蟾蜍的峡核是视觉中枢

我们以前对蛙的研究指出,峡核是视觉系统的一个有限部分,其上有个视野区域对应投射图,并发现了峡核双眼单位(Neurosci.Letters,23,37—41,1981)。我们认为,对蛙和蟾蜍峡核的比较研究,将会有助于进一步阐明无尾两栖类峡核的生理功能。     

蛙和鸽顶盖峡核系统的乙酰胆碱酯酶染色

本文采用乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)组织化学、脑损毁和氟磷酸二异丙酯(DFP)预处理技术,研究了黑斑蛙和家鸽顶盖峡核系统的AChE染色图式。这两种动物的顶盖AChE深染色层,基本与视网膜顶盖投射一致。蛙峡核的AChE染色可分成3个区,其中背外侧区染色最深;鸽峡核小细胞部(1pc)和大细胞部(Imc)染色深而均匀。局部损毁顶盖后,蛙峡核和鸽Ipc在对应区域内,AChE染色减弱或消失。DFP预处理表明,鸽顶盖的Ⅲ层细胞含丰富的AChE,其他层细胞和蛙顶盖细胞含有中等和低浓度AChE。峡核细胞含高浓度AChE。在其顶盖损毁的鸽中,对应Ipe区内的AChE染色细胞数量减少,染色变淡。这些结果提示在两栖类和鸟类中,顶盖峡核投射和峡核顶盖投射可能是胆碱能通路。     

青蛙峡核的三维计算机重建

本文根据双眼立体图对原理,利用微型计算机系统对黑斑蛙(Rana nigromaculata)中脑峡核(NI)进行了三维重建。组织学技术与常规方法稍有不同:切片之前,用微电极在组织块上刺两个孔作为基准点,以保证连续切片显微结构的轮廓在计算机三维重建时能彼此精确地对位。显微结构的轮廓数据采集、数据处理以及图形输出都是在计算机软件控制下进行的。文中用立体图对展示了黑斑蛙NI的三维构型及其在中脑的空间位置。在三维重建的基础上测量了NI的尺寸为:500(尾吻向)×810(背腹向)×810(内外向)μm。讨论了计算机三维重建对于准确测量NI和其它生物显微结构外形尺寸的重要性及其在组织形态学研究中的意义。     

蜥蜴中脑神经通路和起源细胞的形态

本文采用 HRP 法研究了蛤蚧(Gekko gekko)和鳄蜥(Shinisaurus crocodilurus)视顶盖、中脑深核(NPM)与峡核之间的通路和起源细胞的形态。结果指出:1.顶盖与峡核大细胞部(Imc)呈相互区域对应投射;2.同侧顶盖—Imc 投射细胞主要位于第7层,系有径向树突的梨形细胞;同侧 Imc—顶盖投射细胞为小树突域的梨形或多角形细胞;3.顶盖注射标记的 NPM细胞呈纺锤形,染色浅;峡核注射标记的 NPM 细胞,其粗树突往往伸向顶盖;4.NPM 注射标记顶盖细胞和峡核细胞,前者主要位于顶盖第7层,后者散布在峡核大细胞部(Imc)和峡核小细胞部(Ipc)内。     

蛤蚧圆核细胞形态及突触结构的观察

蛤蚧圆核细胞形态及突触结构的观察唐宗湘沈端文余欣欣姜世英（广西师范大学生物系）用石蜡连续切片，甲酚紫染色，观察蛤蚧圆核，其位置位于间脑靠近端脑部位，形态为椭圆形，前后径约为６１２μｍ，左右径约为６００μｍ，上下径约为５９０μｍ，圆核周边细胞分布较多，...     

腰椎椎弓峡部裂三维有限元模型的建立与验证

目的建立腰椎椎弓峡部裂三维有限元模型,通过生物力学实验进行有效性验证。方法利用临床1例腰椎椎弓峡部裂病例影像学资料,采用Simpleware建模软件分别模拟下腰椎骨性结构、椎间盘组织,并在Ansys软件附加腰椎相关韧带和关节囊,建立L5双侧椎弓峡部裂三维有限元模型,并通过体外力学实验结果验证模型有效性。结果重建模型构建了椎体皮质骨、松质骨、腰椎关节突关节、椎弓根、椎板、横突、棘突等骨性结构,还构建了纤维环、髓核、上下终板组织,并成功附加了前纵、后纵韧带、黄韧带、棘上、棘间韧带以及关节突的关节囊。模型共计有281261个节点和661150个单元。腰椎椎弓峡部裂重建成功。通过与体外生物力学在不同工况下L4下关节突、L5上、下关节突、S1上关节突应力/应变趋势以及L4下关节突内外侧力学应力/应变趋势比较,验证了模型的有效性。结论建立了下腰椎椎弓峡部裂的三维有限元模型,此模型可以用来进一步实施有关峡部裂治疗的力学研究。     

