扩髓的带锁髓内钉治疗复杂的粉碎性股骨干骨折

目的评价扩髓的带锁髓内钉在复杂粉碎性股骨干骨折中的应用价值.方法采用扩髓的带锁髓内钉治疗26例复杂的粉碎性股骨干骨折.结果26例平均随访18(16～20)个月,骨折全部愈合,下肢功能良好,其中1例因过早负重导致短缩畸形.结论扩髓的带锁髓内钉治疗复杂的粉碎性股骨干骨折具有创伤小,出血少,固定牢靠,能早期活动,促进骨折愈合的特点,疗效甚好.     

p53和p21在骨巨细胞瘤中的表达及临床意义

目的 评价扩髓的带锁髓内钉要复杂粉碎性股骨干骨折中的应用价值。方法 采用手髓的带锁髓内钉治疗26例复杂的粉碎性股骨干骨折。结果 26例平均随访18（16－20）个月，骨折全部愈合，下肢功能良好，其中1例因过早负重导致短缩畸形。结论 扩髓的带锁髓内钉治疗复杂的粉碎性股骨干骨折具有创伤小，出血少，固定牢靠，能早期活动，促进骨折愈合的特点，疗效甚好。     

带锁髓内钉固定股骨干骨折中扩髓骨泥的临床应用

目的探讨带锁髓内钉固定股骨干骨折中扩髓骨泥回植预防骨不连发生的方法及疗效。方法回顾2003年5月至2007年5月采用带锁髓内钉治疗股骨干骨折89例,其中50例作为植骨组行带锁髓内钉固定并将扩髓时产生的骨泥回植于骨折端,其余49例作为对照组,行单纯固定,分别随访其临床疗效。结果随访89例患者,植骨组骨愈合率98．0％,对照组骨愈合率93．9％。结论带锁髓内钉固定治疗股骨干骨折时回植扩髓骨泥于骨折端可减少骨不连的发生率。     

不扩髓带锁髓内钉治疗胫骨骨折32例

目的 :探讨不扩髓带锁髓内钉治疗胫骨骨折的临床疗效。方法 :采用不扩髓带锁髓内钉治疗胫骨骨折 ,闭合复位 2 3例 ,切开复位 9例。结果 :随访半年以上 2 3例 ,骨折全部愈合。结论 :应用不扩髓带锁髓内钉治疗胫骨骨折治愈率高 ,并发症少。     

带定位器的交锁髓内钉治疗下肢骨折

目的：总结分析带定位器的交锁髓内钉治疗股骨干骨折和胫骨干骨折的效果及特点。方法：治疗股骨骨折17例,胫骨骨折23例,按AO分类法,对A、B型骨折,采用开放复位扩髓,静力交锁髓内钉固定;对C型骨折,采用闭合复位并扩髓,静力交锁髓内钉固定。结果：除1例A1型股骨干骨折远端上锁失败外,其余均完成远近端加锁。平均随访7．4个月,40例全部愈合,平均愈合时间3．3个月。结论：定位器的设计,简化了上锁过程,提高了成功率,对股骨干和胫骨干骨折采用带定位器的交锁髓内钉治疗,固定效果好,并发症少。     

带锁髓内钉治疗股骨干转移瘤

目的：应用带锁髓内钉对股骨干转移瘤的外科治疗。方法：采用带锁髓内钉治疗股骨干转移瘤共12例。结果：术后改善生存质量，便于护理，早期活动，进行其它治疗，预防其它并发症，延长寿命。结论：（1）重视股骨干转移瘤未骨折的预防性治疗。（2）已发生病理性骨折的股骨干转移瘤采用带锁髓内钉内固定是有效的治疗方法，遵守手术操作要点，争取骨折愈合。（3）带锁髓内钉优点是通过股骨干中轴线固定，骨折远端可安装锁钉提供骨折愈合的稳定；负重时骨折端均匀承受轴的压力，可促进骨痂形成；术中扩髓有利于骨痂形成。     

带锁髓内钉固定并植骨治疗股骨干粉碎性骨折的疗效观察

目的 :探讨带锁髓内钉治疗股骨干粉碎性骨折的临床疗效和优点。方法 :回顾性分析自 1996年 4月～ 2 0 0 3年 6月股骨干粉碎性骨折 78例 ,采用有限切口切开复位 ,带锁髓内钉扩髓 ,静力型固定骨折端并植骨。根据骨折部位生长情况改为动力型固定。结果 :5 6例获得随访 ,随访 5～ 10月 (平均 7 5个月 ) ,所有病例 6～ 9个月内达到临床愈合。临近关节功能达正常 ,无感染、断钉等并发症。结论 :带锁髓内钉静力固定能有效控制骨折处的剪应力 ,同时对骨折有一定的加压作用 ,可提供早期坚强的内固定 ,骨折愈合快 ,并发症少 ,是治疗股骨干粉碎性骨折的理想方法。     

带锁非扩髓型髓内钉治疗老年肱骨干骨折

目的 探讨使用带锁非扩髓型髓内钉治疗老年肱骨干骨折的方法,并对其疗效进行评估.方法 从2002～2005年应用带锁非扩髓型髓内钉治疗老年肱骨干骨折9例,术后至少随访6个月.结果 9例老年肱骨干骨折全部愈合,愈合率100%.结论 带锁非扩髓型髓内钉治疗老年肱骨干骨折,具有损伤小、锁钉不易松动、固定可靠、早期活动、从而达到骨折愈合等优点.     

股骨干骨折带锁髓内钉内固定术后影响患者下肢功能恢复的因素分析

目的通过对股骨带锁髓内钉治疗股骨干骨折患者分析,探讨影响术后下肢功能恢复的不利因素。方法对329例股骨干骨折行带锁髓内钉内固定术患者进行随访,其中单纯股骨干骨折294例、股骨干骨折合并转子下骨折35例。结果平均随访15个月(6～24个月),患者总有效率为95.44%,Barthel指数评分较术前显著改善。出现远端锁钉失败21例、骨折端劈裂5例、骨折延迟愈合12例、骨不连3例、膝关节屈曲受限23例、断主钉1例。结论扩髓型带锁髓内钉治疗股骨干骨折,疗效肯定,但需注意术前选钉合理、术中操作规范、术后康复训练指导应及时科学。     

不扩髓带锁髓内钉治疗股骨骨折32例

目的：探讨不扩髓带锁髓内钉治疗胫骨骨折的临床疗效。方法：采用不扩髓带锁髓内钉治疗胫骨骨折，闭合复位23例，切开复位9例。结果：随访半年以上23例，骨折全部愈合。结论：应用不扩髓带锁髓内钉治疗胫骨骨折治愈率高，并发症少。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.