前交叉韧带与本体感觉研究进展

前交叉韧带（anterior cruciate ligament ,ACL ）的损伤,常发生于运动量大的中青年,进而造成沉重的社会经济负担［1］。ACL 损伤导致膝关节稳定性及活动度受限［2］。膝关节损伤后的组织学重建和生物力学功能的恢复一直受到骨科及康复科医生的极大关注。对损伤膝关节进行机械力学重建后,很多患者仍旧存在膝关节不稳。近年来,ACL中本体感受器对维持关节稳定性的作用开始得到研究人员的重视。但目前对于ACL中本体感受器的分布、作用机制、康复情况仍不是很明确。故本文对目前国内外研究进展总结如下。     

前交叉韧带损伤后膝关节本体感觉的改变

在维持膝关节的前向稳定中，前交叉韧带(anterior cruciate ligament．ACL)提供85％的静态阻力，以阻止胫骨前移．故ACL损伤将引起膝关节不稳。临床上发现部分患者虽经手术或保守治疗恢复了膝关节的力学稳定．但仍存在膝关节不稳症状，使运动水平难以恢复，有研究认为这可能与损伤后膝关节的本体感觉改变有关。本体感觉在关节活动过程中提供关节的位置     

前交叉韧带重建术后影响本体感觉恢复的因素

目的：通过对前交叉韧带重建术后患者本体感觉检查及等速肌力测定．分析影响本体感觉恢复的因素及术后本体感觉和肌力恢复的相关性。方法：44例胴绳肌腱重建前交叉韧带术后6个月的患者和13名健康人正常对照。分别采用被动位置重现和Biodex等速测力仪进行膝关节本体感觉和等速肌力的评定。比较患者与正常对照问的本体感觉差异，分析年龄、性别、受伤至手术时间间隔和术前H／Q值对术后本体感觉恢复的影响，术后本体感觉和股四头肌力量恢复的相关性。结果：患者与正常对照间膝关节本体感觉差异有显著性意义（P〈0．05），当接受手术的时间在损伤后4个月内时，受伤至手术的时间间隔和位置重现误差成线性正相关（R：0．713，P〈0．05）。术后本体感觉和股四头肌力量的恢复有正相关趋势（P〈0．05）。结论：术后6个月，前交叉韧带重建术患者膝关节的本体感觉水平仍低于正常人。在韧带损伤后4个月内，接受手术越早，术后6个月时本体感觉水平越好。术后6个月时本体感觉恢复较好的患者股四头肌力量恢复也相应较好。     

平衡训练对前交叉韧带重建术后本体感觉的影响

目的 探讨应用平衡板训练在前交叉韧带重建术后康复中的作用.方法 将前交叉韧带损伤术后患者随机分为平衡训练组和对照组,对照组采用一般康复训练方法,平衡训练组采用平衡板进行训练,术后6月进行患者位置觉、膝关节功能评分及肌电图测定,结果平衡训练组位置觉测试,膝关节功能评分均明显好于对照组,差异存在统计学意义(P＜0.05);肌电图测定显示平衡训练组样本率比较存在统计学差异(P＜0.05).结论 平衡训练有助于前交叉韧带损伤术后本体感觉的恢复.     

前交叉韧带重建后膝关节本体感觉功能的康复训练与护理

膝关节前交叉韧带重建后,本体感觉功能的恢复与否是衡量膝关节功能恢复的重要标志.总结了对53例前交叉韧带重建术后病人的康复训练与护理,重点包括股四头肌等长收缩锻炼,直腿抬高训练,终末伸膝锻炼,视知觉下的膝关节角度、位置训练,以及功能协调性训练和心理护理等.经8～24个月随访,本组有49例(占92.5%)本体感觉恢复良好,病人满意.认为在前交叉韧带重建后进行系统、正规的康复训练和护理,有利于促进膝关节本体感觉功能的恢复.     

