结肠癌组织中ST13蛋白的表达变化及意义

目的观察结肠癌组织中肿瘤发生抑制基因13号（ST13）蛋白的表达变化,并探讨ST13其临床意义。方法采用免疫组化方法检测90例结肠癌、40例结肠腺瘤及40例正常结肠组织中ST13蛋白。结果结肠癌组织中ST13蛋白的阳性表达率为46．7％,明显高于结肠腺瘤组织的10．0％和正常结肠组织的0（P〈0．01）;ST13蛋白阳性表达率与结肠癌临床分期及淋巴结转移有关（P〈0．05）。结论结肠癌组织中ST13蛋白表达明显上调,并与结肠癌侵袭和淋巴结转移有关。ST13蛋白的过表达可能是结肠癌发生发展的重要因素。     

结肠癌组织中MMP-9、VEGF的表达变化及意义

目的观察结肠癌组织中基质金属蛋白酶-9（MMP-9）和血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）的表达变化，并探讨其临床意义。方法采用免疫组化SP法检测78例结肠癌组织中MMP-9、VEGF。另选20例正常结肠黏膜组织为对照。结果结肠癌组织中MMP-9和VEGF表达水平明显高于正常结肠黏膜组织。MMP-9和VEGF表达水平与结肠癌淋巴结转移和临床分期有关，结肠癌组织中MMP-9表达与VEGF表达呈正相关（P〈0．05）。结论结肠癌组织中MMP-9和VEGF的表达水平明显升高，其表达与结肠癌进展有关；两者在结肠癌的进展中可能起协同作用。     

骨形成蛋白-2在结肠癌中的表达及意义

目的研究骨形成蛋白-2（BMP-2）在结肠癌中表达及其与临床病理参数间的关系。方法选取结肠癌标本30例作为肿瘤组，正常结肠黏膜标本15例作为对照组，运用免疫组化法检测肠黏膜组织中BMP-2和Smad蛋白表达。结果BMP-2在正常结肠黏膜中和结肠癌组织的阳性表达率分别为100％（15／15）和53．33％（16／30），两组间比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）；Smad1在正常结肠黏膜和结肠癌组织的阳性表达率分别为100％（15／15）和50％（15／30），两组间比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）；BMP-2和Smad1在结肠癌中的表达之间无相关性（P〉0．05）；BMP-2和Smad1的表达与患者年龄、性别、有无淋巴结转移和有无远处转移无相关性（P〉0．05）。结论BMP-2和Smad1蛋白存在于正常结肠黏膜组织中，BMP-2和Smad1蛋白表达的改变可能参与结肠癌发生发展过程。BMP-2和Smad1蛋白可能与结肠癌细胞生物学行为无关。     

脾虚模型大鼠结肠上皮细胞水通道蛋白8表达变化

[目的]探讨脾虚大鼠结肠上皮细胞水通道蛋白8（AQP8）表达的变化规律，为脾虚泄泻的发生机制提供实验依据。[方法]以RT-PCR及免疫组化等方法检测脾虚模型大鼠结肠AQP8mRNA表达及蛋白含量，光镜观察黏膜组织改变。[结果]脾虚模型组大鼠出现腹泻、少食、消瘦等表现；结肠黏膜上皮不完整，细胞排列疏松；AQP8 mRNA表达及蛋白含量均比正常对照组减少（P〈0．05，〈0．01）。[结论]AQP8表达下调可能是脾虚大鼠产生泄泻病理生理机制之一。     

结肠癌组织中p16表达及其与cyclin D1表达的相关性

目的检测结肠癌组织中p16的表达及其与cyclinD1表达的相关性,并探讨其意义。方法结肠癌蜡块标本108例,正常结肠黏膜标本30例。采用SP免疫组化方法检测p16、cyclinD1的表达。结果结肠癌组织108例中p16阳性表达40例（37．0％）,正常结肠组织中22例（73．3％）,两者p16阳性表达比较有统计学差异（P〈0．05）。结肠癌组织中p16的表达与患者的性别、年龄及肿瘤大小、浸润深度、分化程度无相关性（P〉0．05）,而与TNM分期及有无淋巴结转移明显相关（P〈0．05）。p16的表达与cyclinD1的表达呈负相关（r=-0．332,P〈0．05）。结论结肠癌组织中p16表达与淋巴结转移及临床分期密切相关,与cyclinD1的表达呈负相关。     

CCR7-PI3K/Akt信号传导通路与结肠癌发生发展及浸润转移的关系

目的观察趋化因子受体CCR7和磷脂酰肌醇-3-激酶（PI3K）、蛋白激酶B（Akt）在结肠癌组织中的表达情况,探讨CCR7与PI3K/Akt通路的关系。方法采用免疫组织化学法检测40例结肠癌及15例正常结肠黏膜组织中CCR7、PI3K及Akt的蛋白表达。结果结肠癌组织中CCR7、PI3K及Akt表达水平高于正常结肠黏膜组织（P均〈0.05）,且CCR7与PI3K、Akt蛋白表达呈正相关关系（P〈0.05）。CCR7、PI3K蛋白表达与结肠癌的TNM分期及淋巴结转移密切相关（P〈0.05）,Akt蛋白表达与淋巴结转移密切相关（P〈0.05）。结论结肠癌组织中高表达的CCR7可能通过PI3K/Akt通路促进结肠癌的侵袭转移。     

