von Hippel-Lindau病肾癌的自然病程研究

目的 探讨von Hippel-Lindau(VHL)病肾癌的自然病程. 方法 初诊后未立即手术的VHL病肾癌患者11例,男5例,女6例,平均年龄45岁.共32个肿瘤,肿瘤直径平均2.5(0.5～6.2)cm.采用积极监测策略对其进行临床管理.对患者临床资料、随访结果及肿瘤生长速度进行分析. 结果 中位随访时间70(32～258)个月.双肾实性占位6例;行手术治疗8例,包括保留肾单位手术7次,根治性肾切除6次;肿瘤复发4例.死于肿瘤转移2例,死于非肿瘤因素1例.32个肿瘤中位随访时间51(19～106)个月.肿瘤平均生长速度0.55 cm/年;直径＞3 cm、≤3 cm肿瘤生长速度分别为0.55、0.44 cm/年,差异无统计学意义(P=0.40).肿瘤生长快3个(1.13～1.75cm/年),肿瘤生长慢29个(0.17～0.88 cm/年).肿瘤进展转移2例.随访结束时,肿瘤＞3 cm者27个(84%),直径≤4 cm肿瘤未发现转移.结论 多数VHL病肾癌生长缓慢,不发生转移;肿瘤直径≤4 cm者很少转移;对≤4 cm VHL病肾癌采用积极监测策略可行.     

von Hippel-Lindau病的肾脏病理学特点

目的 探讨von Hippel—Lindau(VHL)病肾脏损害的病理特点及VHL多发性肾癌的治疗。方法 回顾性分析6例同一VHL病家族伴有肾脏损害患者的临床及病理资料；1例为双肾多发性囊肿，5例为双侧肾癌伴多发性囊肿。结果 5例双肾癌10侧肾脏中，行保留肾单位手术5侧，肾癌根治术3侧，带瘤随访2侧。1例多发肾囊肿者仅随诊观察。术后病理实质性肿块均为透明细胞癌。Fuhrman分级结果：Ⅰ级14枚，Ⅱ级6枚。TNM病理分期：T1N0M04例、T2N0M01例。切除14枚可疑的肾囊肿，术后病理恶性囊肿1枚，余为单纯囊肿。术后随访9～113个月，平均47个月，5例患者均存活且无肿瘤复发及远处转移；5例肾功能正常，1例肾功能较术前差，但无需血透治疗。结论 VHL病中肾脏损害包括肾癌及肾囊肿，常为双侧多发性，肿瘤为透明细胞癌且分级分期低。保留肾单位手术是治疗VHL病中肾癌的有效方法。     

上海仁济医院肾癌数据库资料分析

目的 探讨肾癌临床、病理、分期、分级与预后特征. 方法 分析2003年至2005年上海仁济医院泌尿科肾癌数据库435例患者临床和病理资料.采用WHO 1997年肾实质上皮性肿瘤组织学分类标准、2002年ATCC的TNM分期和临床分期、1982年Fuhrman病理分级.采用Kaplan-Meier法和Logrank检验对57例获随访的晚期患者行生存分析和预后因素判断. 结果 435例患者中,遗传性VHL病肾癌10例(2.4%)、散发性肾透明细胞癌372例(85.5%)、乳头状癌13例(3.0%)、嫌色细胞癌18例(4.1%)、集合管癌4例(0.9%)、嗜酸性细胞腺瘤4例(0.9 %)、未分类肾癌.14例(3.2%).行根治性肾切除术335例(77.0%),保留肾单位手术74例(17.0%),姑息性肾切除等手术26例(6.0%).遗传性VHL病肾癌均为双肾癌伴多发囊肿,临床分期Ⅰ期7例、Ⅱ期3例,病理分级Ⅰ级6例、Ⅱ级4例,基因测序均存在VHL基因突变,平均随访28.6个月,患者无肿瘤局部进展或转移,但4例患者出现同侧或双侧肿瘤再发.嫌色细胞癌临床分期均为Ⅰ期,病理分级Ⅰ级5例,Ⅱ级13例,平均随访19.8个月均存活,无肿瘤转移或复发.集合管癌临床分期均为Ⅰ期,病理分级均为Ⅲ级,平均生存时间11.3个月.肾透明细胞癌和乳头状癌临床分期Ⅰ期260例(67.6%)、Ⅱ期64例(16.6%)、Ⅲ期32例(8.3%)、Ⅳ期29例(7.5%),其中T1a 147例(38.2%)、T1b 113例(29.4 %);病理分级Ⅰ级124例(32.2%)、Ⅱ级219例(56.9%)、Ⅲ级40例(10.4%)、Ⅳ级2例(0.5%).57例晚期肾癌患者中位生存时间(16.0±1.3)个月,1年生存率55.0%,2年生存率31.0%.预后因素分析显示,临床分期、肿瘤大小、淋巴结转移、远处转移和病理分级是晚期肾癌解剖水平和组织学水平的预后影响因素. 结论 不同组织学亚型的肾癌生物学特征存在较大差异,遗传性VHL病肾癌存在基因突变,常为双侧、多中心、低Fuhrman分级透明细胞癌,易再发不易转移.肾嫌色细胞癌预后较好,而集合管癌预后差.在解剖水平和组织学水平,TNM分期、肿瘤大小、淋巴结转移、远处转移和肾癌病理分级是晚期肾癌的预后影响因素.     

