先天性心脏病患儿术后多脏器功能障碍的预后分析

目的 探讨小儿先天性心脏病（先心病）术后多脏器功能障碍（MODS）预后情况及其影响因素，为对此类患儿进行针时性护理提供依据。方法 收集先心病术后并发MODS 77例患儿的临床资料。结果 11例放弃治疗出院，66例中44例救治存活，22例死亡。出现时间最早、累及最多的脏器为心脏；病死率最高的为累及中枢神经系统的患儿（57．69％），其次是累及血液系统的患儿（55．56％）；患儿的病死率与累及脏器的数量呈显著正相关（P〈0.01）。死亡患儿手术体外循环时间和主动脉阻断时间显著长于存活患儿（均P〈0．05），术中意外及术后心肺复苏发生率显著高于存活患儿（均P〈0．05）。结论 心病术后患儿应加强心功能监护，特别是体外循环时间〉120min，主动脉阻断时间〉60min及术中发生过意外情况、术后采取过心肺复苏术的患儿；尽早采取有利措施避免其他脏器功能受损是提高患儿存活率的关键。     

先天性心脏病患儿术后多脏器功能障碍的预后分析

目的 探讨小儿先天性心脏病(先心病)术后多脏器功能障碍(MODS)预后情况及其影响因素,为对此类患儿进行针对性护理提供依据.方法 收集先心病术后并发MODS 77例患儿的临床资料.结果 11例放弃治疗出院,66例中44例救治存活,22例死亡.出现时间最早、累及最多的脏器为心脏;病死率最高的为累及中枢神经系统的患儿(57.69%),其次是累及血液系统的患儿(55.56%);患儿的病死率与累及脏器的数量呈显著正相关(P＜0.01).死亡患儿手术体外循环时间和主动脉阻断时间显著长于存活患儿(均P＜0.05),术中意外及术后心肺复苏发生率显著高于存活患儿(均P＜0.05).结论 先心病术后患儿应加强心功能监护,特别是体外循环时间＞120 min,主动脉阻断时间＞60 min及术中发生过意外情况、术后采取过心肺复苏术的患儿;尽早采取有利措施避免其他脏器功能受损是提高患儿存活率的关键.     

多器官功能障碍综合征病人预后分析

目的研究多器官功能障碍综合征（MODS）病人发生血小板缺乏的危险因素及其对预后的影响。方法对5家教学医院加强医疗病房（ICU）中1年内收治的366例MODS病人进行回顾性分析。记录病人的人口统计学资料、临床信息、急性生理和慢性健康评分（APACHEⅡ）及序贯性器官衰竭评分（SOFA）。主要研究终点为住院病死率。结果住院期间共有151例病人死亡（41．3％）。血小板缺乏[P=0．022，OR（比数比）=2．143，可信限（95％CI）1．114～4．121]，神经系统衰竭（P〈0．01，OR=6．033，95％CI3．164～11．506）和最高SOFA评分（P〈0．01，OR=1．215，95％CI1．112～1．328），是预后的独立危险因素。共有220例MODS病人（60．1％）发生血小板缺乏。ICU住院时间（P=0．023，OR=1．017，95％CI1．002～1．032）和最高SOFA评分（P〈0．01，OR：1．271，95％CI1．187～1．361）是发生血小板缺乏的独立危险因素，而最高SOFA评分（P〈0．01，OR=1．405，95％CI1．276～1．548）和继发性血小板缺乏（P〈0．01，OR=3．517，95％CI1．780～6．951）是伴有血小板缺乏的MODS病人死亡的独立危险因素。结论血小板缺乏在MODS病人中非常普遍，并导致住院病死率升高.     

肾移植术后多器官功能障碍综合征的临床危险因素分析

目的　探讨肾移植术后多器官功能障碍综合征 (MODS)的临床危险因素。　方法　回顾性分析 6 5 0例肾移植手术患者资料 ,采用ACCP与SCCM诊断标准对术后发生全身炎症反应综合征 (SIRS)和多脏器衰竭的临床危险因素进行 χ2 检验分析。　结果　 6 5 0例中 ,发生SIRS 38例 ,MODS 7例。相关危险因素分析表明 ,MODS组低血压 (71.4 % )、低血氧 (85 .7% )、严重感染(85 .7% )及慢性器官功能衰竭 (2 8.6 % )者与MODS发生密切相关 ,2种以上危险因素同时存在者MODS发生率明显高于 2种及 2种以下因素者 ,而在器官衰竭患者中以肾功能衰竭 (85 .7% )及呼吸衰竭 (71.4 % )发生率最高。　结论　低血压、低血氧、严重感染及慢性器官功能衰竭是术后并发MODS的重要危险因素。     

