146例小儿阴囊急症的诊治分析

目的:总结小儿阴囊急症的诊断及急诊手术探查治疗的经验。方法:回顾性分析10年来收治的146例小儿阴囊急症的临床资料。急性附睾炎68例(46.5%),睾丸扭转48例(32.8%),睾丸附件扭转19例(13%),其余为急性阴囊感染,急性睾丸炎,特发性阴囊水肿,阴囊血肿。前3种疾病共135例,占92.4%。结果:急诊手术探查95例(65%),急性附睾炎51.4%(35/68),睾丸扭转95.8%(46/48),睾丸附件扭转73.6%(14/19)。48例睾丸扭转者中,37例睾丸梗死,结论:小儿阴囊急症的正确诊断十分重要,对疑有睾丸扭转的应积极手术探查。     

腹横纹切口保留睾丸引带阴囊皮下睾丸固定术治疗隐睾症的 …

为了研究治疗先天性隐睾症的最佳术式，以提高隐睾症的治疗水平，采用腹横纹切口保留睾丸引带阴囊皮下睾丸固定术（研究组）治疗隐睾症９６例１１０枚，获得随访者９４例１０８枚，同时采用患侧下腹斜切口肉膜囊睾丸固定术（对照组）治疗隐睾症５０例６２枚。结果研究组睾丸大小及硬度优９４枚，占８７．０％，良９枚，占８．３％，差５枚，占４．６％；睾丸位置优９３枚，占８６．１％，良９枚，占８．３％，差６枚，占５．６％；无     

肉膜外窝睾丸固定术治疗睾丸扭转

我院自１９９５年以来采用肉膜外窝睾丸固定术治疗睾丸扭转６例，疗效满意，现报告如下。１　资料与方法１．１　临床资料本组６例，年龄９～１６岁，平均１３岁。左侧睾丸扭转４例，右侧２例。２例在剧烈活动后出现睾丸疼痛，４例夜间突然睾丸疼痛，病程２～６ｈ。体检：６例睾丸均上抬，有轻中度肿大，质硬，触痛明显，上托睾丸疼痛加重，提睾肌反射消失。多普勒超声显示６例扭转侧睾丸血流灌注减少。１．２　手术方法取患侧阴囊前外侧壁无血管区横切口，长１．５～２．５ｃｍ。依层切开皮肤、肉膜、精索外筋膜，深达鞘膜壁层之外（鞘膜可…     

隐睾扭转和睾丸附件扭转各1例报告

隐睾扭转易误诊为嵌顿疝,睾丸扭转伴附件扭转发生率低,文献报道极少。本组２例均经彩色多普勒血流显像确立诊断和及时作出正确处理,现报告如下,并作分析讨论。临床资料例１　１８岁,无诱因右腹股沟肿物逐渐增大伴刀割样疼痛１０天就诊,体查：体温正常,右腹股沟肿物４ｃｍ×３ｃｍ,压痛明显,边界清,固定,右阴囊内未触及睾丸。采用ＡＴＬ公司的超９ＨＤＩ型全数字彩色声像仪检查示：右腹股沟３．６８ｃｍ×２．１ｃｍ包块,其内部回声均匀,未测到彩色血流信号。诊断：右侧隐睾扭转。急诊手术所见：右腹股沟处睾丸及附睾肿大６ｃｍ…     

主动脉瓣替换术后近期及晚期左心室功能随访

目的：评价主动脉瓣替换（ＡＶＲ）术后左心功能的近期及其远期效果。方法：对１９７８年１２月至１９９６年１２月期间连续１２９例单纯行ＡＶＲ的病人进行分析。结果：术前Ｂ超示左心室舒张末期内径（ＬＶＥＤＤ）、收缩末期内径（ＬＶＥＳＤ）分别为（６４．５±９．３）ｍｍ、（４４．７±９．９）ｍｍ,术后１４天至３个月分别为（５１．９±７．２）ｍｍ、（３１．５±４．５）ｍｍ（Ｐ＜０．０１）;术后１～２年分别为（４７．６±６．１）ｍｍ、（２９．５±５．４）ｍｍ（Ｐ＜０．０１）。手术死亡率３．９％。术后随访６个月至１６年,平均４．４年,累计随访５０１病人·年。晚期死亡６例（１．２％病人·年）,５年及１０年生存率分别为８９．３％、７７．３％。血栓栓塞及与抗凝有关的出血率分别为０．８％病人·年、１．０％病人·年。结论：ＡＶＲ术后９５％病人的心功能恢复至Ｉ或Ｉ级,长期效果满意。故主动脉瓣病变、ＬＶＥＤＤ扩大并出现症状的病人,应行主动脉瓣替换术。     