Von Hippel—Lindau病肾癌的临床特征分析

目的 探讨Von Hippel-Lindau（VHL）病肾癌的临床特点。方法回顾分析28例VHL病肾癌患者的临床资料。就初诊年龄、肿瘤部位、同时或异时癌、肿瘤的组织病理等与散发性肾癌进行比较。结果VHL肾癌初诊年龄44．6岁，双肾癌15例、多灶性肾癌16例、伴双侧多发肾囊肿20例。共切除87个实性肿瘤。术后病理：透明细胞癌86个，Fuhrman分级Ⅰ级73个、Ⅱ级12个、Ⅲ级1个；钙化结节1个。TNM分期ⅠA期、ⅠB期、Ⅱ期、Ⅲ期分别为8例、7例、8例和1例。与散发性肾癌组相比，VHL病肾癌组患者发病年龄早（P〈0．05），双肾多灶性肾癌及伴双侧多发肾囊肿比例高（P〈O．001），高级别肿瘤比例低（P〈O．05）。结论VHL病肾癌不同于散发性肾癌，有其独特的临床病理特征，这对该病诊断治疗具有一定指导价值。     

介入超声在腹腔镜下保留肾单位手术中的应用

目的 探讨介入超声辅助后腹腔镜下保留肾单位手术治疗肾肿瘤的方法与疗效.方法 肾肿瘤患者20例.男11例,女9例.年龄33～73岁,平均53岁.肾癌12例,肿瘤平均直径2.9(1.4～4.6)cm,临床分期均为T1 N0M0;肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤7例,肿瘤平均直径4.5(1.8～8.0)cm;肾嗜酸细胞瘤1例,直径3.1 cm.行后腹腔镜下保留肾单位手术,术中以腹腔镜超声探头定位肿瘤,观察肿瘤血流及其周围是否存有小的肿瘤病灶.记录手术时间、肾动脉阻断时间及手术疗效.结果20例手术均顺利完成,无中转开放手术.平均手术时间115(85～270)min,平均肾动脉阻断时间28(22～50)min.12例肾癌患者平均随访16(4～30)个月,肿瘤无复发.结论 介入超声有助于腹腔镜下保留肾单位手术中肿瘤定位、判断血管阻断是否完全及彻底切除肿瘤.     

von Hipple-Lindau基因突变与散发性肾透明细胞癌患者预后的关系

目的 探讨von Hippel-Lindau(VHL)抑癌基因突变与散发性肾透明细胞癌患者预后的关系. 方法应用聚合酶链反应(PCR)、PCR产物直接测序分析74例散发性肾透明细胞癌组织标本和相应远离肿瘤的正常组织标本中VHL基因突变情况.74例患者,病理分期为T1 51例(68.9%),T2 9例(12.2%),T3 14例(18.9%);病理分级为G1 15例(20.3%),G2 50例(67.6%),G39例(12.2%).随访其预后并进行统计学分析. 结果 VHL基因突变者40例(54.1%),不同病理分期和分级的肿瘤中VHL基因突变率差异无统计学意义(P值分别为0.915和0.237).随访34~107个月.平均71个月,因肿瘤死亡7例,出现远处肿瘤转移11例,5年无瘤生存率为78%.VHL基因突变组肿瘤死亡或转移等阳性事件发生率(15.0%,6/40)明显低于非突变组(35.3%,12/34,P=0.043).Logistic回归分析表明.患者预后与肿瘤病理分期、分级呈正相关,而与VHL基因是否突变呈负相关,三者的P值分别为0.016、0.024和0.033.对于T3和G3肿瘤患者,VHL基因突变者预后更好.P值分别为0.010和0.048. 结论 散发性肾透明细胞癌患者中VHL基因突变广泛,肾癌的病理分期和分级仍然是评估患者预后的有效指标.VHL基因突变失活可能提示肾透明细胞癌患者预后更好,尤其对于高分期和高分级肿瘤患者.     