术后并发多器官功能障碍代谢特点及营养支持治疗

腹部外科术后由于手术创伤，或合并严重感染、休克和重症胰腺炎等，常可能导致多器官功能障碍综合征（MODS）。目前，MODS已成为临床常见的危重症，并发症发生率和病死率均高。腹部外科并发MODS具有病情发展迅猛，病程进展快，病人全身状况迅速恶化的特点，机体处于高分解代谢状态，造成明显的代谢紊乱，一方面体内营养素大量消耗，急需补充；另一方面又由于多器官功能障碍，不能有效地利用营养素及处理代谢产物，进一步加重了此种应激状况。因此，合理的营养支持治疗显得尤为重要。     

多器官功能障碍综合征

多器官功能障碍综合征(multiple organ dysfunction syndrome，MODS)是创伤、大手术、休克和感染等各种危重症的严重并发症：是在过度应激反应和过度全身炎症反应基础上出现的2个或2个以上器官功能受损的临床综合征，此时机体不能维持内稳态，因而生命垂危。     

多器官功能障碍综合征的免疫调整治疗

免疫功能状态在多器官功能障碍综合征(MODS)的发生发展过程中发生了深刻的变化,对机体免疫状态的调整已成为当前MODS治疗研究的热点之一。本文就糖皮质激素、免疫抑制剂、生长激素和生长抑素、ω3多不饱和脂肪酸及胸腺肽在MODS中的应用做一综述。     

严重烧伤后多器官功能障碍综合征的防治

经过近二十年的临床经验研究 ,虽然多器官功能障碍 (衰竭 )综合征 (ＭＯＤＳ)的发病机制中某些更深层的问题和治疗 ,尚待进一步作广泛深入的研究和确切的临床验证 ,但目前绝大多数作者都认为ＭＯＤＳ是许多介质或细胞因子的释放和相互作用造成的失控性全身炎症反应 (ＳＩＲＳ)的最终表现。临床观察及动物实验证明 ,ＭＯＤＳ的发病机制中有2次打击现象[1- 3 ] 。在严重大面积烧伤的情况下 ,第 1次打击为烧伤和其引发的低容量性休克及内源性内毒素血症 ,激活了炎症细胞 ,合成和释放一系列的炎性介质 ,在临床上表现为脓毒症 (图 1)。第 2次打击…     

婴儿闷热综合征并发多器官功能障碍综合征的护理

对32例婴儿闷热综合征并发多器官功能障碍综合征患儿重点加强重要器官的功能监测及保护，迅速纠正低氧血症，促进脑功能恢复。结果17例于入院后7～13d痊愈出院，9例自动出院，6例于入院后48h内死亡。提示早期采取有效的护理干预可减少受累器官，降低病死率。     

胸部手术后多脏器功能障碍31例分析

总结３１例胸部手术后发生多脏器功能障碍（ＭＳＯＦ）的临床特点。显示ＭＳＯＦ发生率２３％，其中肺脏为始动脏器者２１例（６７．７％），呈序贯发病者占８７．１％；病死率５８．１％，病死率与脏器功能障碍数目、年龄、体质、手术方式和原发病控制程度及病程持续时间有关。作者提出重点应放在采取多种措施防治单个或多个脏器功能障碍，尤其是有效控制肺部感染和并发症。     

