自粘接树脂水门汀与两种粗化处理的二硅酸锂陶瓷的粘接性能评价

摘要］目的：评价自粘接树脂水门汀与喷砂和氢氟酸酸蚀两种方式粗化处理的二硅酸锂陶瓷的粘接强度及耐久性。材料和方法：制作二硅酸锂瓷片183个,烧结后随机分为2组分别进行氢氟酸酸蚀和喷砂,随后根据粘接策略的不同分为RU（RelyX Unicem）、RU200(RelyXTM U200)以及RV(silane+RelyX Veneer) 3个亚组分别制作粘接试件。各组试件一半于37℃下水储24h,另一半进行20000次冷热循环,随后测试剪切粘接强度。氢氟酸酸蚀、喷砂及未进行粗化处理的陶瓷试件采用扫描电镜观察表面形貌。结果：氢氟酸组产生显著高于喷砂组的粘接强度（p<0.05）;单纯应用自粘接树脂水门汀组的粘接效果与传统树脂水门汀结合硅烷预处理组无统计学差别（p=0.057）;所有组的粘接强度在老化后均显著降低（p<0.05）。结论：氢氟酸酸蚀可以获得较氧化铝喷砂处理更佳的粘接效果;自粘接树脂水门汀在无需硅烷预处理的条件下用于二硅酸锂陶瓷的粘接可获得较好的粘接效果。     

桩道酸蚀处理对自粘接树脂水门汀与纤维桩粘接性能影响的研究

目的：比较桩道表面酸蚀处理对自粘接树脂水门汀RelyX Unicem与纤维桩之间粘接效果的影响。方法：选取36颗新鲜拔除的无龋坏单根管人前磨牙,常规根管充填与桩道预备后,使用磷酸酸蚀桩道,根据酸蚀时间的不同将试件随机分为3组（n＝12）：不酸蚀组（对照组,Et0）、酸蚀5秒组（Et5）、酸蚀20秒组（Et20）。各组试件粘接纤维桩后进行微推出粘接强度测试,扫描电镜（SEM）下观察粘接界面超微结构,X－射线能谱（EDX）分析粘接界面牙本质侧元素百分比含量。结果：Et0组微推出强度（8．27±1．88 MPa）显著高于Et5组（6．99±2．11 MPa）和Et20组（6．39±1．08 MPa）,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0．05）。Et5组微推出强度高于Et20组,但无统计学差异（P＞0．05）。扫描电镜观察见Et20组单位视野内树脂突数量多于Et0组、Et5组。Et5组和Et20组中可见树脂水门汀与根管牙本质间存在裂隙。X－射线能谱分析显示,随着酸蚀时间的延长,粘接界面处牙本质中钙含量百分比呈逐渐下降的趋势。结论：桩道酸蚀处理不能促进自粘接树脂水门汀RelyX Unicem与纤维桩的粘接效果。     

不同表面处理方式对氧化锆基全瓷崩瓷树脂修补剪切强度的影响

目的：比较不同表面处理方式对氧化锆基底材料与复合树脂粘接剪切强度的影响。方法：将60个钇稳定氧化锆（Y-TZP）试件分为6组,分别接受酸蚀、喷砂、硅烷偶联剂、酸蚀＋硅烷偶联剂、喷砂＋硅烷偶联剂5种表面处理,未处理组作为对照。在处理面粘接复合树脂,经24 h水浴后测试剪切强度。扫描电子显微镜（SEM）观察处理面微观形态。结果：喷砂组（A）（33.45±3.46）MPa、喷砂＋硅烷偶联剂组（AS）（36.95±2.93）MPa两组剪切强度值明显高于其他组（P〈0.01）;未处理组（N）、8%HF酸蚀组（H）、硅烷偶联剂组（S）、8%HF酸蚀＋硅烷偶联剂组（HS）组间剪切强度无统计学差异。相同处理方式下,加入与不加人硅烷偶联剂组间剪切强度无统计学差异。SEM观察酸蚀处理对Y-TZP表面形貌无改变,喷砂处理明显粗化Y-TZP表面。结论：喷砂处理能够有效提高Y-TZP与复合树脂粘接强度;酸蚀及硅烷偶联剂对Y-TZP处理无效。     

