防御方式问卷在海洛因依赖者中的测评分析

目的··:研究海洛因依赖者心理防御机制特点 ,并探讨防复吸的心理康复措施。方法··:采用《防御方式问卷》(DSQ)对56例海洛因依赖者脱毒前后一个月内分别测评并与正常人进行对照分析。结果·· :海洛因依赖者脱毒前后DSQ各项因子评分无显著性差异 ,而与正常人比较 ,脱毒前后D1、D2因子均有显著性差异 ,D3因子脱毒前有显著性差异 ,脱毒后无显著性差异 ,D4因子均无显著性差异。结论··:海洛因依赖者存在心理防御机制的缺陷 ,应付心理压力及挫折的能力较差 ,并且躯体依赖对海洛因依赖者的心理防御机制影响较小。在临床治疗中 ,对海洛因依赖者的防御机制进行评估 ,对制定有针对性的治疗策略有一定意义。     

酒依赖患者亲属心理状况的调查及心理干预对其的影响

目的:调查酒依赖患者亲属的心理状况,并探讨心理干预对其的影响。方法:对60例酒依赖患者亲属的心理健康状况进行调查,并对其进行12周的心理干预,心理状况评估采用症状自评量表(SCL-90)进行测评,并与国内常模比较。结果:心理干预前酒依赖患者亲属SCL-90评分均显著高于国内常模,其中,躯体化、人际关系、抑郁、焦虑、敌对因子与国内常模比较差异有显著性意义(P<0.01);干预12周后躯体化、人际关系、抑郁、焦虑、敌对因子与干预前比较差异有显著性意义(P<0.05);干预12周后各因子分与国内常模比较差异无显著性意义。结论:酒依赖患者亲属普遍存在不同程度的心理问题,给与有计划性的心理干预能提高其心理健康水平。     

海洛因依赖者防御方式调查分析

目的·· :了解海洛因依赖者的心理防御特点。方法··:采用防御方式问卷(DSQ)对127例强制戒毒的海洛因依赖者进行测评 ,并与60例正常人对照。结果··:海洛因依赖者的不成熟型防御机制和中间型防御机制均分高于正常人 ,而成熟型防御机制均分低于正常人 (P<0.05,P<0.01) ;女性海洛因依赖者的不成熟型和中间型防御机制均分又高于男性海洛因依赖者 (P<0.05,P<0.01)。结论··:海洛因依赖者的心理防御机制存在缺陷 ,且女性较男性更为明显 ,提示在戒毒的同时 ,应指导他们掌握并采用成熟的心理防御机制 ,以增强抵抗毒品 ,坚持操守的决心和能力     

不同防区导弹部队官兵心理防御机制比较

目的:了解导弹部队官兵心理防御机制的使用情况.方法:使用心理防御方式问卷(DSQ)分别对驻守戈壁(A组)、山区(B组)及远郊(C组)3个防区的导弹部队官兵进行心理测评.结果:3组间成熟防御机制因子分差异无显著性意义(P＞0.05);不成熟防御机制因子分、中间防御机制因子分及掩饰因子分差异有显著性意义(P＜0.05,P＜0.01),C组不成熟防御机制因子分高于A、B组(P＜0.05,P＜0.01).结论:心理健康教育较为完善的官兵(A、B组)心理防御方式优于心理健康教育较薄弱的官兵(C组),心理健康状况也较好.应在导弹部队加强心理健康教育及心理咨询,使官兵更多地应用成熟防御机制应对心理冲突.     

不同防区导弹部队官兵心理防御机制比较

目的:了解导弹部队官兵心理防御机制的使用情况.方法:使用心理防御方式问卷(DSQ)分别对驻守戈壁(A组)、山区(B组)及远郊(C组)3个防区的导弹部队官兵进行心理测评.结果:3组间成熟防御机制因子分差异无显著性意义(P＞0.05);不成熟防御机制因子分、中间防御机制因子分及掩饰因子分差异有显著性意义(P＜0.05,P＜0.01),C组不成熟防御机制因子分高于A、B组(P＜0.05,P＜0.01).结论:心理健康教育较为完善的官兵(A、B组)心理防御方式优于心理健康教育较薄弱的官兵(C组),心理健康状况也较好.应在导弹部队加强心理健康教育及心理咨询,使官兵更多地应用成熟防御机制应对心理冲突.     

海洛因依赖者吸烟原因与其心理防御方式的关系

目的··:了解海洛因依赖者的吸烟原因与其防御方式的关系。方法··:采用《吸烟原因问卷》(RRSQ)和《防御方式问卷》(DSQ)对228例强制戒毒者进行调查分析。结果··:海洛因依赖者吸烟原因的依赖分、心理意象、刺激、自动分显著高于对照组 (P<0.01或P<0.001) ;享乐、镇静分显著低于对照组 (P<0.001)。男女之间的心理意象、瘾有显著性差异 (P<0.05)。吸烟原因各因子与不成熟、中间型的防御方式显著相关 (P<0.05或P<0.01) ;吸烟原因的依赖分受不成熟和成熟防御机制的影响(P<0.05或P<0.01)。结论·· :海洛因依赖者有较高的烟草依赖倾向和成瘾行为 ,且受心理防御机制的影响     

