100例额叶非额叶肿瘤患者威斯康星卡片分类作业的比较研究

本文采用威斯康星卡片分类测验（ＷＣＳＴ）对４８例额叶肿瘤患者，２６例额叶肿瘤患者，２６例顶枕叶肿瘤患者，５例额颞或颞顶肿瘤患者进行作业的比较研究。结果表明：额叶组及顶枕叶组的成绩明显低于对照组及颞叶组，左脑损害组与右脑损害组比较成绩无明显差异，肿瘤的大小、良恶性对作业成绩无明显影响。提示：额叶、顶枕叶受损时被试的概括分类能力更容易出现障碍。     

注意缺陷多动障碍儿童的执行功能研究

目的：研究注意缺陷多动障碍患儿的执行功能。方法选择60例注意缺陷多动障碍患儿为观察组，另选择健康志愿者60例为对照组，2组研究对象均接受Stroop色词测验及威斯康星卡片分类测验（WCST ）。记录并比较2组Stroop效应测试及威斯康星卡片分类测验结果。Stroop效应测试指标包括完成卡片A耗时、完成卡片B耗时、完成卡片C耗时及干扰效应。威斯康星卡片分类测验指标包括总测验次数、正确反应数、持续错误数、非持续错误数及分类数。结果2组儿童完成卡片A、B耗时比较差异无统计学意义（ P＞0.05）。观察组儿童完成卡片C耗时（54.76±11.65）s ，显著长于对照组，其干扰效应为（28.76±6.75）s ，显著长于对照组，差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。观察组完成分类数、概念化水平均显著低于对照组，差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。但观察组错误应答数、持续性错误数及持续性应答数均显著高于对照组，差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论注意缺陷多动障碍患儿存在执行功能障碍。     

首次发病与复发抑郁症患者执行功能的对照研究

目的:探讨首发和复发抑郁症患者执行功能损害情况。方法:采用威斯康星卡片分类测验(WCST)、Stroop测验、汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD-17)对100例抑郁症患者进行评定,其中首次发病(首发组)患者41例,复发(复发组)患者59例;同时以50名正常人作为对照组进行测评并分析比较。结果:在WSCT的总错误数、分类完成数、持续性错误数及持续性应答数、以及Stroop色词测验的彩色文字阅读(Stroop-c)时间和彩色文字的色彩阅读(Stroop-cw)正确数上,首发组、复发组与对照组之间差异均有统计学意义(P0.05或P0.01);Stroop-c正确数上首发组和复发组之间差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:无论首发还是复发抑郁症患者均存在明显的执行功能损害,复发者更为显著。     

左右额叶肿瘤对患者执行功能的影响

目的：研究额叶肿瘤患者执行功能损害的特点和差异,为临床治疗提供指导和依据。方法：对49例额叶肿瘤患者（左24例,右25例）及30名健康对照组分别进行神经心理测验（包括画钟测验,韦氏成人智力量表的图片排列分测验,相似性分测验）并对所得结果进行相关性分析。结果：左额叶肿瘤组与健康对照组相比,画钟测验、韦氏图片排列分测验和相似性分测验得分均低,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;右侧额叶肿瘤组仅韦氏图片排列分测验得分低于健康组（P〈O．05）;左右两侧额叶组比较,左侧画钟测验、韦氏图片排列分测验和相似性分测验得分低于右侧,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,左侧额叶组损害重于右删。结论：左、右额叶肿瘤均对患者的执行功能造成影响,左侧较右侧严重。     

儿童注意缺陷多动障碍的记忆和执行功能研究

目的：评估注意缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）的记忆和执行功能。方法：采用儿童韦氏智力量表中的数字广度测验和韦氏记忆量表中的逻辑记忆和视觉记忆及威斯康星卡片分类测验分别对45例正常儿童和45例ADHD儿童进行检测。结果：ADHD组中的数字广度、逻辑记忆、视觉记忆和威斯康星卡片中的总测验次数、正确反应数、持续错误数、非持续错误数以及分类数与正常组比较具有统计学差异；ADHD组中的三个亚型（多动-冲动型、注意缺陷型及混合型）各项目评分比较，除多动-冲动型的逻辑记忆与其它二型有显著性差异外，其它项目评分比较无显著性差异。结论：ADHD存在短时记忆和执行功能损害。     