3种树脂表面处理技术对树脂核-玻璃离子水门汀粘接强度影响的实验研究

目的 比较3种表面处理的树脂核与玻璃离子水门汀间的剪切粘接强度,为临床上设计树脂核-全冠修复体时冠的粘接提供理论依据。方法 将30个树脂核试件块随机分为3组：金刚砂车针打磨（RDB）组、RDB加酸蚀剂酸蚀（RDBE）组、RDB加树脂粘接剂（RDBA）组,分别接受金刚砂车针打磨、RDB加酸蚀剂酸蚀、RDB加树脂粘接剂3种表面处理。将各组树脂核与玻璃离子水门汀粘接,经37 ℃恒温水浴24 h后,测试分析各组的剪切粘接强度,并通过扫描电镜依次观察树脂核表面形貌、粘接界面及粘接断面,记录粘接面破坏形式。结果 3组的树脂核表面形貌及粘接界面形貌不同,而粘接断面的断裂方式无统计学差异（P>0.10）。RDB组、RDBE组、RDBA组试件的剪切强度分别为（4.28±0.18）、（4.65±0.17）、（2.39±0.21）MPa,3组间的剪切强度具有统计学差异（P<0.01）。结论 树脂核表面处理对其与玻璃离子水门汀间的剪切粘接强度有影响。     

不同表面处理对自粘接流动树脂牙本质粘接性能的影响

目的：探讨自粘接流动复合树脂Dyad Flow的牙本质粘接效果,比较不同表面处理方式对牙本质粘接性能的影响。方法将Dyad Flow分别粘接于未处理（DF组）、EDTA处理（E-DF组）、磷酸处理（P-DF组）、全酸蚀粘接剂Single Bond 2（SB-DF组）和自酸蚀粘接剂Clearfil SE Bond处理（SE-DF组）的牙本质表面,与树脂改性玻璃离子FujiⅡLC粘接组相比较,测试剪切粘接强度,观察样本断裂类型及电镜下树脂-牙本质粘接界面的微观表现。结果各组的剪切粘接强度（MPa）由大到小为：SE-DF组（16.81±7.0） MPa> SB-DF组（9.47±3.82） MPa> FujiⅡLC组（4.53±1.5） MPa>E-DF组（3.52±0.8） MPa> P-DF组（3.51±0.63） MPa>DF组（3.46±0.77） MPa,各组样本均以粘接界面断裂为主。SEM下,DF组界面未见树脂突,其余实验组的粘接界面均可观察到不同程度的树脂突形成。其中SE-DF组树脂突细长致密、界面更密合。结论Dyad Flow与FujiⅡLC的牙本质粘接效果相近。 EDTA与磷酸处理均未能显著加强DyadFlow的牙本质粘接性能。粘接剂可以显著提高Dyad Flow的牙本质粘接强度,且Clearfil SE Bond优于Single Bond 2。     

不同表面处理方法对纳米复合陶瓷与树脂水门汀粘接强度的影响

目的 评估不同表面处理对纳米复合陶瓷与树脂水门汀剪切粘接强度的影响。方法 将纳米复合陶瓷用计算机辅助设计/计算机辅助制作（CAD/CAM）技术切割成大小为10 mm×10 mm×3 mm的试件150块,并根据表面处理方法不同将试件按随机数字表的方法随机分为5组（n=30）：对照组、喷砂组、喷砂+硅烷组、酸蚀组和酸蚀+硅烷组。各组试件经过相应表面处理后,使用Single Bond Universal通用粘接剂+RelyX ^TM Ultimate Cliker ^TM树脂水门汀将树脂试件粘接于纳米复合陶瓷试件上,37 ℃蒸馏水中水浴24 h和30 d,万能试验机进行剪切粘接强度测试。结果 不同表面处理方法、不同的水浴时间都会影响到剪切粘接强度。喷砂+硅烷组的剪切粘接强度最大,与其他各组间差异均具有统计学意义（P<0.05）;对照组和酸蚀组间差异无统计学意义,但两组与其他组间差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）;喷砂组和酸蚀+硅烷组之间差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）,但两组与其他组间差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论 喷砂、喷砂+硅烷、酸蚀+硅烷对纳米复合陶瓷表面处理,均可提高其与树脂水门汀的剪切粘接强度,喷砂+硅烷处理后剪切粘接强度最佳。     