前交叉韧带重建术后本体感觉的促进训练

目的探讨关节镜下腘绳肌肌腱重建前交叉韧带术后进行本体感觉康复训练对膝关节功能恢复的影响。方法对56例在关节镜下采用腘绳肌肌腱重建前交叉韧带术的患者进行强化本体感觉训练,术后6个月～1年随访,并按照角度再生试验和单腿弹跳试验标准评价效果。结果 56例患者优良率达91.1%。结论腘绳肌肌腱重建前交叉韧带术后采取一系列旨在促进本体感觉恢复的康复训练程序,有利于膝关节功能的稳定。     

前交叉韧带重建术后患者膝本体感觉与姿势控制的相关性

目的:探讨前交叉韧带重建术后患者本体感觉及姿势控制的相关性.方法:选取32例符合纳入排除标准的前交叉韧带重建患者和10例健康对照组,观察组行常规康复治疗,观察组患者术后16周与健康对照组使用多关节等速测试及训练系统进行角度再现测试评估膝关节本体感觉,平衡测试仪进行单腿支撑动态平衡测试来评估姿势控制能力.动态平衡指标为总...     

虚拟现实平衡训练对前交叉韧带重建术后膝关节本体感觉的效果

目的 探讨虚拟现实平衡训练技术对前交叉韧带重建术后膝关节本体感觉功能的效果。方法 2016年1月至2018年12月,本院72例前交叉韧带重建术后患者随机分为对照组(n = 36)和观察组(n= 36)。两组在常规康复的基础上分别进行传统平衡训练和虚拟现实平衡训练,共8周。训练前后进行压力中心(COP)时间稳定性、闭眼压力中心速度(COPS)、单腿COPS、膝关节反应时间、极限包络面积(COPA)和主动关节角度重现偏差值评估。结果 训练后,两组COP时间稳定性、闭眼COPS、单腿COPS、膝关节反应时间、COPA和主动关节角度重现偏差值均显著改善(|t| > 5.611, P < 0.001),且观察组COP时间稳定性、闭眼COPS、单腿COPS、膝关节反应时间和主动关节角度重现偏差值均明显优于对照组(| t| > 3.232, P < 0.01),两组COPA无显著性差异( t = 1.054, P = 0.296)。结论 虚拟现实平衡训练可改善前交叉韧带重建术后膝关节的本体感觉,且较传统平衡训练效果更佳。     

膝前交叉韧带重建术后本体感觉促进训练对膝关节位置觉的影响

目的：本体感觉是膝关节正常运动的必要条件，膝前交叉韧带(ACL)重建术后功能恢复的水平与术后本体感觉恢复程度有关。为此探讨ACL重建术后强化本体感觉训练对膝关节位置觉的影响。方法：上海交通大学附属第六人民医院康复医学科2001-03／2003—12进行膝ACL韧带重建术后的患者60例，按病区将患者分本体感觉促进组30例和对照组30例。对照组术后应用一般康复训练方法。本体感觉促进组除了应用一般康复训练方法外还加以本体感觉强化训练。术后6个月进行患者位置觉测定。结果：本体感觉促进组在被动角度重现测试中患膝的总平均偏差为(4．25&;#177;1．06)&;#176;，健膝总平均偏差为(3．87&;#177;1．95)&;#176;(P&;gt;0．05)。对照组患膝的总平均偏差为(4．91&;#177;1．01)&;#176;，健膝总平均偏差为(3．83&;#177;1．22)&;#176;，患膝的总平均偏差显著大于健侧(P&;lt;0．01)。结论：ACL韧带重建术后强化本体感觉训练能改善患膝位置觉。     

本体感觉强化训练对前交叉韧带重建后功能恢复的影响

目的探讨本体感觉强化训练对前交叉韧带重建后膝关节功能恢复的影响。 方法选取30例前交叉韧带重建后患者按随机数字表法分为干预组和对照组,每组15例。2组患者均接受常规康复训练,干预组在此基础上给予本体感觉强化训练。分别于入组时（治疗前）和治疗8周后（治疗后）,采用再成角试验对2组患者本体感觉进行评定;采用PH-A平衡功能检测系统评定患者平衡功能,在双足站立位（睁眼和闭眼状态下）进行,取摆幅指数（SI）、摆动的轨迹长和外周面积三个指标进行分析;下肢运动协调性采用表面肌电时序分析;膝关节功能采用Lysholm膝关节功能评分。 结果2组在入组时再成角试验、平衡检测指标及Lysholm膝关节功能评分差异均无统计学意义（P&rt;0.05）,具有可比性。治疗后,2组患者再成角试验结果显示,干预组膝关节的平均偏差为（7.62±3.21）mm,明显低于对照组的（12.96±4.63）mm,且组间差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;2组患者治疗后平衡检测中闭眼状态下各指标均较组内治疗前有显著改善（P<0.05）,且干预组治疗后评分较对照组明显改善,组间治疗后差异亦有统计学意义（P<0.05）。表面肌电分析在最大等长收缩过程中,干预组患膝治疗后的拮抗肌协同收缩率较组内治疗前明显降低（P<0.05）。2组患者治疗前Lysholm膝关节功能评分差异无统计学意义（P&rt;0.05）,而治疗后干预组的Lysholm膝关节功能评分较对照组治疗后明显改善（P<0.05）。 结论本体感觉强化训练不仅对ACL重建后患者的本体感觉恢复有肯定疗效,还能促进患者平衡功能、下肢运动协调性及膝关节功能的全面恢复。     