Von Hippel-Lindau病并发肾癌的诊断和治疗

目的 提高von Hippel-Lindau病(VHL)并发肾癌的诊断和治疗水平。方法 回顾分析7例VHL病并发肾癌患者临床资料并结合文献复习讨论。男4例，女3例，平均年龄42岁。手术治疗6例，共切除肿瘤34个，其中5个肾脏行肿瘤切除术，切除肿瘤13个；切除肾脏4个，发现肿瘤21个。结果 随访8-76个月，平均45个月。1例术后26个月肾脏肿瘤复发，行肾脏切除。1例双肾切除者，半年后行肾移植，随访18个月未见肿瘤复发，移植肾功能良好。4例患者肿瘤无复发和转移，肾功能正常。1例患者拒绝治疗，随访25个月肿瘤局部有进展，未发现远处转移。结论 肾癌是VHL病主要病变之一，具有多中心、双侧发病、易复发等特点。薄层CT是主要的诊断和随访手段。手术治疗方式包括双肾切除，肾肿瘤剜除和肾部分切除等，保留肾单位术后应密切随访，及时发现再发的病变。     

肾癌肾部分切除术的临床价值及合适的手术切缘的探讨

目的：探讨肾癌肾部分切除术(保留肾单位手术)的临床价值及合适的手术切缘。方法：回顾性分析15例行肾部分切除术的肾癌患者临床资料．其中双侧异时性肾癌且一侧为多发肿瘤2例，单发肿瘤13例。肿瘤直径2～6cm．均为T1期(1997年TNM分期标准)。对15例肾癌患者行肾部分切除术．手术切缘位于肿瘤外1cm。另取肾癌根治性手术标本21例．于体外沿假包膜行肾肿瘤剜除术．并随机切取肿瘤边缘0．3cm、0．5cm及1cm处肾实质及肾蒂处淋巴脂肪组织行病理检查。结果：15冽患者随访12～72个月．平均41个月．未见并发症及残肾内肿瘤复发。21例标本于体外行肿瘤剜除后肉眼下均无肿瘤组织残留，送检组织均无肿瘤细胞浸润。结论：肾部分切除术能安全有效地治疗局限的早期肾癌患者．而手术切缘为肿瘤边缘1cm处较为合适。     

腹腔镜肾肿瘤剜除术治疗T1b期肾癌32例报告

目的目的评价腹腔镜肾肿瘤剜除术治疗T1b期肾癌的有效性及安全性。方法回顾性分析2007年3月至2012年3月32例临床分期为T1bN0M0期肾癌并行腹腔镜剜除治疗的患者的临床资料,其中男20例、女12例,平均年龄(53.8±5.2)岁,肿瘤平均直径(5.2±1.4)cm,术前检查均未发现远处转移。32例患者中8例行经腹腹腔镜肾癌剜除术,24例行后腹腔镜肾癌剜除术,出院后行CT随访并定期复查血肌酐并计算肾小球滤过率。结果所有患者手术均顺利完成,无中转开放,围手术期无严重并发症。平均手术时间(154.0±22.4)min,术中平均热缺血时间(25.4±5.2)min,术中平均出血量(230.6±18.6)mL,术后平均住院时间(8.1±1.6)d。术后总共6例(18.7%)出现并发症,其中术后短暂血肌酐升高2例,不全性肠梗阻1例(Clavien分级Ⅰ级),术后输血1例(Clavien分级Ⅱ级),术后尿漏2例(Clavien分级Ⅲ级)。无1例患者出现肿瘤切缘阳性,术后平均随访(28.4±8.2)个月,1例患者出现局部复发、复发率3%,余未见复发及转移。术后随访平均eGFR为(69.8±11.9)mL/min,较术前差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论腹腔镜肾肿瘤剜除术治疗T1b期肾癌安全、有效,术后对肾功能影响较小,短期随访效果满意。     

