垫江地区孕中期孕妇产前筛查结果分析

目的：对垫江地区2631例唐氏筛查结果进行分析,探讨孕妇孕中期血清 AFP、β-HCG、uE3标志物检测在产前筛查胎儿染色体异常的作用和价值。方法对2631例孕妇中期（孕14周至21周6 d）进行检测血清中 AFP、β-HCG、uE3,结合孕妇年龄、孕周、B 超胎龄、体质量、双顶径、孕次、产次、是否是胰岛素依赖性糖尿病以及相关疾病家族史等,采用仪器配套软件计算,进行风险概率评估,对提示高风险孕妇再进行染色体检查确认。结果2631例孕妇中筛查出唐氏综合征高风险134例,占5.09％,18-三体综合征高风险11例,占0.42％,开放性脊柱裂高风险33例,占1.25％。结论孕妇孕中期进行血清 AFP、β-HCG、uE3标志物筛查,对胎儿先天缺陷进行风险评估,可以作为产前筛查的常规检查项目。     

2616例孕中期孕妇的血清特异性标志物筛查结果分析

目的探讨孕中期产前筛查的临床应用价值,并探讨影响其风险值的主要因素。方法检测2616例孕中期（14～24周）孕妇血清中的甲胎蛋白（AFP）、人绒毛膜促性腺激素β亚单位（[3-HCG）和游离雌三醇（uE3）的浓度,其中AFP、β-HCG使用电化学发光法,uE3使用酶联免疫法检测;使用T21$SOFTw筛查软件评估风险。建议唐氏综合征或18-三体综合征高风险孕妇行胎儿羊水染色体核型分析,神经管缺陷高风险者接受高分辨超声检查。结果唐氏综合征、18-三体综合征、神经管缺陷高风险发生率分别为5．73％、0．34％、1．11％;高风险孕妇经产前诊断确诊唐氏综合征1例,神经管缺陷2例,其它染色体异常疾病3例。结论对孕中期孕妇进行产前筛查,是减少患染色体疾病和神经管缺陷患儿出生的有效方法;在筛查软件中应对诸多影响因素予以校正,而孕周的准确与否对筛查结果影响较大。     

1764例孕妇孕中期产前筛查结果分析

目的 通过检测孕妇血清甲胎蛋白(AFP)、游离β-人绒毛膜促性腺激素(β-HCG)水平进行孕中期胎儿无创伤性产前筛查.方法 采用化学发光法对1 764例孕中期孕妇进行血清AFP、fβ-HCG定量检测,计算风险值.结果 1 764例孕妇唐氏综合征(DS)、爱德华氏综合征(ES)、先天性神经管缺陷(NTD)筛查阳性率分别为3.51％(62/1 764)、0.11％(2/1 764)、2.49％(44/1 764).在不同年龄的高风险分组中,大于或等于35岁组与其他组DS筛查阳性率差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),各年龄组NTD筛查阳性率无统计学差异(P＞0.05).结论 产前筛查是一种无创伤性检测手段,对避免DS、ES、NTD患儿出生有重要意义.     

孕中期10360例先天缺陷产前筛查结果分析

目的：了解孕中期产前筛查对胎儿染色体异常及神经管的作用。方法：应用时间分辨免疫荧光分析法（DELFIA）,对孕15~21周孕妇血清AFP、Free-β-HCG,uE3的浓度进行检测,对高风险孕妇在知情的情况下,自愿选择进行羊水穿刺,羊水细胞染色体核型分析。结果：筛查高风险432例,其中21三体高风险280例,18三体高风险64例,NTD高风险88例。344例进行了羊水细胞染色体检查,检出染色体异常核型12例。88例NTD高风险孕妇中,共检出无脑儿和脊柱裂等10例。结论：在孕妇中进行产前筛查是非常必要的。     

南通地区产前筛查的实验分析

目的探讨利用血清标志物对南通地区妊娠中期孕妇进行唐氏综合征(DS)血清学筛查在检出DS等缺陷儿中的应用价值。方法利用时间分辨荧光测定仪对5046例孕中期孕妇外周血中甲胎蛋白(AFP)、游离β人绒毛膜促性腺激素(free-β-HCG)进行检测,并结合孕妇的年龄、体质量、孕周等数值进行分析,计算胎儿患DS、神经管畸形(NTD)及18-三体综合征(ES)的风险概率。对于高危孕妇结合B超检查、羊水培养及染色体分析等进行确诊。结果筛查高风险孕妇总计340例,其中286例筛查阳性孕妇进行羊水穿刺培养及染色体核型分析,确诊21-三体综合征7例,18-三体综合征3例;NTD高风险胎儿进行B超筛查,确诊为神经管缺陷3例。结论开展孕中期孕妇产前筛查能有效减少DS等缺陷儿的出生,在控制先天缺陷儿的出生和提高人口素质中发挥了一定作用。     