稳定期双相障碍Ⅰ型患者执行功能及其影响因素研究

目的探讨稳定期双相障碍Ⅰ型患者的执行功能损害及其影响因素。方法纳入115例稳定期双相障碍Ⅰ型患者和115名正常对照,采用言语流畅性测验(动物)、威斯康星卡片分类测验(Wisconsin Card SortingTest,WSCT)、汉诺塔(Tower of Hanoi,TOH)评定执行功能,比较组间的差异及分析患者执行功能的影响因素。结果①患者组言语流畅总数、WSCT(分类数、总错误数和持续错误数)、TOH(总分、平均执行时间)成绩均较正常对照差,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。②进一步分层分析,有和无精神病性症状患者组在言语流畅总数、WSCT(分类数、总错误数和持续错误数)和TOH平均执行时间成绩均较对照组差,且前者的TOH总分也较对照组差,上述差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。无精神病性症状组TOH平均计划时间均长于有精神病性症状组和正常对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。③相关分析显示,患者组WSCT各项指标均与发病年龄相关,言语流畅测验和TOH的各指标均分别与汉密尔顿抑郁量表评分、Young躁狂量表评分或病期相关,上述相关均有统计学意义(P<0.05)但相关均不强。未发现稳定时间长短与任何执行功能指标相关(P>0.05)。结论稳定期双相障碍Ⅰ型患者存在明显的执行功能损害,其中WSCT指标独立于临床症状。     

抑郁症患者识别动态面部表情的执行功能研究

目的：通过威斯康星卡片分类测试（WCST）及动态面部表情识别任务,探讨抑郁症执行功能障碍特征及可能机制。方法：42例抑郁症患者及30名正常对照进行WCST测试;其中抑郁症患者19例及正常对照15名进行动态面部表情识别作业,记录反应时和正确率。结果：与正常对照组相比,抑郁症组存在不同程度WCST的操作损伤,动态面部表情的识别反应时延长,正确率降低。结论：抑郁症患者存在执行功能障碍,对区别不同面部表情的执行功能存在差异。     

注意缺陷多动障碍患者的短时记忆和执行功能研究

目的评估注意缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）的记忆和执行功能。方法采用儿童韦氏智力量表中的数字广度测验和韦氏记忆量表中的逻辑记忆和视觉记忆及威斯康星卡片分类测验分别对90例正常儿童和90例ADHD儿童进行检测。结果ADHD组中的数字广度、逻辑记忆、视觉记忆和威斯康星卡片中的总测验次数、正确反应数、持续错误数、非持续错误数以及分类数与正常组比较具有统计学差异;ADHD组中的三个亚型（多功-冲动型、注意缺陷型及混合型）各项目评分比较,除多动-冲动型的逻辑记忆与其他两个亚型有显著性差异外,其他项目评分比较无显著性差异。结论ADHD存在短时记忆和执行功能损害。     

海洛因依赖者认知功能损害的对照研究

目的　采用威斯康星 (Wisconsin)卡片分类测验评估海洛因依赖者与正常人群的认知差异。方法　对完成脱瘾治疗的 4 8例海洛因依赖者和 4 2例正常人进行Wisconsin卡片分类测验评定。结果　两组间总应答数、完成分类数、正确应答百分数、错误应答数、持续应答数、持续性错误数、概念化应答百分数和完成第一类所需应答数的比较显示 ,海洛因依赖组较正常人组差 (P <0 0 1)。相关因素分析显示 ,吸毒时间及日吸毒量与认知功能损害程度呈正相关 (r分别为 0 4 1～ 0 4 7和 0 35～ 0 4 2 ;P <0 0 5 )。结论　海洛因依赖者存在认知功能损害     

