性。上述结果表明该法灵敏、特异且稳定性好，适用于间日疟感染的检测。     

聚合酶链反应检测间日疟原虫的现场应用研究

为探讨聚合酶链反应（ＰＣＲ）检测间日疟原虫（Ｐ．ｖ．）的现场应用价值。根据Ｐ．ｖ．红内期ＳＳｕｒＲＮＡ基因序列合成１对寡核苷酸引物建立检测Ｐ．ｖ．的ＰＣＲ技术，扩增产物片段为３４１ｂｐ，同时采用ＰＣＲ法和镜检法对８份临床疑为Ｐ．ｖ．感染患者的血液标本进行检测。用ＰＣＲ法检测阳性者６９份，镜检法检测阳性者５９份，ＰＣＲ检出率（８８．５％）明显高于镜检法检出率（７５．６％），两者符合率为８７．２％。结     

聚合酶链反应检测间日疟原虫的现场应用研究

为探讨聚合酶链反应（ＰＣＲ）检测间日疟原虫（Ｐ．ｖ．）的现场应用价值。根据Ｐ．ｖ．红内期ＳＳｕｒＲＮＡ基因序列合成１对寡核苷酸引物建立检测Ｐ．ｖ．的ＰＣＲ技术，扩增产物片段为３４１ｂｐ，同时采用ＰＣＲ法和镜检法对７８份临床疑为Ｐ．ｖ．感染患者的血液标本进行检测。用ＰＣＲ法检测阳性者６９份，镜检法检测阳性者５９份，ＰＣＲ检出率（８８．５％）明显高于镜检法检出率（７５．６％），两者符合率为８７．２％。结果表明ＰＣＲ检测Ｐ．ｖ．具有简便、快速、特异性强、敏感性高等优点，可作为Ｐ．ｖ．诊断和流行病学调查的重要手段     

PCR／DNA探针检测系统用于间日疟原虫检出及基因型检测？…

根据间日疟原虫环子孢子表面蛋白（ＣＳＰ）基因序列研制了ＰＣＲ／ＤＮＡ探针检测系统,试验证明该检测方法对间日疟原虫特异,检出原虫密度为０．２个／μｌ病人阳性检出率为９６．２％,试验中对不同ＰＣＲ操作过程及试验样本不同处理方法的检测结果进行了比较。     

用固相聚合酶链反应检测恶性疟原虫DNA特异片段

本文建立了固相聚合酶链反应（ＰＣＲ）技术检测恶性疟原虫的方法，并对培养的ＦＣＣｌ／ＨＮ株及西双版纳恶性疟患者进行检测，结果表明该法对ＦＣＣｌ／ＨＮ株ＤＮＡ敏感到０．２ｐｇ，相当于１０个疟原虫，对西双版纳疟疾患者检测恶性疟３０例，间日疟４例，证实ＰＣＲ仅特异扩增恶性疟原虫ＤＮＡ。提示固相ＰＣＲ是早期、敏感、特异检测恶性疟原虫的方法。     

用聚合酶链反应技术检测间日疟原虫感染的研究

用５种不同的Ｐ．ｖ# 物分别对间日疟原虫ＤＮＡ进行ＰＣＲ扩增,在比较和分析各引物ＰＣＲ扩增结果的敏感性和特异性的基础上,筛选出一对根据间日疟原虫线粒体细胞色素Ｃ氧化酶基因序列设计的引物为最佳引物,其检测敏感度可达到第μｌ血中０．２４个疟原虫。向时还对血样本处理方法地改进,从而建立了一种更为简捷、快速、经济且适用于现场应用的间日疟原虫ＰＣＲ检测方法。并利用该方法对２３８例门诊发热病人滤纸干血滴样本进行     

套式PCR扩增特定SSrRNA基因片段诊断间日疟及混合感染的研究

根据间日疟原虫（Ｐ．ｖ．）小亚单位核糖体核糖核酸（ＳＳｒＲＮＡ）基因序列，设计并合成两对特异引物，采用套式聚合酶链反应（ＰＣＲ）技术，扩增出一条长１２０个碱基对（ｂｐ）的间日疟原虫ＳＳｒＲＮＡ基因特定片段，并并用于云南间日疟患者的血样检测，结果表明，该系统特异性强，除间日疟原虫外，恶性疟原虫（Ｐ．ｆ．）三日疟原虫（Ｐ．ｍ．）及正常人血ＤＮＡ样本均无此扩增带出现，该系统检测原虫的敏感度为０．１个疟原     

应用聚合酶链反应在海南检测间日疟原虫的效果

目的： 建立适合疟疾流行区现场应用的ＰＣＲ 检测间日疟的方法, 并在现场与常规涂片镜检法进行比较。方法： 通过改良血样的采集及模板处理, 设计引物及优化反应条件等, 建立简便、敏感与特异的ＰＣＲ检测间日疟原虫的方法, 并在海南省疟疾流行区对３１０ 例间日疟患者与镜检法进行比较。结果： ＰＣＲ 检测间日疟原虫具有特异性, 其敏感性为１０ 个原虫／μｌ。ＰＣＲ检测和镜检法的阳性率分别为３４．２％ 和３１．９％ , 与ＰＣＲ比较, 镜检法有５ 例误诊或漏诊。结论： 此ＰＣＲ 法可用于现场检测间日疟患者。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.