小学生的适应行为与父母教养方式的相关分析

目的:探讨小学生的适应行为与父母养育方式的相关性.方法:运用儿童适应行为评定量表和父母养育方式评价量表,对306名小学三至五年级学生进行调查.结果:不同性别的学生其父母养育方式存在差异,男生父母惩罚、严厉、拒绝、否认的得分高于女生,其差异有统计学显著性(P＜0.05～0.01),女生父母情感温暖与理解的得分高于男生,其差异有统计学显著性(P＜0.01).儿童适应行为评定量表的各因子分和父母养育方式评价量表的各因子存在相关性,其中,父母的情感温暖与理解与社会适应行为量表的独立功能因子、认知功能因子和社会适应能力商数(ADQ)的正相关有统计学显著性(P＜0.05～＜0.01),而父母惩罚、严厉,拒绝、否认与社会适应行为评定量表的独立功能因子、认知功能因子、社会/自制因子和社会适应能力商数(ADQ)的负相关有统计学显著性(P＜0.05～＜0.01).结论:小学生的适应行为与父母养育方式有一定的相关关系.积极的养育方式有助于小学生社会适应能力的发展.     

矿工子女心理健康状况与父母养育方式的关系

目的探讨矿工子女心理健康状况与其父母养育方式的关系。方法采取整群抽样方法,通过使用症状自评量表（SCL-90）和父母养育方式评价量表（EMBU）对萍乡市某中学250名学生进行调查。结果①矿工子女的总体心理健康水平低于全国常模;②矿工子女心理健康性别差异不明显,只在恐怖因子上表现出显著差异;③父母的职业不同其养育方式存在显著差异,矿工父亲在惩罚严厉和过分保护上得分高于非矿工父亲;④矿工子女心理健康与其父母养育方式存在明显的相关。结论矿工子女的心理问题明显高于全国常模,这与其父母养育方式有密切关系。积极的情感表达是矿工子女健康心理的保护因素,而不良的父母养育方式则是矿工子女心理问题发展的一个危险因素。     

初中生自我概念与父母养育方式的关系

目的：研究初中生自我概念与父母养育方式的关系。方法：运用自我描述问卷（SDQⅡ）和父母养育方式评价量表（EMBU），对184名初一至初三学生进行考察。结果：初中生自我概念与父母养育方式的关系因不同的父母养育方式因子，不同的自我概念因子而有一定差异。其中父母养育方式中父、母情感温暖理解因子与学生自我概念各因子除外貌、异性关系外均出现显著相关。而学生自我概念中亲子关系、诚实可信两个非学业自我概念与父母养育方式各因子均存在显著相关。结论：初中生自我概念与父母养育方式有比较密切的关系。     

中学生父母养育方式对比研究

目的了解不同性别、城乡及单双亲中学生父母养育方式上的盖异。方法采用父母养育方式评价量表（EMBU）对某中学654名学生进行测查,且在不同性别、城乡及单双亲学生之间进行对照。结果不同性别、城乡、单双亲学生之间的父母养育方式存在着许多差异。结论在不同性别、城乡不同区域、单双亲不同家庭中,父母对子女教养方式不同,说明父母养育方式与孩子的性别、城乡不同区域、单双亲不同家庭等因素有关。     

父母教养方式对大学生网络成瘾行为的影响

目的探讨父母教养方式同大学生网络成瘾行为的关系。方法1317名中北大学本科生参与本研究。对所有被试施测父母教养方式评价量表和中文网络成瘾量表，使用SPSS13．0和Lisret8．53对施测结果进行相关和路经分析。结果路经分析结果表明无论对男女大学生而言，父母教养方式特别是父亲的教养方式均会影响其网络成瘾行为。结论在探究学生上网成瘾问题时，应充分考虑其家庭因素，特别是父亲的教养方式，强调与其父母特别是父亲的沟通，找出网络成瘾的症结所在，有针对性地进行辅导。     