不同表面处理方法对纤维桩在根管不同深度内粘接强度影响的薄片推出试验

目的：比较五种不同表面处理方法在不同根管深度内对纤维桩粘接强度的影响。方法：35颗离体上颌单根管前牙,常规根管治疗和桩道预备后根据不同表面处理方法随机分组：Ⅰ组：纤维桩表面涂布硅烷偶联剂（3M ESPERelyX Ceramic primer）;Ⅱ组：纤维桩表面涂布牙本质处理剂iBond（Heraeus,Germany）;Ⅲ组：纤维桩表面用1000目细砂纸打磨处理;Ⅳ组：纤维桩表面使用高锰酸钾溶液处理;Ⅴ组：对照组（纤维桩表面不进行任何处理）,用酸蚀凝胶加自粘接材料（32%磷酸凝胶＋Rely XUnicem）对纤维桩进行粘接,制作薄片推出试件,进行推出测试,记录薄片推出力值和薄片破坏方式计算粘结强度后进行统计学分析。结果：Ⅲ组和Ⅳ组粘接强度均值都大于对照组,组间差别有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;根管冠部粘接强度显著高于根中区和根尖区,差别有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论：表面处理方法可以提高纤维桩在根管内的粘接强度,砂纸打磨和高锰酸钾处理者效果好;纤维桩在根管内的粘接强度在根管冠部大于根管尖部。     

试桩对玻璃纤维桩粘接强度的影响

目的：通过体外试验评价试桩对纤维桩粘接强度的影响。方法：选择32颗因正畸需要而拔除的单根管前磨牙,完善根管治疗后行纤维桩桩道预备,随机分为4组,每组8颗,分别采用以下处理方法粘接纤维桩,A组：不试桩,直接粘接;B组：试桩＋99．9％乙醇清洁;C组：试桩＋99．9％乙醇清洁＋硅烷化;D组：试桩＋酸蚀＋99．9％乙醇清洁＋硅烷化。纤维桩粘接后,制备lmm厚的薄片标本,在万能试验机上采用微推出试验（push-outtest）,计算粘接强度,体视显微镜观察粘接界面破坏方式。结果：除D组在冠部和根部的粘接强度与A组的差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）外,余各组各部位间的粘接强度差异均具有统计学意义（p〈0．05）,试桩会造成纤维桩与树脂间粘接界面破坏的比例升高。结论：试桩会降低纤维桩的粘接强度,试桩后采用过氧化氢酸蚀,99．9％乙醇清洁再行硅烷化处理可提高纤维桩的粘接强度,降低试桩对粘接强度的不利影响。     

纤维桩表面处理对其修复后牙根抗折裂强度的影响

目的评价不同的纤维桩表面处理方法对纤维桩修复后牙根抗折裂性能的影响。方法将24根纤维桩平均分为喷砂组、过氧化氢酸蚀组和未处理组（对照组）,分别将其黏固于24颗经过桩道预备的离体牙内,树脂成核,然后行金属全冠修复。模拟口腔环境将样本进行冷热循环和循环加载,然后置于电子万能实验机上测试其抗折裂强度,记录样本折裂时的力值以及折裂模式。结果纤维桩表面处理组的牙根抗折裂强度均大于未处理组（P<0.05）,而喷砂和过氧化氢处理组之间的牙根抗折裂强度的差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。各组的折裂模式均以根颈1/3处折裂为主。结论喷砂和过氧化氢酸蚀处理均能提高纤维桩加树脂核修复后的牙根的抗折裂强度。     

桩道牙本质壁的不同处理对纤维桩粘接强度的影响

目的：比较使用自粘接型树脂水门汀粘接纤维桩时,经3种不同方法处理桩道牙本质壁后对纤维桩粘接强度的影响。方法：收集30颗因正畸需拔除的健康下颌单根管前磨牙进行截冠、常规根管治疗、桩道预备后随机分为3组,每组10颗;使用不同方法对桩道牙本质壁进行处理：Ⅰ组(对照组)：手动注射器冲洗;Ⅱ组(超声组)：超声冲洗;Ⅲ组(激光组)： Er： YAG激光冲洗。使用自粘接桩核树脂水门汀将纤维桩粘接完毕后切片进行薄片推出实验。采用双因素方差分析检验桩道牙本质壁的不同处理方法及桩道的不同深度(根颈部,根中部,根尖部)对纤维桩粘接强度的影响,并用万能显微镜观察试件的破坏方式,对结果进行Chi-Square检验。设定检验标准α=0.05。结果：各组粘接强度差异有统计学意义,Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组的粘接强度显著高于Ⅰ组(P<0.05),桩道不同深度纤维桩的粘接强度差异无统计学意义(P=0.082);各组破坏方式以混合破坏为主,但Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组中桩道牙本质壁—树脂水门汀破坏比例较Ⅰ组明显降低。结论：使用自粘接型树脂水门汀时,经超声或激光处理预备后的桩道可显著提高纤维桩的粘接强度。桩道深度对纤维桩的粘接强度无影响。     