Recent advances following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: rehabilitation perspectives

Injuries to the anterior cruciate ligament are common. Surgical reconstruction is more prevalent than ever. This review article discusses treatment of the patient following surgical reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament. Various phases of rehabilitation are discussed with emphasis on early return of passive motion, early weight bearing, bracing, kinetic chain exercises, neuromuscular electrical stimulation and accelerated rehabilitation. Although evidence exists for the treatment of the surgically reconstructed cruciate ligament, more is needed to better define specific timeframes for advancement. Evidence exists that many of these young individuals are not fully returning to unlimited high level activities. This review article presents some of the latest evidence regarding anterior cruciate ligament rehabilitation in an attempt to help the busy clinician understand and relate basic and clinical research to rehabilitation of a patient following reconstruction.     

Lower extremity compensations following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSES: Several studies have demonstrated that patients with knee injury scored within a normal range during one-legged hop tests, yet showed quadriceps femoris muscle weakness with non-weight-bearing isokinetic testing. This study evaluated lower-extremity kinetics while subjects performed a single-leg vertical jump (VJ) and a lateral step-up (LSU) in an attempt to explain this phenomenon. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Using a motion analysis and force platform system, hip, knee, and ankle extension moments of 20 subjects with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstructions and 20 matched subjects were measured while they performed an LSU and a VJ. RESULTS: An analysis of variance revealed that the knee extension moment of the ACL-reconstructed extremity was lower than that of the uninjured and matched extremities during the LSU, VJ take-off, and VJ landing. However, there was no difference in summated extension moment (hip + knee + ankle) among extremities during the LSU and VJ take-off. The summated extension moment of the ACL-reconstructed extremity during VJ landing was less than that of the uninvolved and matched extremities. CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION: These results suggest that the hip or ankle extensors may compensate for the knee extension moment deficit. The decrease in summated extension moment in the ACL-reconstructed extremity during VJ landing represents inadequate attenuation of landing forces, which may expose the skeleton and joint structures to injury.     

Co-activation during gait following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

BackgroundHeightened co-activation of the quadriceps and hamstrings has been reported following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction during various tasks, and may contribute to post-traumatic osteoarthritis risk. However, it is unclear if this phenomenon occurs during walking or how co-activation influences gait biomechanics linked to changes in joint health.MethodsCo-activation and gait biomechanics were assessed in 50 individuals with ACLR and 25 healthy controls. Biomechanical outcomes included knee flexion displacement, peak vertical ground reaction force magnitude and rate, peak internal knee extension and valgus moments and rates, sagittal knee stiffness, and the heelstrike transient. Co-activation was calculated for the flexors and extensors collectively (i.e. composite), the medial musculature, and the lateral musculature.FindingsComposite co-activation was greater in the ACLR limb compared to the contralateral limb and the control cohort during the preparatory and heelstrike phases of gait, and co-activation of the medial musculature was greater in the ACLR limb compared to the control cohort during the heelstrike phase. Greater co-activation in multiple gait phases was associated with less knee flexion displacement (r = −0.293 to −0.377), smaller peak vertical ground reaction force magnitude (r = −0.291), smaller peak internal knee extension moment (r = −0.291 to −0.328), and greater peak internal knee valgus moment (r = 0.317).InterpretationIndividuals with ACLR displayed heightened co-activation during walking which was associated with biomechanical outcomes that have been linked to negative changes in joint health following ACLR. These data suggest that excessive co-activation may contribute to the mechanical pathogenesis of post-traumatic osteoarthritis.ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02605876.     