豆状核与丘脑三维空间形态和位置的研究

目的：为了增加和填补豆状核与丘脑三维空间形态和位置的解剖学资料，并为提高脑立体定向手术中靶点定位的准确性提供定位数据。方法：将成人６１只整脑制成２mm厚的三维连续切片，并在各脑片上直接进行观测。结果：调查了１２２个豆状核与天脑的前后径、左右径、上下径，体积及“靶心”坐标植；通过还原、重建，绘出三维切面的空间投影轮廓图。结论：明确了两核团在脑内空间的整体构型，其结果可指导脑立体定向手术。     

豆状核与丘脑枕三维空间形态和位置的研究

目的 为了增加和填补豆状核与丘脑枕三维空间形态和位置的解剖学，并为提高脑本定向手术史中靶点定位的准确性提供定位数据。方法 将成人６１只整脑制成２ｍｍ厚的三维连续切片，并在脑片是直接进行观测。结果 调查了１２２个豆状核与丘脑枕的前后径、左右径、上下径，体积及“靶心”坐标植；通过还原、理建，绘出三维切面的空间投影轮廓图。结论 明确了二核团在脑内空间的整体构型，其结果可指导脑立体定向手术。     

双侧峡部裂对腰椎稳定性影响的实验研究

目的：研究双侧峡部裂对腰椎三维稳定性的影响。方法：实验材料为８具成人新鲜腰椎标本,切断Ｌ２双侧峡部,通过脊柱三维运动试验机,对标本施加前屈／后伸、侧弯和轴向旋转等６种力偶矩（１０Ｎ．ｍ）,由脊柱三维运动分析系统得到腰椎节段的运动范围。结果：双侧峡部断裂后,腰椎前屈／后伸及左／右旋转运动范围分别增加２６．６％、５５．９％、１００．９％、１１５．８％,较正常标本有显著性增大,而左／右侧弯变化不大。结论：峡部对腰椎三维稳定具有重要的力学作用,双侧峡部裂导致腰椎不稳。     

红核的定态与定位研究

本文调查了41只整脑82个红核的空间形态和位置。在三维切面上作2毫米厚的连续切片,获得资料:红核的长径、宽径、高径;体积,“靶心”座标值;通过还原、重建,绘画出三维空间投影轮廓图;红核为左右略扁,上下偏高的卵园形灰质柱,在脑内空间的整体构型是呈后倾外斜外偏转态。     

Membrane currents in lizard motor nerve terminals and nodes of Ranvier

Presynaptic membrane currents were recorded by external electrodes and nodal membrane currents were obtained by the voltage clamp technique in motor nerve endings and nodes of Ranvier of the lizard Anolis carolinensis. Although of compact shape, lizard motor endings display relatively long terminal branches; they exhibit, in agreement with previous findings in mouse and frog motor terminals, Na, Ca and K conductances, the latter consisting of a voltage- and a Ca-dependent type. Lizard nodes of Ranvier, like those of the frog, but unlike those of the mouse, exhibit a K conductance. These observations provide an explanation for the differences and similarities in presynaptic wave form configuration between the lizard and the other two species.     

Membrane currents in lizard motor nerve terminals and nodes of Ranvier

Presynaptic membrane currents were recorded by external electrodes and nodal membrane currents were obtained by the voltage clamp technique in motor nerve endings and nodes of Ranvier of the lizard Anolis carolinensis. Although of compact shape, lizard motor endings display relatively long terminal branches; they exhibit, in agreement with previous findings in mouse and frog motor terminals, Na, Ca and K conductances, the latter consisting of a voltage- and a Ca-dependent type. Lizard nodes of Ranvier, like those of the frog, but unlike those of the mouse, exhibit a K conductance. These observations provide an explanation for the differences and similarities in presynaptic wave form configuration between the lizard and the other two species.     