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目的观察Rely X ABC、Para Cem Universal DC和Rely X Unicem 3种临床常用的树脂黏结剂黏固纤维桩的效果。方法选择2006年6月至2008年6月于中国医科大学口腔医学院修复科采用纤维桩修复并完善根管治疗的42例前牙牙体缺损患者的99颗患牙,随机分为3组,每组33颗,分别用不同的黏结剂(Ⅰ组:Rely X ARC;Ⅱ组:ParaCem Universal DC;Ⅲ组:Rely X Unicem)黏固纤维桩。随访0.5～2年,观察修复效果。结果Rely X ARC、ParaCem Universal DC和Rely X Unicem 3种树脂黏结剂用于黏固纤维桩的成功率依次为93.9%、84.8%、97.0%。结论Rely X ARC和Rely X Unicem黏结剂用于临床黏固纤维桩均表现出良好的临床效果。     

Shear bond strength of different types of luting cements to an aluminum oxide-reinforced glass ceramic core material.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to find the optimal choice of luting cement to Synthoceram, an aluminum oxide-reinforced glass ceramic material. The bond strength of five different commercial luting cements to the ceramic material was evaluated. The effect of surface treatments, etching, sandblasting, silanizing, and combinations of these treatments was also investigated. METHODS: Shear bond strength tests were performed using the ceramic material as substrate with each of the luting cements. Cements rods were prepared on pre-treated ceramic surfaces. The shear bond strength was determined 24 h after cementation. The effect of surface treatments: etching, sandblasting, and sandblasting followed by etching, respectively, on the morphology of the material, was investigated with SEM. RESULTS: The shear bond strength increases significantly from Ketac Cem, Rely X Luting, Fuji Plus, Panavia F to Xeno Cem. The surface treatments etching and/or sandblasting followed by silanization generally provide the highest bond strength values. SIGNIFICANCE: Based on the results of this study, the use of resin composite based cements is preferred for cementation of an all-ceramic restoration with an aluminum oxide-reinforced glass ceramic base. Surface treatment of etching and/or sandblasting followed by silanization is recommended.     

Adhesion between fiber posts and resin luting agents: a microtensile bond strength test and an SEM investigation following different treatments of the post surface

PURPOSE: (1) To evaluate the interfacial strength between FRC Postec posts and three luting agents (Multilink, Variolink II, and MultiCore Flow) following different surface treatments, and (2) to observe the effect of sandblasting (Rocatec Pre) on the surface morphology of methacrylate-based fiber posts. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The posts received one of the following surface treatments: (1) sandblasting, (2) sandblasting + silanization, (3) silanization or (4) no treatment. The three luting agents were bonded to the post and the post-cement bond strength was evaluated with the microtensile test. SEM observation of sandblasted and nontreated posts was performed. Post-cement interfaces were also evaluated. Data were statistically analyzed with two-Way ANOVA with post treatment and luting agent as factors. Tukey's test was applied for post-hoc comparisons. RESULTS: Post treatment and the interaction between type of luting agent and type of post treatment were significant factors for bond strength (p < 0.001). The type of luting agent did not significantly influence bond strength (p = 0.07). Sandblasting + silanization performed better than sandblasting or no treatment (p < 0.001). Silanization resulted in significantly higher bond strengths than no treatment (p = 0.045). No differences were detected between sandblasting + silanization and silanization. SEM observation revealed an increased surface roughness and exposure of fibers in sandblasted posts. CONCLUSION: Silanization was confirmed to be a reliable method for improving the bond strength of resin luting agents to fiber posts. Bond strength of resin luting agents to fiber posts was not influenced by the type of luting agent. The sandblasting procedure modified the methacrylate-based post surface texture.     

Bond strengths of resin cements to fiber-reinforced composite posts

PURPOSE: To evaluate the bond strengths of six different luting cements to fiber-reinforced composite (FRC) posts after various pre-treatment procedures. METHODS: 180 FRC posts were divided into three groups (n=60) and received the following surface treatments. Group 1: untreated control; Group 2: silane treatment; Group 3: CoJet treatment. The posts of each group were fixed with six different luting cements. Push-out tests were performed to determine the bond strengths between the cements and the fiber posts. RESULTS: The observed bond strengths (MPa) of the different resin cements to the posts were significantly affected by the type of cement (P< 0.001), but not by the pre-treatment chosen (P> 0.05; 2-way-ANOVA). Without consideration of the pre-treatment procedures, Clearfil showed the highest bond strengths, followed by Panavia F and RelyX, whereas Multilink, Variolink and PermaFlo showed significantly lower bond strength values (P< 0.05; Tukey's B).     