Early rehabilitation after arthroscopic reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament

Background. The purpose of our research was to evaluate the results of early rehabilitation after arthroscopic reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament, based on identical rehabilitation methods applied two weeks later. Material and methods. The research involved 30 persons, randomly divided into two groups. Each group received an identical, 12-week program of rehabilitation, differing only in the time of commencement after surgery. We analyzed the range of movement of the knee joint, the circumferences of the knee and hip, and the strength of the flexor and extensor muscle groups in the knee. Results and Conclusions. The outcome for rehabilitation of the knee is not dependent on the time when the rehabilitation process is commenced. However, in view of the occurrence of a greater number of complications when early rehabilitation is applied, individual adjustment of the timing for commencement of rehabilitation procedures would seem to be the optimal solution.     

膝关节前交叉韧带重建术后患者功能康复的相关因素分析

目的探讨影响膝关节前交叉韧带重建术后患者功能康复的相关因素。方法采用一般自我效能感量表和社会支持评定量表,对480例膝关节前交叉韧带重建术后患者进行调查。结果膝关节前交叉韧带重建术后患者功能康复处于中等水平。康复完成与年龄呈负相关(P0.01),与文化程度、一般自我效能、社会支持水平呈正相关(P0.01)。结论针对膝关节前交叉韧带重建术后患者开展延续性护理,增强自我效能和建立完善的社会支持系统,针对患者的年龄和文化程度,实施个性化护理干预,有利于促进患者康复。     

Functional measurement of knee joint position sense after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

OBJECTIVE: To examine for differences in joint position sense (JPS) between knees with reconstructed anterior cruciate ligaments (ACLs) and uninjured knees by using a functional weight-bearing measurement method. DESIGN: Two-way repeated-measures in a convenience sample. SETTING: An Australian university rehabilitation laboratory. PARTICIPANTS: Nine subjects presenting at 12 to 16 months after unilateral ACL reconstruction using the semitendinosus/gracilis graft who were recruited from 2 orthopedic surgeons. INTERVENTIONS: Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: JPS of the reconstructed and uninjured knees was examined by using the Peak Motus motion measurement system to record target joint angles and to calculate reproduced angles after limb movement into flexion and extension, performed in a weight-bearing position. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in JPS between reconstructed and uninjured knees (P=.68) or between the flexion and extension tasks (P=.47). CONCLUSION: There was no deficit in knee JPS 12 to 16 months after ACL reconstruction, as measured by a functional weight-bearing method. Further studies should examine the clinical utility of the method as a way to evaluate functional aspects of knee joint proprioception.     

Pediatric anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

An increasing number of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries are seen in children now than in the past due to increased sports participation. The natural history of ACL deficient knees in active individuals, particularly in children is poor. Surgical management of ACL deficiency in children is complex due to the potential risk of injury to the physis and growth disturbance. Delaying ACL reconstruction until maturity is possible but risks instability episodes and intra-articular damage. Surgical options include physeal-sparing, partial transphyseal and complete transphyseal procedures. This article reviews the management of ACL injured skeletally immature patients including the functional outcome and complications of contemporary surgical techniques.     

前交叉韧带重建术后患者家庭康复现状调查

目的调查前交叉韧带重建术后患者家庭康复情况。方法对行关节镜下交叉韧带单束重建的102例患者采用一般情况调查表、前交叉韧带重建术后康复现状调查表及社会支持量表进行问卷调查,并评定膝关节Lysholm评分。结果仅53.92%的患者按家庭康复锻炼计划进行功能锻炼;理解康复锻炼目的和掌握正常康复锻炼方法的患者数均不足50.00%;得到医务人员康复督促指导者仅占5.88%;患者客观支持和对支持的利用度得分均高于常模(P0.01);不同文化程度和家庭康复锻炼患者的膝关节Lysholm评分差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论前交叉韧带重建术后患者家庭康复现状不满意,应定期门诊或电话随访,对患者进行个性化康复指导。     

Preparing a female collegiate athlete for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction and rehabilitation

An anterior cruciate ligament injury is common among athletes involved in sports where cutting or sudden changes of position occur. This is a case study of a female collegiate athlete who sustained an anterior cruciate ligament injury, with a small meniscus tear, and decides on a course of surgery. Questions she has about the initial injury, as well as subsequent questions concerning reconstructive surgery using a patellar graft and the course of rehabilitation, are answered. A chart of her rehabilitation protocol is provided.