结肠癌转移相关的基因-1在结肠癌中的表达及其临床意义

目的探讨与结肠癌转移相关的基因-1（MACC1）在结肠癌中的表达及其与结肠癌发生、浸润、转移的关系。方法应用免疫组化SP法检测20例癌旁正常结肠黏膜组织、22例结肠腺瘤组织和40例结肠癌组织中MACC1蛋白的表达,分析各组之间表达的差异及其与结肠癌临床病理特征之间的关系。结果结肠癌组MACC1的阳性表达率显著高于癌旁正常结肠黏膜及腺瘤性息肉组（90．0％比20．0％,27．3％）,P〈0．001。MACC1表达强度与患者的性别、年龄、淋巴结转移情况、肿瘤直径大小及分化程度无相关性,与结肠癌浸润深度、TNM分期及腹腔播散和远处转移有关,并随着结肠癌浸润程度的加深、TNM分期的进展及发生腹腔播散和远处转移,MACC1的表达强度明显增高（P〈0．05）。结论MACC1的过表达在结肠癌的发生、浸润及转移过程中起重要作用。     

TKTL1在结肠腺瘤、结肠癌中的表达及其临床意义

背景:各种肿瘤组织均有TKTL1表达,其表达水平与肿瘤侵袭转移和预后密切相关。目的:探讨TKTL1在结肠腺瘤、结肠癌中的表达及其临床意义。方法:选取2015年3月—2018年5月至淄博市第一医院行结肠镜检查证实的30例正常结肠黏膜、84例结肠腺瘤以及手术证实的84例结肠癌组织,以免疫组化法检测TKTL1蛋白表达,并分析TKTL1表达与结肠腺瘤、结肠癌临床病理参数的关系。结果:结肠腺瘤、结肠癌的TKTL1表达率显著高于正常结肠黏膜(57. 1%、85. 7%对13. 3%,P 0. 01),且结肠癌TKTL1表达率明显高于结肠腺瘤(P 0. 01)。TKTL1表达与结肠腺瘤患者的性别、年龄、病理类型和病理特征无关(P 0. 05)。TKTL1表达与结肠癌患者的性别、年龄、组织分化程度无关(P 0. 05),而与TNM分期、远处转移、淋巴结转移、浸润深度相关(P 0. 05)。结论:TKTL1在结肠腺瘤、结肠癌中的表达显著高于正常结肠组织,且与结肠癌分期、转移有相关性,推测TKTL1表达与结肠癌的发生、发展密切相关。     

结直肠癌组织间质细胞中CD10蛋白的表达变化及临床意义

目的观察CD10蛋白在结直肠癌组织间质细胞中的表达情况,探讨其在结直肠癌发生、发展中的作用。方法同期手术留取的80份结直肠癌组织及50份癌旁正常结肠黏膜组织,采用快捷免疫组化Max、Vision“法检测两者间质细胞中CD10蛋白表达情况,并分析阳性表达率与结直肠癌临床病理特征的关系。结果CD10蛋白在结直肠癌组织和正常结肠黏膜组织问质细胞中的阳性表达率分别为70．00％（56/80）、0,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）;结直肠癌组织间质细胞中CD10蛋白表达与患者性别、年龄、肿瘤部位、临床分期无关（P均〉0．05）,而与肿瘤细胞的分化程度、浸润深度、有无脉管侵犯及淋巴结转移有关（P均〈0．05）。结论CD10蛋白在结直肠癌组织间质细胞中呈高表达,可能与肿瘤的发生、发展及浸润转移有关。     

端粒酶在结肠良、恶性病变中的表达及其意义的研究

目的 研究端粒酶在正常结肠黏膜、结肠良、恶性病变中的表达及其临床意义。方法 收集27例结肠癌，9例结肠良性病变和13例正常肠黏膜的手术标本，用半定量端粒重复扩增（TRAP）-银染法测端粒酶活性，进行统计学处理。结果 结肠正常黏膜、良、恶性病变的端粒酶相对值的组间两两比较均有显著性差异（P〈0．05）。将结肠癌病人分别按病理类型、Duke分期病变体积、部位、病人病程、年龄、性别进行分组，各组间两两比较均没有显著性差异（P〉0．05）。结论 端粒酶是结肠正常黏膜、良性病变、结肠癌相鉴别的较好辅助诊断指标，与结肠癌的一些临床资料无关。     