Effect of thermal cycling on the bond strength of self-adhesive cements to fiber posts

The aim of this study was to assess the push-out bond strengths of self-adhesive resin cements to epoxy resin-based fiber posts after challenging by thermocycling. Thirty-six single-rooted premolars were endodontically treated, and the post-spaces were drilled to receive RelyX Fiber posts #1. Three self-adhesive resin cements (RelyX Unicem, G-Cem, and Breeze) were used for luting fiber posts. The bonded specimens were either stored for 1 month in a moist field (37°C) or submitted to thermocycling (5,000 times) prior to push-out test. The maximum force required to dislodge the post via an apical-coronal direction was recorded (megapascal). The data were statistically analyzed with two-way ANOVA and Tukey tests (p < 0.05). The factors "luting cement" and "thermocycling" significantly influenced bond strengths. The initial push-out values of RelyX Unicem and Breeze were higher than those of G-Cem. After thermocycling, the bond strength of G-Cem increased and no differences were found between groups. RelyX Unicem and Breeze bond strengths were not affected by the thermal challenge. Thermal cycling and cement type differently influence the bond strengths of self-adhesive resin cements. Self-adhesive cements can represent an option for luting fiber posts into root canal.     

Cement system and surface treatment selection for fiber post luting

This literature review summarizes the recent research on fiber posts and provides information regarding their bonding to resinous cement or composites, based on the results of original scientific full-papers from peer-reviewed journals listed in Pub Med. The search was conducted evaluating the different materials available for luting fiber posts to radicular dentin. A consistent number of in vitro studies investigating different combinations of adhesive systems and luting agents for improving bond strength have been published so far. Their results have been summarized in the following categories: conventional resinous cements and self-adhesive cements. Low bond strength values and the lack of long-term clinical data limit the application of recently marketed self-adhesive cements. The choice of the total-etch technique using dual-curing adhesive systems and cements represents the most predictable methodology for luting fiber posts. Particular attention has been deserved also to the post surface treatment for improving their adhesiveness: the methodology may include chemical and/or micro-mechanical treatments. The majority of available literature data is based on studies that investigated different "chair-side" post superficial treatments. According to the in vitro results, surface conditioning improves fiber post bonding properties and bond strength of pre-treated fiber posts to restorative materials is satisfactory. Long-term clinical studies are needed prior to making a general recommendation for their use.     

Effect of surface treatment of prefabricated posts on bonding of resin cement

This in vitro study evaluated the effect of various surface treatments of prefabricated posts of titanium alloy (ParaPost XH), glass fiber (ParaPost Fiber White) and zirconia (Cerapost) on the bonding of two resin cements: ParaPost Cement and Panavia F by a diametral tensile strength (DTS) test. The posts received surface treatments in three categories: 1) roughening by sandblasting and hydrofluoric acid etching; 2) application of primer by coating with Alloy Primer, Metalprimer II and Silane and 3) a combination treatment in the form of roughening (sandblasting or etching) supplemented by the application of a primer or in the form of the Cojet system. After surface treatment, the post was embedded in a cylinder of resin cement (diameter = 4.0 mm, height = 4.0 mm). The surface-treated post was centered in the resin cement-filled mold with the aid of fixation apparatus. Fifteen minutes from the start of mixing the resin cement, the specimen was freed from the mold and stored in water at 37 degrees C for seven days. Following water storage, the specimen was wet-ground to a final length of approximately 3 mm. The DTS of specimens was determined in a Universal Testing Machine. The bonding of resin cement to titanium alloy posts was increased by several surface treatments of the post. However, coating with primers as sole treatment had no effect on bonding. With the DTS method applied, none of the surface treatments had an effect on the bonding to glass fiber posts. The bonding of both resin cements to zirconia posts was improved by Cojet treatment, while sandblasting, followed by silane application, improved bonding of Panavia F.     

不同表面处理技术影响纤维桩与树脂核粘结强度的实验研究

目的：研究不同的表面处理方法对纤维桩-树脂核两者粘结强度的影响。方法：石英纤维桩与树脂核粘结前分别进行低温等离子体处理和喷砂处理,然后制备成粘结强度检测试件用以检测粘结强度,并观察断裂模式,结果进行统计学分析。结果：低温等离子体处理和喷砂均提高了桩-核粘结强度并且低温等离子体处理效果最明显（P〈0.01）;所有组别断裂模式无差别（P〉0.01）。结论：低温等离子体处理和喷砂均有改善桩-核粘结强度的作用。