男性精神分裂症患者前额叶质子波谱特点及其与执行功能的关系

目的探讨男性精神分裂症患者前额叶氢质子磁共振波谱(proton magnetic resonance spectrosco-py,1H-MRS)的特点及与执行功能的关系。方法纳入26例7d内未使用抗精神病药物及影响脑内乙酰胆碱神经递质药物的男性精神分裂症患者及28名男性正常对照。两组在入组24h内采用多体素1H-MRS检测前额叶生化代谢物N-乙酰基天门冬氨酸(NAA)、胆碱复合物(Cho)与肌酸复合物(Cr),完成NAA/Cr值、Cho/Cr值和NAA/(Cho+Cr)值的计算,同时进行威斯康星卡片分类测验(Wisconsin Card Sorting Test,WCST)评定受试者的执行功能。结果患者组左侧前额叶NAA/Cr值(1.40±0.34)低于对照组(1.69±0.31),差异有统计学意义(t=2.93,P0.01)。患者组WCST的错误应答数、持续应答数、持续错误数均明显高于对照组(t分别为2.32、2.25、2.40,P均小于0.05),分类数和概念化水平应答数均明显低于对照组(t=2.91,P0.01;t=2.46,P0.05)。患者组左侧前额叶NAA/Cr值与错误应答数、持续错误数呈正相关(r=0.45,P0.05;r=0.47,P0.05),与分类数、概念化水平应答数呈负相关(r=-0.54,P0.01;r=-0.56,P0.01)。结论男性精神分裂症患者左侧前额叶可能存在神经元功能和(或)结构异常,这可能是引起额叶执行功能障碍的原因。     

慢性精神分裂症与脑肿瘤患者认知状况比较分析

目的　探讨慢性精神分裂症患者脑功能缺陷与不同脑叶损伤间的关系。方法　运用威斯康星卡片分类测验、词汇流畅性测验、Stroop测验,对30名正常人、39例精神分裂症及88例脑肿瘤患者(其中左、右额叶各2 4例、颞叶2 0例、顶枕叶2 0例)进行测试。结果　精神分裂症患者与脑肿瘤患者均存在不同程度、不同特征的认知损伤,其中阴性症状为主的精神分裂症与右额叶脑肿瘤患者损伤类似,除完成分类数、总词汇数外,本研究所采用的测查其余指标差异无显著性(P >0 . 0 5)。结论　阴性症状为主的慢性精神分裂症患者右侧额叶功能受损明显,精神分裂症起病的器质性因素可能涉及右额叶。     

抑郁症与脑肿瘤患者认知状况比较分析

目的 探讨抑郁症及不同脑叶肿瘤患者在认知损伤方面的异同,推测抑郁症患者脑功能缺陷与各脑叶损伤间的关系。方法 运用威斯康星卡片分类测验(WCST)、词汇流畅性测验(VFT)、Stroop测验(CWT),对抑郁症40例,脑肿瘤88例(包括额叶48、颞叶20、顶枕叶20)患者和正常对照组30人,进行测查,并对不同组别的各测查指标进行比较分析。结果 与正常对照组相比,抑郁症、各脑叶肿瘤患者均存在不同程度、不同特征的认知损伤,其中抑郁症组与额叶肿瘤组损伤类似,两者的WCST及VFT操作的各个指标间无显著差异(P>0.05)。结论 抑郁症患者大脑额叶功能受损明显。     

Mood state in unilateral temporal lobe epilepsy

The purpose of this investigation was to reexamine the relationship between self-reported depression and laterality of temporal lobe epilepsy and to determine the contribution of associated frontal lobe dysfunction in predisposing patients to depression. Sixty-four patients with complex partial seizures of left (n = 26) or right (n = 38) temporal lobe origin were administered several self-report measures of mood state (Beck Depression Inventory, Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression scale, Beck Anxiety Inventory), and a test of frontal lobe function [Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST)]. There were no overall differences between the left and right temporal lobe groups on the measures of depression and anxiety. However, the left temporal lobe group exhibited a significant relationship between the degree of associated frontal lobe dysfunction (as indicated by increased perseverative responding on the WCST) and dysphoric mood state. For the right temporal lobe group there was a nonsignificant inverse relationship between mood state and indices of frontal lobe dysfunction. These results (1) are consistent with the broader psychiatric literature, which has implicated a relationship between depression and left frontal lobe dysfunction, (2) suggest that previous conflicting reports of depression/left temporal lobe epilepsy relationship are due in part to variations in the intactness of frontal lobe function, and (3) suggest that the presence of associated frontal lobe dysfunction may be a consideration in understanding interictal psychopathology in epilepsy.     