表观扩散系数值与肝细胞癌分级的相关性以及相关性与肿瘤大小关系的分析

[摘要]　目的　探讨表观扩散系数（apparent diffusion coefficient, ADC）值与肝细胞癌（hepatocellular carcinoma, HCC）组织学分级的相关性以及不同直径肿瘤的ADC值与HCC的相关性。方法?回顾性分析2017年—2020年180例病理证实为HCC的病例资料,按肿瘤直径大小分为＜2 cm、≥2 cm且＜3 cm、≥3 cm且＜5 cm、≥5 cm 4组,标为I、II、III、IV组。分析ADC值与HCC组织学分级的相关性,并分析在不同直径肿瘤ADC值与HCC的相关性。结果?高、中和低分化HCC的ADC值分别为（1.159±0.302）×10-3、（0.951±0.213）×10-3和（0.811±0.239）×10-3 mm2/s,逐级降低（P＜0.05）。ADC值与总体HCC的组织学分级呈负相关（r=-0.474）,与I～III组HCC的组织学分级均呈负相关（r值分别为-0.663、-0.527、-0.364）,而与IV组HCC的组织学分级无相关性。结论?ADC值可以作为非侵入性预测HCC组织学分级的指标,预测结果受肿瘤大小影响,更适用于小肝细胞癌。     

Research and Evaluation of the Influence of the Construction of the Gate and the Influence of the Piston Velocity on the Distribution of Gases into the Volume of the Casting

Distribution of gasses to the cast volume and volume of pores can be maintained within the acceptable limits by means of correct setting of technological parameters of casting and by selection of suitable structure and gating system arrangement. The main idea of this paper solves the issue of suitability of die casting adjustment—i.e., change of technological parameters or change of structural solution of the gating system—with regards to inner soundness of casts produced in die casting process. Parameters which were compared included height of a gate and velocity of a piston. The melt velocity in the gate was used as a correlating factor between the gate height and piston velocity. The evaluated parameter was gas entrapment in the cast at the end of the filling phase of die casting cycle and at the same time percentage of porosity in the samples taken from the main runner. On the basis of the performed experiments it was proved that the change of technological parameters, particularly of pressing velocity of the piston, directly influences distribution of gasses to the cast volume.     

缺锌对孕鼠生长发育及其肝脏、胎盘中谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶及过氧化氢酶活性的影响

为观察喂养缺锌饲料对孕鼠生长发育及其肝脏、胎盘中谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-PX)及过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性的影响。将16只受孕Wistar鼠随机分为缺锌组(ZD组)、加锌组(ZS组)和正常对照组(ZC组),分别喂饲缺锌饲料、加锌饲料和基础饲料,记录每只孕鼠每日体重变化。于妊娠21日将孕鼠处死,取其肝脏、胎盘作GSH-PX和CAT活性测定。结果为ZD组孕鼠体重未见增加,SC组和ZS组孕鼠体重增加明显;与ZC组和ZS组相比,ZD组孕鼠肝脏和胎盘中GSH-PX活性显著降低(P<0.05),孕鼠肝脏和胎盘中CAT活性显著升高(P<0.05)。故认为缺锌可影响孕鼠肝脏、胎盘中谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶及过氧化氢酶活性,并影响其生长发育。     

Ligaments of the larynx and the adjacent pharynx and esophagus

Two ligament systems of the larynx are demonstrated by dissection. The suspensory ligament of the esophagus is attached to the posterior aspect of the cricoid cartilage and is also a part of the fascial sheath which is common to the hyoid, thyroid, and cricoid. The ligaments at the inner margins of the vocal, ventricular, and aryepiglottic folds are distinctive in site and, inferentially, in function. The aryepiglottic ligaments join at the incisura between the arytenoid cartilages and are continued as the corniculopharyngeal ligament which splays into the flexible tissues in the anterior wall of the hypopharynx, posterior to the suspensory ligament of the esophagus. These ligament systems are involved in two different actions in swallow. The gross superior and anterior motions of the larynx are transmitted to the esophagus by the suspensory ligament, so that the esophagus is elevated in relation to the bolus and is also opened. These esophageal displacements resemble, in effect, the swallow displacements of the pharyngoesophageal segment and of the constrictor wall of the hypopharynx. The marginal ligaments of the laryngeal folds help to implement the constriction and closure of the larynx during swallow. By anatomical inference, the corniculopharyngeal ligament effects vertical traction within the flexible tissues of the anterior wall of the hypopharynx.     

Humanism and the suffering of the people

Abstract
Humanism includes, among its many contexts, the ideal of the universal perfection of health. Procedures for alleviation of disease existed through all epochs of human history, but efficacy was mostly lacking. The prototypic humanism of the Renaissance ( ad  1300−1600) scarcely involved the medical ­sciences other than human anatomy. The Enlightenment of the seventeenth century included discovery of the circulation of the blood, and applications of microscopy. Discoveries relevant to medical practice began in the nineteenth century, ushered in by vaccination and the germ theory of disease. This 200-year period saw a transformation of human health according to the surrogate marker of increased life-­expectancy. This has been variously attributed to: (i) increased prosperity following the industrial revolution, (ii) efforts of humanistic social and public health reformers and, more recently, (iii) advances in medical science. Yet the beneficiaries remain a minority of the world's population. The nexus between poverty, illness and low life-expectancy between and within nations is the major challenge for the future. Contemporary science is providing ever-expanding knowledge on means to achieve the goal of perfection of human health, but the need for humanism is as great as at any previous age. Fortunately, however, the targets are more clearly visible than during the periods of poverty, plagues and pestilence of the past. (Intern Med J 2003; 33: 195−202)