高中生性行为及相关问题调查

目的：调查高中生性行为与精神症状和父母养育方式之间的关系。方法：高二学生915名，使用父母养育方式量表、SCL-90和自编的性调查问卷调查。结果：与异性有过接吻占30．6％，抚摩过异性隐私部位14．8％，发生过性交8．5％。避孕措施中避孕套3．1％，体外射精1．2％，安全期避孕法0．7％，口服避孕药占0．2％，用过不同方法2．2％，无避孕1．6％。发生过性交的男生父母养育方式存在问题较多，而发生性交的女生SCL-90症状多且严重。结论：各种性行为在学生中均有发生，男生发生性交行为与父母养育方式有关，有性交行为的女生心理问题尤其明显。     

高职院校学生父母养育方式与成人依恋的相关研究

目的:探讨父母养育方式与成人依恋的关系。方法:采用关系问卷(RQ)和亲密关系经历调查表(ECR),以及父母养育方式量表(PBI)中译版,对589名高职院校学生进行测评。结果:不同依恋类型的高职学生父母养育方式差异显著(P<0.05)。依恋回避、依恋焦虑与父亲关爱、父亲鼓励自主、母亲关爱、母亲鼓励自主成显著负相关,与父亲控制、母亲控制的养育方式呈显著正相关。结论:父母养育方式对子女的成人依恋有显著影响。     

儿童青少年多动冲动行为与父母养育方式的关系

目的 :分析儿童青少年多动冲动行为与父母养育方式之间的关系。方法 :抽取 8～ 17岁小学至高中学生共84 2人 ,使用“Conners儿童行为问卷 (PSQ)”和“父母养育方式评价量表 (EMBU)”进行问卷调查。结果 :多动 -冲动组父母的“情感温暖、理解”得分均明显低于正常组 ,而“惩罚、严厉”和“拒绝、否认”得分均明显高于正常组 ,差异均具显著性 (P <0 .0 1) ,Logistic回归分析发现父亲的“惩罚、严厉”和母亲的“情感温暖、理解”对儿童青少年多动冲动行为有影响。结论 :多动冲动儿童青少年的父母存在不良教养方式 ,可能是造成孩子多动冲动行为的原因之一。     

大学生网络成瘾调查及其相关因素分析

目的 调查大学生网络成瘾现状及其对相关因素的分析.方法 运用《网络成瘾测验》、《卡特尔16种人格因素调查表》、《父母教养方式评价量表》对大连市4所院校514名大学生进行调查.结果 不同性别大学生的网络成瘾存在显著差异,男生要高于女生,但未发现不同专业、不同年级的学生中存在显著差异;网络成瘾大学生与非网络成瘾者在人格特征、父母教养方式上存在差异.结论 不良人格特质的大学生容易上网成瘾.在父母教养方式上表现为父母对子女的情感温暖、惩罚严厉,拒绝否定等方面.     

聋哑儿童社会期望与父母教养方式的关系研究

目的 探讨聋哑儿童的社会期望与父母教养方式的关系.方法 对190名聋哑儿童的儿童社会期望与父母教养方式进行测试.结果 ①不同性别聋哑儿童的父母养育方式有显著差异;②聋哑儿童的社会期望值存在非常显著的性别差异;③不同社会期望值聋哑儿童的父母教养方式的存在显著差异.④聋哑儿童社会期望与父母教养方式有显著相关.结论 父母养育方式是影响聋哑儿童社会期望值的重要因素.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The case for allele‐specific recognition by the TCR

There is a sharp difference in how one views TCR structure–function–behaviour dependent on whether its recognition of major histocompatibility complex‐encoded restriction elements (R) is germline selected or somatically generated. The generally accepted or Standard model is built on the assumption that recognition of R is by the V regions of the αβ TCR, which is not driven by allele specificity, whereas the competing model posits that recognition of R is allele‐specific. The establishing of allele‐specific recognition of R by the TCR would rule out the Standard model and clear the road to a consideration of a competing construct, the Tritope model. Here, the case for allele‐specific recognition (germline selected) is detailed making it obvious that the Standard model is untenable.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.