保留肾单位肾癌切除术的疗效与随访

目的 探讨保留肾单位的肾癌手术疗效。方法 26例行保留肾单位的肾癌切除术患者，男16例，女10例，平均年龄47岁。肿瘤直径1．1～4．0cm，平均2．8cm。T1 21例，T2 5例。透明细胞癌22例．颗粒细胞癌3例，囊性肾癌1例。10例有腰痛、血尿、低热等症状，无症状16例。单侧24例，双侧1例，术后孤立肾癌1例。对侧肾功能正常22例，对侧肾有病变或潜在病变4例。术后定期行腹部CT、超声及尿常规检查，复查肾功能。结果 26例手术均成功。术后平均随访41个月，除1例肾转移癌术后16个月因肺癌广泛转移死亡外，余25例肿瘤无复发，无瘤生存至今。结论 保留肾单位的肾癌剜除术安全有效。适用于对侧肾功能正常肿瘤直径≤4．0cm的局限性肾癌，对于对侧肾脏有病变或孤立肾癌是必要的选择。     

Nephron sparing surgery for renal cell carcinoma in a solitary kidney

To determine functional and oncological outcomes of nephron sparing surgery (NSS) for renal cell carcinoma (RCC). We identified from our kidney database 103 consecutive patients undergoing NSS for solid renal tumors in a solitary kidney. After excluding 17 patients (16.5%) undergoing NSS with palliative intent in presence of preoperatively diagnosed metastatic disease (n = 15) or positive lymph nodes (n = 2) and 6 patients (5.8%) who turned out to have benign tumors, the remaining 80 patients with RCC were analyzed. Mean follow-up is 8.0 years (range: 0.1–25.8). Mean tumor size was 4.2 cm (range 1.2–11 cm). Chronic renal failure requiring hemodialysis developed after NSS in nine patients (11.2%). In the remainder, serum creatinine was 1.72 mg/dl (range: 0.45–4.6 mg/dl) at latest follow-up. The cancer specific survival rates at 1, 5 and 10 years were 97.2, 89.6 and 76%, respectively. The estimated local recurrence free survival rates at 1, 5 and 10 years were 97.8, 89.4 and 79.9%, respectively. Univariate analysis of correlation between clinical and pathologic features with death from RCC showed significant associations for grading and tumor size. The long-term data of our series support the concept of organ-sparing surgery for RCC in a solitary kidney since it provides excellent local tumor control and cancer specific survival and preserves renal function renal function so that 89% of patients remained free of dialysis in the long-run.     

Cystic renal cell carcinoma: biology and clinical behavior

The purpose of the study was to evaluate unilocular and multilocular cystic renal cell carcinoma (cRCC). These tumors are a rare entity, comprising approximately 1 to 2% of all renal tumors, and their true biologic behavior is not well-known. Initial review of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) cases treated at our institution between 1989 and 2001 identified 39 cases of cRCC. However, histopathologic review of these cases by 2 pathologists revealed that only 18 cases met the criteria that all tumors have a cystic component that constitutes at least 75% of the total lesion without evidence of necrosis. These cases were compared to 614 conventional clear cell RCC cases with regards to clinical outcomes. All 18 patients presented with localized (N0M0) disease. Thirteen (72%) of the tumors were Fuhrman Grade 1, while the remaining 5 (28%) were Fuhrman Grade 2. By comparison, only 60% of the clear cell RCC tumors were Grade 1 or 2. Similarly, 83% of cRCC were pT1 tumors compared to only 35% of conventional clear cell tumors. Mean tumor size for the cRCC tumors was 4.9 cm compared to 7.4 cm for conventional clear cell tumors. Cystic RCC patients had an 82% four-year disease-specific survival (DSS). Unilocular and multilocular cRCC is a distinct subtype of clear cell RCC. Its biology appears to be more favorable with regards to important prognostic factors such as metastatic presentation, Fuhrman grade, 1997 T stage, and tumor size. These findings suggest that cRCC patients may benefit from nephron sparing surgery.     

肾癌、肾错构瘤保留肾单位的手术治疗

目的探讨肾细胞癌（RCC）、肾错构瘤（AML）保留肾单位手术（NSS）的可能性和疗效。方法对30例肾癌15例肾AML患者行47人次保留肾单位的手术治疗，肾癌瘤体直径平均2．83cm，肾AML瘤体平均直径5．7cm。无症状22例，有症状23例。单侧肾癌28例，肾AML13例；双侧肾癌1例，肾AML2例，术后孤立肾肾癌1例。对侧肾功能正常37例，对侧肾有病变或潜在病变8例。全部通过电话对其随访。结果45例手术均成功。术后随访平均63个月，除1例肾癌术后16个月因肺癌广泛转移而死亡外，2例肾AML行选择性动脉栓塞（SAE），余均无瘤生存至今。结论肾癌、肾AML保留肾单位的手术治疗在适应证下是安全有效的。     