猪急性肾衰竭并多器官功能障碍模型建立及病理观察

目的：建立一个重症感染后多器官功能障碍综合征（MODS）并急性肾衰竭（ARF）复合的猪模型。方法：16只健康杂交家猪随机分成模型组和假手术对照组。模型组行盲肠结扎和穿孔（CLP）,加作肾动脉夹闭（CRA）制作腹腔感染致MODS并ARF模型,对照组行盲肠和双肾探查术。观察生命体征及主要器官功能（MODS相关指标）变化。结果：模型组术后24～72h出现器官功能障碍：（1）ARF：血清肌酐（Scr）、尿素氮（BUN）分别从（92.70±11.05）μmol/L、（4.16±1.02）mmol/L升至（986.37±132.61）μmol/L、（48.13±2.68）mmol/L。（2）肝功能：血清丙氨酸转氨酶（ALT）、天冬氨酸转氨酶（AST）均超过对照值的2倍;（3）凝血功能：血小板数〈80%对照值,且皮肤可见弥漫或散在的出血点;（4）心功能：平均动脉压（MAP）持续≤70%对照值,且呈进行性下降;心率≥130次/min;（5）肺功能：动脉血二氧化碳分压（PaO2）下降,低于69.75mmHg;呼吸频率增快,均值超过照值的2倍;（6）胃肠功能障碍;（7）肾、肝、脾、肺及小肠等器官组织病理上均有不同程度的实质性改变。模型组动物6d内全部死亡,平均存活时间（69.81±22.59）h;对照组全部存活,且器官功能无明显变化。结论：采用CLP＋CRA方法,可以成功地复制出MODS并ARF复合模型,并可见最终均发展为多器官衰竭。     

连续性血液透析滤过对MODS犬肝肾IL-6和IL-10 mRNA表达的影响

目的：探讨连续性血液透析滤过（CVVHDF）后多器官功能障碍综合征（MODS）犬肝、肾组织白细胞介素-6（IL-6）和白细胞介素-10（IL-10）mRNA表达水平的变化及意义。方法：15只雄性Beagle犬,采用失血性休克＋复苏灌注＋内毒素血症复制MODS模型,随机分为CVVHDF组（n=8）和MODS组（n=7）,CVVHDF组在内毒素注射完毕后给予CVVHDF治疗12h,MODS组不给CVVHDF治疗。测定各器官功能相关指标,同时应用半定量逆转录-聚合酶链反应（RT-PCR）测定两组肝、肾组织中IL-6、IL-10mRNA表达水平。结果：CVVHDF组治疗后肝、肾功能有关指标水平均有不同程度的改善;与MODS组相比,在内毒素注射后3h及以后各时间点,血清肌酐（Scr）、尿素氮（BUN）水平显著降低（P〈0.05）;器官衰竭发生率较MODS组明显降低（37.5%vs85.7%,P〈0.05）;MODS组肝、肾组织IL-6mRNA表达水平显著高于正常对照组和CVVHDF组（P〈0.01）,而CVVHDF组肝、肾组织IL-10 mRNA表达水平显著高于正常对照组和MODS组（P〈0.01）。结论：连续性血液透析滤过能明显改善肾功能,CVVHDF早期应用可以降低MODS肝、肾组织IL-6/IL-10mRNA比值,有助于重建机体免疫系统内稳状态。     

Correlation of Glomerular Permeability,Endothelial Injury,and Postoperative Multiple Organ Dysfunction

Purpose To determine whether the degree of microalbuminuria correlates with the extent of endothelial cell injury, the severity of illness, and the magnitude of multiple organ dysfunction in patients who undergo emergency surgery.Methods We measured the urinary albumin:creatinine ratio (ACR) within 24h after surgery in 31 patients and examined its relationship with various clinical measurements.Results The ACR increased during the first 24h postoperatively. The log ACR correlated with the serum thrombomodulin concentration measured on the same day, but not with the level of plasma von Willebrand factor antigen. The increase in the log ACR correlated with the acute physiology and chronic health evaluation score (APACHE III), the simplified acute physiology score, the multiple organ dysfunction score, and the score of sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) calculated on the same day, and the blood volume lost during the operation. The log ACR did not correlate with the white blood cell count or the serum C-reactive protein measured at the same time. The log ACR correlated with SOFA on postoperative days 3, 7, and 10, and mortality increased in accordance with the increase in log ACR.Conclusions The urinary ACR correlated with the extent of endothelial cell injury, the severity of illness, and the magnitude of multiple organ dysfunction.     