HANS治疗仪对男性戒断期酒依赖患者心理渴求的作用

目的:评价HANS治疗仪对男性酒依赖患者戒断期心理渴求的影响。方法:将92例符合ICD-10中酒依赖诊断标准的戒断期男性患者随机分成两组:HANS组(治疗组)45例,给予2/100 Hz经皮穴位电刺激(HANS);Mock-HANS组(对照组)47例,给予模拟经皮穴位电刺激(Mock-HANS),为期15 d。比较两组酒精心理渴求评分(视觉模拟标尺,VAS)、谷氨酰转肽酶(GGT)和心率及血压变化。结果:(1)HANS组心理渴求分值(VAS)在治疗后d10(0.98±s 0.85 vs.1.6±s 1.35,P<0.05)和d15差异有显著性(0.67±s 0.76 vs.1.6±s 1.35,P<0.001),Mock-HANS组的下降差异无显著性;在治疗15 d时HANS组较Mock-HANS组的VAS分值差异有极显著性(0.67±s0.76 vs.1.84±s 0.87,P<0.001);(2)HANS组的GGT在治疗后下降差异有显著性(88.5±s 70.0 vs.198.1±s83.2,P<0.05),同时也低于Mock-HANS组的治疗后GGT的平均值(88.5±s 70.0 vs.144.0±s 85.2,P<0.05);(3)经治疗15 d后HANS组的收缩压和舒张压较治疗前下降明显(103.9±s 6.1 vs.126.7±s 14.1;68.7±s 6.0 vs.81.6±s 8.6,P均<0.05),而Mock-HANS组差异无显著性;(4)HANS组的心率在治疗15 d后下降差异有显著(70.5±s 2.8 vs.83.6±s 4.4,P<0.05),Mock-HANS组治疗后的心率变化差异无显著性。结獉论獉:HANS治疗仪能减轻戒断期酒依赖者的心理渴求程度,辅助改善血中GGT指标,降低酒依赖患者的心率、血压,对酒依赖患者的戒断期有一定的辅助治疗作用。     

躯体形式障碍患者治疗前后防御机制的对照观察

目的探讨躯体形式障碍患者防御机制的特点及治疗前后的变化。方法 50例住院治疗的躯体形式障碍患者分别于治疗前1天及治疗8周后进行防御机制问卷(DSQ)评定,并和50例正常人DSQ评分进行对照。结果 1躯体形式障碍患者组不成熟防御机制因子分显著高于正常组(P<0.01);成熟防御机制因子分显著低于正常组(P<0.01)。2躯体形式障碍患者组治疗8周后不成熟防御机制因子分显著低于治疗前(P<0.01);成熟防御机制因子分显著高于治疗前(P<0.01)。结论躯体形式障碍患者过多使用不成熟防御机制,心理治疗可使防御机制向成熟方向发展。     

自愿戒毒机构海洛因依赖者防御方式分析

目的:了解自愿戒毒机构海洛因依赖者防御方式。方法:应用自制一般情况调查表收集海洛因依赖患者的人口学特征、临床特征,采用防御方式量表(DSQ)对83例自愿戒毒的海洛因依赖患者进行测评,并与57例正常人对照。结果:海洛因依赖者的不成熟型防御机制和中间型防御机制均分高于正常人,而成熟型防御机制均分低于正常人(P<0.05);不同性别海洛因依赖患者在防御方式上除"缓解"外其余无显著性差异;伴有多药滥用的患者与不伴有多药滥用的患者相比更不擅长使用成熟防御方式来应对各种事件(P<0.05)。结论:自愿戒毒机构的海洛因依赖者防御机制上存在一定缺陷,合并多药滥用的患者更加不擅长使用成熟防御机制应对应激事件。在治疗机构中应针对患者不成熟的防御机制采用个体化的心理治疗帮助患者建立成熟防御机制,延长操守时间,增强戒毒信心。     

酒依赖者脱酒治疗前后SCL-90评定结果分析

目的·· :了解酒依赖者脱酒治疗前后心理卫生状况。方法·· :对60例酒依赖者脱酒治疗前后进行SCL -90测定。结果·· :脱酒治疗前除恐怖因子外,其余各因子分及总分、总均分显著高于常模(P<0.05,P<0.01,P<0.001),其中抑郁、焦虑、敌对、偏执4因子分非常显著高于常模(P<0.001)。脱酒治疗后除恐怖因子外,其余各因子分及总分、总均分较脱酒治疗前下降显著(P<0.05,P<0.01),其中躯体化、抑郁、焦虑、敌对、偏执5因子分及总分、总均分下降非常显著(P<0.01)。但脱酒治疗后,人际关系敏感、抑郁、焦虑、敌对、偏执5因子仍显著高于常模(P<0.05,P<0.01)。结论·· :酒依赖者脱酒治疗前后均存在心理卫生问题,对脱酒治疗后的患者要加强心理疏导,积极处理脱酒治疗后的稽延性戒断症状,防止再次滥用。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.