徐州地区孕中期孕妇产前三联筛查结果分析

目的分析孕中期母体血清标志物hAFP、freeJ3-HCG、uE3的变化及产前筛查的应用价值。方法采用时间分辨免疫荧光分析技术（DELFIA）检测孕中期孕妇血清标志物AFP、Freel3-HCG、uE3的含量。结合孕妇年龄、孕周、体重等因素用LifeCyeie-3．0软件进行风险评估,建议高风险孕妇进一步确诊。结果3601例孕妇筛查高风险者204例（5．66％）,通过羊水染色体核型分析,检出唐氏综合征胎儿6例,2例18一三体患儿,1例13-三体患儿,1例特纳氏综合征,其他染色体异常5例。结论孕中期孕妇血清学三联筛查是预防唐氏儿出生的有效方法,能显著唐氏儿的出生率。     

孕中期唐氏综合征筛查结果分析

目的探讨中期血清标志物与胎儿唐氏综合征(DS)检出的关系。方法以全自动免疫分析仪对4339例孕中期孕妇血清标本进行甲胎蛋白(AFP)、β人绒毛膜促性腺激素(β-HCG)及游离雌三醇(uE3)检测,分析并预测胎儿患DS的风险,风险率大于1:380定为筛查阳性。结果 4339例孕妇筛查为阳性者112例(2.58%),通过羊水染色体核型分析,检出唐氏综合征胎儿4例,筛查低风险的4227例孕妇所产新生儿经外周血染色体核型分析证实1例为DS患儿。结论孕中期孕妇血清三联筛查胎儿DS是行之有效的方法,可以作为产前筛查的常规手段。     

2666例孕中期唐氏综合症血清筛查结果分析

目的 探讨孕中期唐氏综合征（DS）产前血清学筛查方法在诊断胎儿缺陷方面的应用.方法 化学发光法.回顾性分析2009年.6月到2012年6月共2666例孕妇来西安交通大学附属3201医院自愿接受检测血清中甲胎蛋白（AFP）和游离β-人绒毛膜促性腺激素（F-βHCG）及游离雌三醇（uE3）的浓度,应用上海腾程软件计算DS风险.高风险者进行羊水细胞培养做染色体核型分析,同时结合彩超检查追踪胎儿的情况.结果 筛查的2666例孕妇中,唐氏综合征高风险101例,阳性率为3.79％.101例中84例接受染色体核型分析,确诊唐氏儿4例,检出率4.76％;神经管缺陷（NTD）高风险66例,经彩超确诊2例.检出率为3.0％,18-三体检出51例,阳性率为1.91％,接受羊水穿刺进行染色体诊断,确诊18-三体3例,检出率5.9％.年龄≥35岁者阳性检出率高于年龄＜35岁者（P＜0.01）.结论 孕中期血清学AFP＋ F-βHCG＋ uE3“三联检”筛查与彩超结合的联合筛查方法是预测胎儿发育情况的有效方法,有较好的敏感性和特异性.对年龄≥35岁的孕妇应重点筛查.     

孕中期检测母血清标记物筛查唐氏综合征及开放性神经管缺陷

目的探讨孕中期用血清标记物甲胎蛋白（AFP）、游离绒毛膜促性腺激素（F-β-HCG）、游离雌三醇（UE3）筛查唐氏综合征及开放性神经管缺陷（NTD）的应用价值。方法用时间分辩免疫分析仪检测怀孕14～20^＋6周孕妇血清标记物AFP、F-β-HCG、UE3的含量,进行风险评估,对筛查阳性孕妇进行遗传咨询,必要时进行羊水细胞染色体核型分析及B超产前诊断。结果在1294例孕妇中发现唐氏综合征2例,18-三体综合征2例,无脑儿2例。结论孕中期联合检测母血清标记物AFP、F-β-HCG、UE3对筛查先天性缺陷是非常有效的。     

孕中期孕妇产前筛查结果分析

目的探讨孕中期产前筛查的临床应用价值。方法测定11 909例孕中期孕妇血清标志物甲胎蛋白（AFP）和人绒毛膜促性腺激素（β-HCG）值,采用Auto DELFIA 1235全自动免疫分析系统得出唐氏综合征、18-三体综合征、神经管缺陷（NTD）三种疾病的风险值,高风险者采用胎儿羊水染色体核型分析以及三维B超进行确诊。结果筛查的11 909例孕妇中,高风险孕妇1976例,阳性率为16.59%,经染色体检查或三维B超诊断,确诊唐氏综合征9例,18-三体综合征3例,NTD 0例,其他缺陷异常10例。结论对孕中期孕妇进行产前筛查是减少染色体疾病和神经管缺陷患儿出生的有效方法。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.