Neurologic validity of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test with a pediatric population

This study investigated the neurologic validity of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) with a pediatric population; that is, the ability of the test to detect dysfunction in the frontal lobes. Fifty children with diverse etiologies of brain dysfunction were classified via EEG, MRI, or CT as having left hemisphere, right hemisphere, or bilateral frontal, extrafrontal, or multifocal/diffuse regions of brain dysfunction. Findings failed to support the hypotheses that WCST performance is more impaired in frontal lesions than extrafrontal or multifocal/diffuse lesions, or that WCST performance is more impaired in left hemisphere lesions than right. Although the WCST is not helpful in localizing cerebral area of dysfunction, it may still be a clinically useful test for examining processes that children use to solve complex problems.     

Neurologic Validity of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test with a Pediatric Population

This study investigated the neurologic validity of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) with a pediatric population; that is, the ability of the test to detect dysfunction in the frontal lobes. Fifty children with diverse etiologies of brain dysfunction were classified via EEG, MRI, or CT as having left hemisphere, right hemisphere, or bilateral frontal, extrafrontal, or multifocal/diffuse regions of brain dysfunction. Findings failed to support the hypotheses that WCST performance is more impaired in frontal lesions than extrafrontal or multifocal/diffuse lesions, or that WCST performance is more impaired in left hemisphere lesions than right. Although the WCST is not helpful in localizing cerebral area of dysfunction, it may still be a clinically useful test for examining processes that children use to solve complex problems.     

Subtype diagnosis in schizophrenia and its relation to neuropsychological and computerized tomography measures

We compared schizophrenic patients with a subtype diagnosis of paranoia (n = 14) to those with nonparanoid subtype diagnoses (n = 18) on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) and multiple computed tomography (CT) scan measures. The results showed that patients with nonparanoid diagnoses sorted fewer categories and made more perseverative errors on the WCST than did patients with the paranoid diagnosis. However, patients in the nonparanoid group could not be distinguished from those in the paranoid group on CT scan measures of brain structure. Additionally, a significant correlation was found between right frontal sulcal enlargement on CT scans and the number of perseverative errors made on the WCST.     

Temporal Lobe Epilepsy and Performance on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test

Abstract

The replicability of previous evidence for differential performance between left and right temporal lobe epileptic patients on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) was evaluated in a new sample of candidates for focal resection. Many subjects obtained high scores on indices of perseveration, which are commonly thought to reflect frontal dysfunction, but there were no differences in performance between patients with language-dominant and nondominant temporal foci. The findings confirm existing evidence that performance decrements on the WCST can be associated with epileptic foci and focal lesions in nonfrontal brain regions.     

Evaluation of two patients with SCA2 with frontal lobe dysfunction using brain SPECT with three-dimensional stereotactic surface projections (3D-SSP)]

We evaluated the cognitive impairment of two patients with genetically confirmed spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 (SCA2). Neurological examination revealed ignorance of his illness and Gegenhalten phenomenon in patient 1, and emotional incontinence in patient 2. Although their mental status evaluated by HDS-R or Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) was almost normal, the results of WAIS-R and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) revealed the existence of intellectual decline and executive dysfunction. 3D-SSP SPECT demonstrated distinct hypoperfusion in bilateral frontal lobes, whereas brain MRI revealed no apparent cerebral atrophy in both patients. These results raise the possibility that frontal lobe dysfunction was observed in the early stages of SCA2, and that 3D-SSP SPECT is useful for evaluating the involvement of frontal lobe dysfunction in SCA2.     

Wisconsin Card Sorting Test in Parkinson's disease: diffusion tensor imaging

INTRODUCTION: It is generally assumed that executive dysfunctions in Parkinson's disease (PD) are caused by degeneration of the basal ganglia or frontal cortex or both. However, there have been few studies investigating the relationship between executive dysfunctions and cerebral pathological change. The objective of this study was to evaluate various cognitive functions in non-demented patients with PD, and to compare the fractional anisotropy (FA) values of PD patients with and without executive dysfunction. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-one consecutive non-demented patients with PD were enrolled in this study. Patients were divided into two groups on the basis of their Wisconsin Card Sorting Test score. RESULTS: There was significant FA reduction in the left parietal white matter in the group in which the number of categories achieved was 2. CONCLUSION: Accumulating evidence suggests that conventional 'frontal' tasks correlate with both frontal lobe and parietal lobe function, and we suggest that pathological changes in the left parietal lobe may cause, in part, disturbances in executive tasks in PD.