胃切除术后复发性溃疡65例临床分析

１９６４～１９９２年间，我院手术治疗胃切除术后复发溃疡６５例。原发溃疡为十二指肠溃疡者占９４．６％。本组中有严重并发症３６例（５５．４％），其中大出血１５例（２５．９％），急性穿孔１２例（１８．５％），梗阻７例（１０．８％），胃空肠结肠瘘２例（３．１％）。复发溃疡的发病原因：胃切除不足２８例（４３．１％），胃窦残留９例（１３．９％），输入袢过长２例（３．１％），胃素瘤５例（７．７％），间置空肠１例     

选择性肺动脉灌注抗癌药治疗晚期肺癌

对５３例确诊为晚期肺癌丧失手术时机的病人，应用选择性肺动脉插管灌注抗癌药物进行治疗取得良好疗效：完全缓解２０例（３７．７％）、部分缓解１７例（３２．１％）、好转１０例（１８．９％）、稳定５例（９．４％）、恶化１例（１．９％）。全组病人均得到随访：生存３月占９４．３％、６月占８２．１％、１年占６５．５％、２年占５７．１％、３年占５０％。我们对肺脏肺动脉供血及灌注作用和如何提高疗效进行了讨论。     

小儿睾丸及睾丸附件扭转的诊治（附65例报告）

目的提高小儿睾丸及睾丸附件扭转的临床诊治水平。方法回顾分析我院近10年间65例小儿睾丸及睾丸附件扭转患者的临床表现、辅助检查以及诊断治疗方法。结果65例患儿中，睾丸扭转33例，睾丸附件扭转32例，58例（89％）患儿存在阴囊肿胀或疼痛表现，7例伴有恶心、发热等症状。63例进行手术治疗，行睾丸或睾丸附件切除54例（86％）。结论小儿睾丸及睾丸附件扭转是儿外科急症，早期正确的诊断和及时的手术治疗是保存睾丸的关键。     

胸椎管狭窄的诊断与手术治疗

目的：探讨与总结胸椎管狭窄的诊断与治疗经验。方法：对２３例通过症状、体征及ＭＲＩ诊断的胸椎管狭窄病人经后路椎板切除减压术,术后进行疗效随访与评估。结果：２３例共随访到１９例,其中１例３个节段,进行了３次手术。随访时间１～９年,其中优２８．６％（６例）,良３３．３％（７例）,中１９．０％（４例）,差１９．０％（４例）,优良率为６１．９％。结论：在术中ＳＥＰ或ＭＥＰ肌电监护下进行后路胸椎管减压是治疗胸椎管狭窄的较好手段。     

离断性肾盂成形术治疗小儿先天性肾积水

为探讨小儿先天性肾积水手术治疗方法，对１９８８～１９９５年间１１７例肾积水进行总结。离断性肾盂成形术１１２例、肾盂ＹＶ成形术４例，盂管部纵切横缝１例；离断性肾盂成形术一期治愈９９例（８８．４％），延期拔肾造瘘管１０例（９．０％），手术失败３例（２．６％）。离断性肾盂成形术设计合理，成功率高，优于其它手术方法，应作为小儿先天性肾积水的首选手术方法。     

阴囊急症临床特点分析

目的:探讨阴囊急症的鉴别诊断与治疗方法。方法:回顾性总结316例阴囊急症患者的临床特点,结合文献进行分析。结果:急性附睾炎117例(37.0%),急性睾丸炎76例(24.1%),急性鞘膜炎39例(12.3%),急性阴囊感染23例(7.3%),睾丸损伤21例(6.6%),特发性阴囊水肿17例(5.4%),睾丸扭转16例(5.1%),阴囊坏疽7例(2.2%)。手术治疗81例,非手术治疗235例。其中1例阴囊坏疽拒绝手术引流而死于中毒性休克。睾丸扭转患者Prehn's征均阳性,经手术治疗后恢复良好。结论:阴囊急症对男性健康危害较大,早期准确诊断十分重要,尽早采用针对性的处理措施是关键。     

Is the vanished testis always a scrotal event?

OBJECTIVE: To determine if perinatal testicular torsion resulting in a vanished testis is an event that primarily occurs in the scrotum. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The records of 54 boys identified as having a solitary testis were reviewed. The side of absence, size of the solitary testis, method of surgical evaluation (scrotal, inguinal or abdominal), surgical findings and histology of the tissue removed were noted. RESULTS: The testis was absent twice as often on the left side, the solitary testis was hypertrophic in 25 of 42 boys in whom it was evaluated, and tissue grossly or histologically consistent with a testicular 'nubbin' was removed in 52 boys. Scrotal (47) or inguinal (seven) exploration was carried out in all. Laparoscopy (28) or abdominal exploration (two) was undertaken to confirm that no testicular tissue was present in the abdomen in 30 boys, including the two in whom no tissue was found on scrotal or inguinal exploration. CONCLUSIONS: Perinatal testicular torsion occurs after descent but before fixation of the tunica vaginalis to the scrotal wall. These testes atrophy, leaving a remnant of tissue in the scrotum that can be identified on scrotal exploration in almost all cases. Therefore, it is recommended that the evaluation of the child with a solitary palpable testis start with scrotal exploration. Laparoscopy should be reserved for those in whom no tissue consistent with a testicular nubbin is found in the scrotum.     