Bilateral synchronous sporadic renal cell carcinoma: surgical management, oncological and functional outcomes

OBJECTIVE: To analyse the functional and oncological outcomes of surgical treatment of bilateral synchronous sporadic renal cell carcinoma (RCC). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between 1969 and 2006, 57 patients with bilateral synchronous sporadic RCC were identified from our kidney database. The mean (range) follow-up was 4.8 (0.1-23.8) years; 28 patients (49%) had radical nephrectomy (RN) and contralateral nephron-sparing surgery (NSS), and 22 (39%) had bilateral NSS. The oncological outcome and long-term renal function were analysed. RESULTS: After excluding four patients (7%) with bilateral benign renal tumours, six (11%) with metastatic bilateral RCC and three (5%) who had bilateral RN, the cancer-specific outcome was analysed. For 44 patients with bilateral RCC who had surgery with intent to cure and avoid dialysis, 13 (30%) had stage pT1a, 10 (23%) pT1b, nine (17%) pT2 and 12 (27%) pT3 disease. At 5 and 10 years, the cancer-specific survival rates were 86% and 75%, and the local recurrence-free survival rates were 87% and 80%. The median serum creatinine level at the latest follow-up was 1.18 mg/dL in patients after bilateral NSS and 1.40 mg/dL after unilateral NSS and contralateral RN (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: These long-term data support the concept that NSS, whenever possible bilateral, is the treatment of choice for bilateral synchronous sporadic RCC. NSS provides adequate local tumour control and cancer-specific survival. Preservation of renal function is more efficient with bilateral NSS than with unilateral NSS and contralateral RN.     

保留肾单位手术治疗肾脏小肿瘤三年随访结果分析

目的 探讨保留肾单位的肾部分切除手术治疗肾脏小肿瘤的安全性和有效性.方法 肾脏小肿瘤患者43例.男27例,女16例.年龄21～79(46.0±13.0)岁.肿瘤直径1.2～4.0(3.1±0.8)cm.行开放保留肾单位手术18例,后腹腔镜下保留肾单位手术25例.评估围手术期及手术前后肾功能、术后并发症及复发情况.结果 43例手术顺利.2组发生术中大出血各1例.开放组和后腹腔镜组平均手术时间分别为69～277(158.0±77.4)和60～226(150.0±69.1)min;热缺血时间分别为20～31(23.2±3.9)和23～35(25.8±4.1)min;术中失血量120～3000(590.8±725.0)和50～1600(468.5±614.0)ml;术前SCr分别为(65.9±22.8)和(68.4±25.0)μmol/L,随访期末分别为(82.2±24.1)和(85.3±25.9)μmol/L;2组间比较差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).住院日分别为11～47(19.2±8.0)和10～16(12.5±3.8)d(P＜0.05);2组术后出现次要并发症14例(33%),其中肾周血肿分别为1例(6%)和3例(12%),2组比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).病理报告肾细胞癌25例(T1a),良性肿瘤18例.43例随访25～60(37.4±7.2)个月,1例肾透明细胞癌患者术后20个月出现复发后行肾切除术,术后病理仍为透明细胞癌;1例血管平滑肌脂肪瘤患者术后6个月在远离原病灶处出现新生肿瘤,CT检查提示仍为血管平滑肌脂肪瘤,行动态观察.2组术后3年肿瘤无复发生存率分别为94%及96%,肾癌无复发生存率分别为100%及93%,2组间比较差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结果 后腹腔镜下保留肾单位手术治疗肾脏小肿瘤较同期开放保留肾单位手术平均住院日短,但肾周血肿发生率略高,其他并发症发生率无明显差异,2组均未见不可逆肾功能损害,2组肿瘤无复发生存率及肾细胞癌无复发生存率差异无统计学意义.     