Pineal-retinal molecular relationships: distribution of "S-antigen" in the pineal complex

The immunocytochemical localization of S-antigen, a specific protein first discovered in retinal photoreceptors, was studied in the pineal complex of vertebrates (eel, pike, frog, lizard, passerines, mouse, hamster) using monoclonal antibody immunofluorescence. S-antigen immunoreactivity was demonstrated concurrently in retinal photoreceptors and in most pineal phototransducers of all species, i.e. in pineal cells of the receptor series (cone-like, modified photoreceptor cells, pinealocytes) and in cone-like photoreceptors of the frog frontal organ and lizard parietal eye. The labelling was distributed either in all compartments of these cells, or restricted to outer segments. The functional significance of the S-antigen as well as some phylogenetic and ontogenic implication of this marker are discussed.     

The stereoscanning electron microscopy and ultrastructural histochemistry of the avian and reptilian surfactant systems: Indian dove,desert spiny and taiwan golden skink lizards

Lung tissues from the Indian dove, Scardafella inca, desert spiny lizard, Sceloporus magister, and the Taiwan golden skink lizard, Mabuya aurates, were studied by transmission electron microscopy utilizing ruthenium red as a carbohydrate stain and with the so-called lipid-carbohydrate retention procedures to elucidate the morphology of the surfactant systems. Stereoscopic scanning electron microscopic procedures were utilized for a comparative anatomical study of these three species, and the results were compared with the rat and frog in the companion article. The avian lung tissues demonstrated several peculiarities. The ciliated epithelial cells of the bronchus had cytoplasmic ciliated projections between the boundaries of mucus secreting cells. The discrete morphology of the main bronchus, secondary bronchi, parabronchi, and the air capillaries, and their three-dimensional morphologic perspective were elucidated. The skink illustrated an arrangement of primary, secondary, and tertiary septa, with elaborate tertiary septal pits, similar to the amphibian. All septa contained a solid connective tissue core. The desert lizard was similar to the skink except the tertiary septal pits were rudimentary. All three species had a modified great alveolar pneumocyte and a laminated surfactant which included a carbohydrate matrix material between layered phospholipid-based membranes. The ruthenium red additionally stained the homogeneous surface-lining material. A comparative analysis of the surfactant systems of these three species with each other, and with the rodent and amphibian in the companion article, were discussed in terms of phylogenetic origin.     

TRK neurotrophin receptor-like proteins in the kidney of frog (Rana esculenta) and lizard (Podarcis sicula): an immunohistochemical study

The present study investigates the occurrence of Trk-like neurotrophin receptor proteins in the lizard and frog kidney. In lizard rare TrkB-like immunoreactive cells in intermediate and distal tubules were found. TrkC-like immunoreactive cells were numerous in collecting tubules and became less numerous in collecting ducts. No TrkC-like immunoreactivity was detected in the ureteric duct. In the frog, we observed numerous TrkC-like immunoreactive cells in collecting tubules and ducts while they were scattered among negative epithelial cells in the wolffian duct. TrkB- and TrkA-like immunoreactivity was never found. Western blot analysis demonstrated that the frog and lizard kidney contains TrkC-like protein; TrkB-like protein was present only in the lizard kidney. These results demonstrate for the first time the occurrence of Trk-like proteins in the kidney of amphibians and reptiles, and aid in the assessment of the role of Trk receptor-like proteins in the kidney physiology of vertebrates.     

TRK neurotrophin receptor-like proteins in the kidney of frog (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Rana esculenta</Emphasis>) and lizard (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Podarcis sicula</Emphasis>): an immunohistochemical study

The present study investigates the occurrence of Trk-like neurotrophin receptor proteins in the lizard and frog kidney. In lizard rare TrkB-like immunoreactive cells in intermediate and distal tubules were found. TrkC-like immunoreactive cells were numerous in collecting tubules and became less numerous in collecting ducts. No TrkC-like immunoreactivity was detected in the ureteric duct. In the frog, we observed numerous TrkC-like immunoreactive cells in collecting tubules and ducts while they were scattered among negative epithelial cells in the wolffian duct. TrkB- and TrkA-like immunoreactivity was never found. Western blot analysis demonstrated that the frog and lizard kidney contains TrkC-like protein; TrkB-like protein was present only in the lizard kidney. These results demonstrate for the first time the occurrence of Trk-like proteins in the kidney of amphibians and reptiles, and aid in the assessment of the role of Trk receptor-like proteins in the kidney physiology of vertebrates.     