Etiology of acute scrotum in 100 boys with regard to age distribution

A review of 100 boys less than 15 years old who were hospitalized for an acute scrotum revealed that the most common causes of the disorder were testicular torsion, including torsion of the spermatic cord (42 per cent) and torsion of the appendages (32 per cent). The remaining 26 per cent of the cases were owing to idiopathic scrotal edema (8 per cent), epididymitis and orchitis (6 per cent each), and incarcerated hernia and acute hematocele (3 per cent each). The age distribution of these children was biphasic, with the highest frequency in newborns (with exclusively extravaginal torsion) and in boys 13 years old, whereas in boys with appendiceal torsion the single peak frequency was at age 10 years. While idiopathic scrotal edema occurred in children less than 7 years old and orchitis in patients more than 12 years old, epididymitis was observed in young boys and those of pubertal age.     

Two cases of intrascrotal tumors complicated acute scrotum

We report 2 rare cases of intrascrotal tumors complicated acute scrotum. Case 1: A 15-year-old adolescent presented to our emergency room with acute right scrotal pain. Testicular torsion was suspected, and surgical exploration was performed. A spermatocele with 180 degrees torsion on its pedicle was observed. The patient was diagnosed with torsion of a spermatocele, and it was excised. Case 2: A 25-year-old man presented with acute left scrotal pain. Testicular torsion was suspected, and manual detorsion relieved the pain effectively. However, scrotal swelling did not subside after detorsion, and surgical exploration was performed. The left testis was stony hard on palpation, and intraoperative ultrasound revealed a mosaic echo pattern. A testicular tumor was highly suspected and left high orchiectomy was performed. Histopathological examination revealed seminoma pT1. Torsion of a testicular tumor was diagnosed. Although these 2 cases are extremely rare, they should be considered for the differential diagnosis of acute scrotum.     

新生儿睾丸扭转8例诊治分析

目的 探讨新生儿睾丸扭转临床特点及诊治方法.方法 回顾性分析我院近5年收治的8例睾丸扭转新生儿的临床资料并复习相关文献.结果 新生儿睾丸扭转共8例;年龄7h~8d;左侧3例,右侧5例;入院查体均发现阴囊肿大呈暗红色或黑紫色,内可及质硬包块,触痛阳性;超声检查示患睾增大、密度不均、血流信号减少或消失;均行阴囊探查术,术中均发现精索睾丸扭转并已坏死,7例行患睾切除;病理结果示睾丸大片出血坏死,5例择期行对侧睾丸固定术.所有患儿随诊3~12月,1例家长拒绝切除患睾的患儿3月时B超复查已经萎缩,超声检查均未发现对侧睾丸异常.结论 新生儿睾丸扭转的睾丸坏死率极高;当发现新生儿阴囊色泽改变、肿大触痛等改变,在不能除外睾丸扭转时应尽早行阴囊探查术.     

Etiology of acute scrotum at surgical exploration in children, adolescents and adults.

Between January 1970 and December 1989, 171 patients underwent scrotal exploration for acute scrotum (an acute painful swelling of the scrotum or its content), at our hospital. Of 70 children scrotal explorations, torsion of appendages was found in 33 cases (47%). Torsion of testis was found in 24 patients (34%). Of the 84 adolescent scrotal explorations performed, 72 (86%) had torsion of testis, and 8 (9%) had torsion of appendages. Of 17 adults, torsion of testis was found in 15 cases (88%). These results clarify that unnecessary explorations are much more common in children (66%) than in adolescents and adults (14%). We therefore suggest using radionuclear scans and/or Doppler ultrasound to facilitate clinical diagnosis in the children group.     

Management of acute scrotum in children--the impact of Doppler ultrasound

Background

Investigation of the value of scrotal Doppler ultrasound (DUS) in the diagnosis of acute scrotum and its impact on the treatment strategy was undertaken.

Method

Seventy-nine children (mean age, 9.2 years) with acute scrotum were prospectively studied. The protocol included history, clinical examination, scrotal DUS, and standard laboratory analysis. Depending on scrotal DUS findings, the children were treated either nonoperatively (normal or increased testicular blood flow) or surgically (reduced or absent testicular blood flow). A follow-up investigation 6 weeks after discharge included a scrotal DUS.