Diagnostic accuracy of computed tomography-guided percutaneous biopsy of renal masses

OBJECTIVE: Modern imaging modalities increase the detection of small (相似文献   

Long-term outcome of conservative surgery for kidney cancer: survival,blood pressure,and renal function

PURPOSE: Nephron-sparing surgery (NSS) for renal cell carcinoma (RCC) remains controversial for elective indications (low stage RCC in the presence of a normal contralateral kidney). In this single center study survival rate and, as novel aspects, the frequency of postoperative arterial hypertension and renal function parameters were investigated to evaluate safety and efficacy of NSS. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The complete data of 248 patients operated nephron-sparing for RCC between 1975 and 1995 were evaluated. One hundred and seventy-five patients were treated for elective indication (95% with tumor stage T1 or T2), 73 patients for mandatory indication (bilateral tumors, solitary kidney, renal insufficiency). The mean follow-up was 75 months (maximum 23 years). RESULTS: Mean tumor-size was lower under elective (3.8 cm) than under mandatory (4.7 cm) indication. Overall tumor-specific survival after 5 years for both indications was 88%. Comparing preoperative vs. follow-up values, arterial blood pressure and serum-creatinine values remained unchanged for both indications. The incidence of postoperative proteinuria (19% imperative, 11% elective indication) was strongly related to hypertension. CONCLUSIONS: NSS for RCC under elective indication achieves patient survival comparable to the results of radical nephrectomy. The presented data do not indicate significant longterm complications such as arterial hypertension, proteinuria or deterioration of renal function as a result of glomerulosclerosis or hyperfiltration. This gives further argument for the concept of NSS in RCC as an alternative to radical nephrectomy in the presence of a healthy contralateral kidney.     

Nephron sparing surgery for appropriately selected renal cell carcinoma between 4 and 7 cm results in outcome similar to radical nephrectomy

PURPOSE: We compared outcomes between patients treated with nephron sparing surgery (NSS) without imperative indications for renal preservation and radical nephrectomy (RN) for 4 to 7 cm renal cell carcinoma (RCC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: We identified 91 patients treated with NSS and 841 patients treated with RN for 4 to 7 cm RCC between 1970 and 2000. Cancer specific, distant metastases-free and recurrence-free survivals were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS: Cancer specific survival rates at 5 years for patients treated with NSS and RN for 4 to 7 cm RCC were 98% and 86%, respectively. On univariate analysis patients treated with RN for 4 to 7 cm RCC were more likely to die of RCC compared to patients treated with NSS. However, after adjusting for features associated with death from RCC including stage, grade, histological tumor necrosis and histological subtype, this difference was no longer statistically significant (risk ratio 1.60, 95% CI 0.50-5.12, p = 0.430). Distant metastases-free survival rates at 5 years for patients treated with NSS and RN were 94% and 83%, respectively. On univariate analysis patients treated with RN were more likely to have tumors that metastasized compared to patients treated with NSS, although this difference was no longer significant after adjusting for the features listed previously (risk ratio 1.76, 95% CI 0.64-4.83, p = 0.273). Recurrence-free survival rates at 5 years for patients treated with NSS and RN were 94% and 98%, respectively. On univariate analysis patients treated with RN were less likely to have recurrence compared to patients treated with NSS (risk ratio 0.32, 95% CI 0.12-0.85, p = 0.022). CONCLUSIONS: There were no statistically significant differences in cancer specific survival and distant metastases-free survival between patients treated with NSS and RN for 4 to 7 cm RCC after adjusting for important pathological features. NSS for 4 to 7 cm RCC results in excellent outcome in appropriately selected patients.     

Is a 1-cm margin necessary during nephron-sparing surgery for renal cell carcinoma?

Objectives. To determine whether a 1-cm margin is necessary for cancer control during nephron-sparing surgery (NSS) for renal cell carcinoma (RCC).Methods. A retrospective review of 67 patients who underwent NSS for RCC between 1990 and 2000 was conducted. The data collected included patient demographics, tumor size and location, histologic type and grade, margin status (positive or negative), and the shortest distance of normal parenchyma (in millimeters) around the tumor in the final pathologic specimen. Recurrence was determined from the clinical follow-up, which included physical examination, ultrasonography or computed tomography, and various laboratory tests.Results. Fifty-five cases were performed open and 12 laparoscopically. The mean follow-up was 60 months (range 5 to 124). The mean tumor size was 3.0 cm (range 0.9 to 11.0). Seven patients were found to have a positive margin; 1 died of metastatic RCC, 1 was alive with systemic recurrence, and 5 had no evidence of disease. Of 11 patients with a negative margin distance of less than 1 mm, 9 were recurrence free, 1 had simultaneous local and pulmonary relapse, and the other had pulmonary recurrence only. The remainder of the study patients (n = 49) had negative margins greater than 1 mm, and all were alive without evidence of disease at the last follow-up.Conclusions. This review questions the necessity of a 1-cm margin to prevent recurrence after NSS for RCC. Additional studies to determine the optimal margin distance should be conducted.