Clinical study of risk management for dental implant treatment--changes of blood pressure and pulse rate during implant surgery under local anesthesia

The changes of systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and pulse rate (PR) during implant surgery under local anesthesia were analyzed in 38 normal healthy patients. The results were as follows: 1. SBP significantly increased compared with the preoperative control throughout surgery. 2. DBP did not change significantly compared with the preoperative control throughout surgery. 3. PR increased just after the local anesthesia, and lowered afterward. 4. Both SBP and DBP increased in correlation with age. 5. SBP, DBP, and PR increased in correlation with surgical procedure time. 6. SBP, DBP, and PR increased in correlation with number of implantation. From these results, it was indicated that implant surgery might be accompanied by a risk, even in healthy patients.     

Update in dental implant periapical surgery

Implant periapical lesions are infectious-inflammatory alterations surrounding an implant apex, and can be caused by a number of situations--including contamination at instrumentation, overheating of bone, and the prior existence of bone pathology. The diagnosis is based on the clinical manifestations and radiological findings, where a radiotransparency can be seen at periapical level. The lesions are classified according to their evolutive stage as either acute (non-suppurated and suppurated) or chronic (or periapical abscess). The management of implant periapical lesions comprises periapical surgery with curettage and irrigation in the acute phase, or implant extraction when the bone surface is affected and/or primary fixation is lost (chronic phase).     

人工种植牙手术的麻醉技术

部分患者认为,一个好的牙医应能提供最舒适的局部麻醉.本文关注了种植外科中未引起重视的领域——人工种植牙的麻醉技术.在种植手术中,为减少患者在术中产生的恐惧和疼痛,提高手术效率,手术全程需要安全、有效的局部麻醉.然而,局部麻醉的实施同时也是部分种植患者恐惧和疼痛的主要来源.目前对于种植的各种关注点多集中在外科技术对治疗结果和效果的影响,对于患者在整个治疗过程的感受和体会易被临床医师忽视.随着微创种植理念和服务意识的发展,患者本人对于整个种植治疗的感受也应该作为评价最终结果的重要标准,因此麻醉技术对种植手术的影响不可忽视.本文回顾了近年来国内外与种植麻醉相关的临床研究,重点综述了局部穿刺注射麻醉技术的应用,以及非注射麻醉技术应用于种植过程的独特优势,同时介绍了用于种植手术中麻药递送的新型设备.     

Fatal sequel to dental implant surgery

The rare complication of fatal venous air embolism arising as a direct result of dental implant surgery in the mandible is depicted. The deaths arose from the erroneous use of an air/water coolant mixture with internally irrigated implant drills. The pathogenesis and consequence of air embolism is discussed. Practitioners are warned about the dangers of using air-driven equipment during implant surgery.     

Antibiotics to prevent complications following dental implant treatment

A substantive amendment to this systematic review was last made on 15 March 2003. Cochrane reviews are regularly checked and updated if necessary. Background Some dental implant failures may be due to bacterial contamination at implant insertion. Infections around biomaterials are difficult to treat and almost all infected implants have to be removed. In general, antibiotic prophylaxis in surgery is only indicated for patients at risk of infectious endocarditis, for patients with reduced host‐response, when surgery is performed in infected sites, in cases of extensive and prolonged surgical interventions and when large foreign materials are implanted. To minimize infections after dental implant placement various prophylactic systemic antibiotic regimens have been suggested. More recent protocols recommended short term prophylaxis, if antibiotics have to be used. With the administration of antibiotics adverse events may occur, ranging from diarrhoea to life‐threatening allergic reactions. Another major concern associated with the widespread use of antibiotics is the selection of antibiotic‐resistant bacteria. The use of antibiotics in implant dentistry is controversial. It would be useful to know whether prophylactic antibiotics are effective in reducing failures of dental implants. Objectives T o assess the beneficial or harmful effects of the administration of prophylactic antibiotics for dental implant placement versus no antibiotic/placebo administration and if antibiotics are of benefit, to find which type, dosage and duration is the most effective. Search strategy We searched the Cochrane Oral Health Group's Trials Register, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE and EMBASE. We handsearched several dental journals. No language restrictions were applied. Personal contacts and manufacturers of dental implants were contacted to identify unpublished trials. Most recent search: March 2003. Selection criteria Randomized controlled clinical trials (RCTs) with a follow‐up of at least three months comparing the administration of various prophylactic antibiotics regimens and no antibiotics/placebo to patients undergoing dental implant placement. Outcome measures were prosthesis failures, implant failures, postoperative infections and adverse events (gastrointestinal, hypersensitivity). Data collection and analysis Screening of eligible studies, assessment of the methodological quality of the trials and data extraction were to be conducted in duplicate and independently by two reviewers. Results were to be expressed as random effects models using weighted mean differences for continuous outcomes and relative risk for dichotomous outcomes with 95 per cent confidence interval. Heterogeneity was to be investigated including both clinical and methodological factors. Main Results No RCTs were identified. Reviewers' Conclusions There is not appropriate scientific evidence to recommend or discourage the use of prophylactic systemic antibiotics to prevent complications and failures of dental implants. Even though the present review did not assess the effectiveness of prophylactic antibiotics for patients at risk for endocarditis, it seems sensible to recommend the use of prophylactic antibiotics for patients at high and moderate risk for endocarditis, with immunodeficiencies, metabolic diseases, irradiated in the head and neck area and when an extensive or prolonged surgery is anticipated.     