四种脊椎动物血细胞亚显微结构的比较观察

用透射电镜观察了罗非鱼、虎纹蛙、家鸽和家兔各类血细胞的亚显微结构、结果表明：鱼、蛙。鸽的红细胞呈长椭圆形、长梭形或长橄榄形，有核，核周异染色质明显：而兔的红呈两面凹陷的圆盘状、无核、胞内充满血红蛋白、鱼、蛙、鸽血中尚见到血栓细胞，其形状与红细胞相似，体积较小，胞核较大；兔血小板呈不规则形，无核。鱼、蛙、鸽、兔的白细胞，形状结构基本相似，除能见到核和细胞器之外，胞质内的特殊颗粒以及细胞伸出的伪足、微     

Phylogenetic study on distribution and chromogranin/secretogranin content of histamine immunoreactive elements in the gut

The distribution of histamine-immunoreactive (HA-IR) elements and possible coexistence of chromogranin A (CgA), chromogranin B (CgB) and secretogranin II (SgII) were immunohistochemically studied in gut specimens of various vertebrate species. In fish, HA-IR cells were distributed mainly within the gastric and duodenal mucosa, and nerve fibres in the gastric myenteric plexus. Only the gastric HA-IR cells co-stored SgII. In frog specimens, HA-IR endocrine cells and nerve fibres were found in the distal stomach wall, but SgII coexisted only in the nerve fibres. In lizard, HA-IR endocrine cells were widely distributed from the oesophagus to the small intestine, but only those in the stomach co-stored CgA, CgB and SgII. In chick, HA-IR cells were found in the proventriculus and almost all co-stored all three proteins. In rat, HA-IR cells were accumulated in the oxyntic mucosa and all of them constantly immunostained for CgA only.     

Calcium modulates the frequency and amplitude of spontaneous otoacoustic emissions in the bobtail skink

Active processes in the inner ear of lizards can be monitored using spontaneous otoacoustic emissions (SOAE) measured outside the eardrum. In the Australian bobtail lizard, SOAE are generated by an active motility process in the hair-cell bundle. This mechanism has been shown to be sensitive to the calcium-chelating agent 1,2-bis(o-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid and is presumed to be related to the calcium-sensitive transduction-channel motor implicated in other nonmammalian hair cell systems. In studies of frog saccular and turtle auditory papillar hair cells in vitro, the frequency and amplitude of bundle oscillations depend on the concentration of calcium in the bathing solutions. In the present study, the calcium concentration in the endolymph was changed in vivo in the Australian bobtail lizard Tiliqua rugosa, and SOAE were monitored. Glass pipettes with large tips and containing different calcium concentrations in their fluids were introduced into scala media, and their contents were allowed to passively flow into the endolymph. Low calcium concentrations resulted in a downward shift in the frequency of SOAE spectral peaks and generally an increase in their amplitudes. Calcium concentrations > 2 mM resulted in increases in frequency of SOAE peaks and generally a loss in amplitude. These frequency shifts were consistent with in vitro data on the frequencies and amplitudes of spontaneous oscillation of hair cell bundles and thus also implicate calcium ions in the generation of active motility in nonmammalian hair cells. The data also suggest that in this lizard species, the ionic calcium concentration in the cochlear endolymph is > or = 1 mM.     

Blood parasites in two co-existing species of lizards (Zootoca vivipara and Lacerta agilis)

We investigated the occurrence of blood parasites of two lizard species: the common or viviparous lizard (Zootoca vivipara) and the sand lizard (Lacerta agilis) in western Poland. Selected traits of lizard body morphology were studied with respect to the presence and intensity of haematozoan infection in blood samples collected from 218 adult lizards; 88 of the common lizard and 130 of the sand lizard. Haemogregarinid blood parasites were found to be the common parasite of both lizard species in studied locality with prevalence 39.8 (95% CL, 29.5–50.8) for Z. vivipara and 22.3 (95% CL, 15.5–30.4) for L. agilis. Incidence of parasitemia did not differ between sexes and was not correlated with morphological traits or presence of ectoparasites—Ixodes ricinus ticks. However, a significant difference between the two species of lizards was a greater frequency of haemogregarinid parasitism in Z. vivipara.