Results

In 66 children (84%), the result of DUS determined the management; 26 children with hyperperfusion (epididymitis and orchitis), 18 children with appendix testis torsion (ATT), and 9 children with normal perfusion (edema and hematoma) were treated nonoperatively. The follow-up examination revealed no testicular atrophy and confirmed the primary diagnosis. Ten children without testicular perfusion and suspected torsion and 3 children with orchitis and pyocele were surgically explored, and again, the initial DUS diagnosis was verified. In the remaining 13 patients (16%), the result of the ultrasound examination was unclear. Of these, 6 children were noncompliant and refused to undergo ultrasonography. Another 4 children were explored because of persistence of symptoms. In 3 additional patients, a testicular tumor was suspected. All these 13 children underwent surgical exploration, revealing inflammation (epididymitis) in 6 children and acute ATT in 4 children, whereas the suspected tumor emerged as postacute ATT in 3 boys.

Conclusion

In 84% of children with acute scrotal pain, the DUS was able to differentiate between surgical emergencies and other etiologies. In 16% of our pediatric patients, the DUS remained unclear, thereby necessitating surgical exploration.     

Clinical study on acute scrotum]

Between April 1986 and July 1990, we experienced 13 cases of acute scrotum with surgical exploration. Six of the patients had torsion of the spermatic cord; three had torsion of an appendix of the epididymis, one had torsion of a testicular appendix, one had testicular rupture, one had acute epididymitis and one was normal. Their ages ranged from 3 months to 55 years (mean: 17.7 years), and the patients with torsion of the spermatic cord ranged from 5 to 25 years in age (mean: 16.3 years). No specific symptoms, signs, or laboratory findings were noted in patients with torsion of the spermatic cord. In the majority of cases, scrotal swelling and redness of the scrotal skin were present, and we could not distinguish parts of the scrotal contents. From 2 to 92 hours had passed before the patients presented, and patients who first attended other clinics tended to be treated in an inappropriate manner. Orchidopexy was performed in all patients with torsion of the spermatic cord. At present, only one testis which was treated after a delay of 92 hours has proven to be atrophic. Early consultation of a urological clinic and early surgical exploration are important in the treatment of the acute scrotum.     

Clinical review of acute scrotum in children]

BACKGROUND: The acute scrotum in children frequently presents a diagnostic dilemma. The objective of this study is to review the experience of patients with acute scrotum in children. METHODS: From April 1986 until March 1998, we encountered 40 cases of acute scrotum in children less than 15 years old diagnosed by surgical exploration. RESULTS: Final diagnoses consisted of 14 patients with torsion of the spermatic cord (35%), 22 patients with torsion of the testicular appendage (55%), 3 patients with acute epididymitis (7.5%), and patient with a strangulated hernia (2.5%). Of 22 patients with torsion of the testicular appendage, which were the most frequent cause of acute scrotum, 20 had torsion of the testicular appendix and 2 had torsion of the epididymal appendix. The age distribution of the patients with torsion of the spermatic cord was biphasic, with the highest frequencies occurring in patients 2 years old and 14 years old. In contrast, the age distribution of patients with torsion of appendage showed a single peak incidence at 9 years of age. Those with epididymitis were younger than 2 years old. Of 14 cases of torsion of the spermatic cord, orchiectomy was performed in 6 cases (42.9%) because of testicular necrosis. CONCLUSION: Although surgical exploration is no longer necessary for all patients with torsion of the appendage, this review revealed that patients complaining of severe or persistent pain usually require surgery to diagnose and treat the problem.     

精索扭转的循证诊断与治疗

目的:系统评价精索扭转的诊断及处理方法。方法:计算机检索Cochrane图书馆、PubMed、维普资讯、CNKI,查找有关精索扭转的随机对照研究,检索时限均为1990~2012年,研究者对文献质量进行严格评价和资料提取,采用盲法分析。结果:共纳入27篇文献,3 541例患者纳入研究。结果表明:多普勒彩超在诊断阴囊急症明显优于常规超声,成为阴囊急症的首选影像学诊断方法;对任何年龄段的急性阴囊疼痛的患者均应行手术探查,没有足够的证据支持单侧精索扭转行对侧睾丸固定;精索扭转对于患侧睾丸生育功能的影响会随着患者年龄的增长而增加,对于健侧睾丸的影响尚存在争议。结论:对于有阴囊症状的患者应及时行阴囊多普勒彩超筛查,对于已确认精索扭转患者及阴囊急症患者应立即行阴囊手术探查,根据具体情况以决定是否行双侧睾丸固定术,对患者生育功能应加强随访。