持续血液净化在热射病合并多器官功能障碍综合征治疗中应用

目的：探讨持续血液净化（cBP）对热射病（Hs）合并多器官功能障碍综合征（MODS）治疗效果 方法。2005年5月-2009年8月．“将持续血液净化应用于热射病合并MODs患者11例（男10例,女1例,年龄17-25岁）．每次治疗24-48h,置换液以前稀释方式输入．流量为2-4L／h．血流量150-250ml／min．采用普通肝素抗凝．而对于部分严重出血倾向患者．在给予补充血小板．凝血酶原复合物、纤维蛋白原等凝血底物的同时给予小剂量肝素抗凝。结果：11例患者中9侧痊愈。出院,2例焉亡;cBP治疗中患者血流动力学保持相对稳定．平均动脉压．心率和氧台指数均有所改善,,多巴胺剂照逐渐减少（p〈0．05）．APACHE11评分降低（P〈0．05）;血中肌酐,尿素氮．肌红蛋白0肌酸激酶下降明显（P〈0.05）．但胆红素无明显变化（P〉0.05）,治疗中未发现明显副作用。结论：持续血液净化对热射病台并MODS患者有改善预后的作用．患者耐受性好,是抢救热射病合并MODS患者有效手段之一。     

Totally Endoscopic Robotic‐Assisted Cardiac Surgery in Children

Robotic surgery for intracardiac pathologies in children is relatively uncommon. This study presents our initial experience with robotic‐assisted cardiac surgery in children. We also present the feasibility and safety of robotic surgery in children. From May 2013 to June 2018, 30 children underwent totally endoscopic robotic atrial septal defect closure (n = 22), right‐sided (n = 5) or left‐sided (n = 1) partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection repair, tricuspid valve annuloplasty (n = 4), and mitral valve replacement (n = 2, due to Barlow and rheumatic diseases). The mean age of the patients was 16.1 ± 1.1 years (range, 13–17) and the mean weight was 56.7 ± 0.1 kg (range, 42–77). Associated anomalies included left persistent superior vena cava (n = 2) and the absence of innominate vein (n = 1). All procedures were completed uneventfully. Operation time was 4.1 ± 0.6 h. No patient was converted to thoracotomy or sternotomy. Cardiopulmonary bypass and aortic clamping times were 90.6 ± 28.0 (range, 45–136) and 48.6 ± 24.9 (range, 15–94) min, respectively. The mean ventilation time was 3.7 ± 1.2 h and hospital stay time was 3.3 ± 0.7 days. No right phrenic nerve injury, hemorrhage, or blood transfusion were noted. One patient had postoperative pneumothorax, and 1 had supraventricular arrhythmia. Follow‐up was a mean of 1.7 years (range, 1–52 months). Patients were healthy and no residual intracardiac defect was observed on echocardiography examinations. There was no operative or follow‐up mortality. Robotically assisted cardiac surgery is a feasible and safe approach in selected pediatric patients. In the future, new generation robotic devices may offer an alternative surgical approach in cardiac surgery for younger children with lower body weight.     

Extracorporeal Life Support After Cardiac Surgery in Children: Outcomes From a Single Institution

Extracorporeal life support (ECLS) is used after congenital heart surgery for several indications, including failure to separate from cardiopulmonary bypass, postoperative low cardiac output syndrome, and extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Here, we assessed the outcomes of ECLS in children after cardiac surgery at our institution. Medical records of all children who required postoperative ECLS at our institution were reviewed. Between 2003 and 2011, 36 (1.4%) of 2541 pediatric cardiac surgical cases required postoperative ECLS. Median age of patients was 64 days (range: 0 days–4.1 years). ECLS was in the form of either extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO; n = 24) or ventricular assist system (VAS; n = 12). Mean duration of ECLS was 4.9 ± 4.2 days. Overall, 21 patients (58%) were weaned off ECLS, and 17 patients (47%) were successfully discharged from the hospital. Patients with biventricular heart (BVH) had higher survival‐to‐hospital discharge rates compared with those with univentricular heart (UVH) (P = 0.019). Regarding ECLS type, UVH patients who received VAS showed higher rates of device discontinuation than UVH patients who received ECMO (P = 0.012). However, rates of hospital discharge were not significantly different between UVH patients who received VAS or ECMO. Surgical interventions, such as banding of Blalock–Taussig shunt to reduce pulmonary blood flow or placing bidirectional cavopulmonary shunt to minimize ventricular volume overload, were effective for weaning off ECLS in patients with UVH. ECLS is beneficial to children with low cardiac output after cardiac surgery. Rates of survival‐to‐hospital discharge were higher in BVH patients than UVH patients. Additional interventions to reduce ventricular volume load may be effective for discontinuing ECLS in patients with UVH.