Importance of anatomy in dental implant surgery

BackgroundThe knowledge of nerves and vessels in the maxillofacial region, particularly the anatomical structures in the maxilla, mandible, tongue muscles, and salivary glands, is essential for dental surgeons. In addition, the structures in the mandibular canal, palate, and maxillary sinus should be understood well.HighlightThe arteries and nerves in the maxillofacial region were observed in this study. Some variations in the origin of the inferior alveolar artery were found. Notably, the variations in the origin of the inferior alveolar artery from that of the external carotid artery and a double origin of the inferior alveolar artery were observed. Thus, the maxillary artery may originate from the external carotid and stapedial arteries. The following points are important. (1)The greater palatine artery is always located deeper than the greater palatine nerve. (2)The posterior superior alveolar artery often runs through the compact bone of the maxilla. Using CT scans, the canal of the artery can be observed. (3)Variations in origins of the inferior alveolar artery have been observed. The origin of the inferior alveolar nerve may differ depending on the course of the maxillary artery.ConclusionsDental practitioners should, therefore, have a comprehensive knowledge of the anatomy of the maxillofacial region and its variations. Without this knowledge, they should not operate on patients.     

Performance of six bone collectors designed for dental implant surgery

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to perform an in vitro comparison of six bone collectors for harvesting of particulate bone. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Four commercially available bone collectors (Frios, Osseous Coagulum Trap, ACE Autografter, Bone Trap) and two custom-designed models were tested. Three different in vitro tests were performed to determine the harvesting capabilities of the collectors. In test I, a bovine mandible was drilled and the bone collectors were used to collect bone chips. The harvested bone volumes and dry weights were measured after harvesting. In test II, three dental implant sites were prepared in a bovine mandible. The bones from the implant osteotomies were collected, and bone volumes and dry weights were measured. In test III, 1 ml of bone chips was mixed with water, and suctioned through the bone collectors. The volumes of the bone chips retained were measured to determine the efficiency of each collector. RESULTS: The Osseous Coagulum Trap and the custom-made collectors were the most effective instruments in test I. The mean volumes ranged from 0.17 to 0.38 ml. In test II, the difference between the collectors was small and the bone volume ranged from 0.28 to 0.37 ml. In test III, the Bone Trap became blocked before the other collectors, and its bone procurement was therefore limited. CONCLUSION: Comparison of six different bone collectors in this in vitro study showed that all collectors are usable in clinical situations but their effectiveness varies.     

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随着现代经济、文化及健康教育的进步,口腔种植外科与修复技术有望成为缺失牙患者的首选修复方法.在临床口腔种植技术日趋成熟的今天,注重患者诊疗过程中的细节,分享口腔种植手术的成功经验,探讨修复环节中的失误,分析失败病例的原因,汲取主要的教训,总结应急处理中的要点和方法将对于临床口腔种植医生的健康成长与进步有着十分有益的启迪.本文通过笔者历年积累的临床病例与文献复习着重介绍这一专题.     

颌骨放疗区种植修复及其并发症防治的研究进展

手术结合放射治疗是口腔颌面部肿瘤的常规治疗手段。近年来,越来越多的患者选择种植牙修复口腔颌面部术后缺失的牙齿。种植体与周围骨组织形成良好的骨结合是种植牙成功的关键。然而,放疗后颌骨组织会遭受一定的损伤,影响种植体的骨结合成功率,增加并发症的风险。该文就颌骨放疗区种植修复及其并发症防治的研究进展作一综述。