中国八省成人膳食结构变化趋势分析——中国八省实例研究

目的 :　探讨 1 991～ 1 997年中国成人膳食结构的变化趋势。方法 :　利用“中国居民健康与营养调查”的资料 ,选取 1 991、1 993和 1 997年调查中 1 8～ 6 5岁健康成人作为研究对象 ,以能量、蛋白质、视黄醇等营养素的摄入量占推荐摄入量 (RNI)的百分比及谷类食物、动物性食物提供的能量和蛋白质在摄入的总能量和蛋白质中所占的比例作为营养素摄入和膳食状况评价的指标 ,分析中国成人膳食结构的变化趋势。以 SAS软件对数据库资料进行统计分析。结果及结论 :　1 991～ 1 997年在城市、郊区和县城 ,成人动物性食物 ,特别是畜肉类和蛋类食物的消费量显著提高 ,植物性食物的消费量下降。农村居民的膳食构成无显著变化 ,总体膳食质量仍然较差 ,成人膳食消费的城乡差异在加大。各社区成人能量和蛋白质的摄入基本满足需要 ,脂肪供热比显著提高 ,豆类食物的摄入量变化不大 ,奶类的消费仍处于极低水平     

吃油不要太单一

不同食用油中脂肪酸含量对膳食平衡有着重要影响。中国营养学会在《中国居民膳食营养素参考摄入量》中推荐：中国居民成人膳食脂肪摄入量应占总能量的20％～30％,其中饱和脂肪酸、单不饱和脂肪酸、多不饱和脂肪酸的总摄入比例应接近,三种脂肪酸比例约在1：1：1左右。     

中国不同地区膳食脂质摄入量的分析

１９９２年中国总膳食研究在１９９０年的基础上做了适当的改进,将城市和农村的样品分别进行分析。本文报道了该项研究中膳食脂质部分的结果（包括总脂肪、胆固醇、脂肪酸）。除南方二区外,同一地区的城市和农村居民在脂肪、胆固醇的摄入量上有较大的差异。北方二区农村居民的脂肪摄入量明显不足,而北方一区城市居民脂质的摄入量较高,胆固醇摄入量已超过每人每日３００ｍ ｇ 的水平。南方居民膳食脂肪中多不饱和脂肪酸所占比例低而单不饱和脂肪酸所占比例高。基于以上分析,作者认为我国居民膳食脂质摄入情况基本合理,但由于地域差异较大,在进行膳食指导时（如关于补充ＥＰＡ,ＤＨＡ 的问题）应对不同地区的情况进行具体分析,有针对性地提出建议     

1989-2009年中国九省区膳食营养素摄入状况及变化趋势(五)18-49岁成年居民膳食脂肪与胆固醇摄入状况及变化趋势

目的研究我国九省城乡居民1989~2009年膳食脂肪和胆固醇的摄入状况及变化趋势,为进行合理的膳食指导提供基础性资料。方法利用"中国居民健康与营养调查"的资料,选取1989、1991、1993、1997、2000、2004、2006、2009年八轮调查中18~49岁的健康成年居民作为研究对象,计算人群平均每日的脂肪摄入量、胆固醇摄入量、脂肪供能比和脂肪食物来源,并与中国居民膳食脂肪适宜摄入量进行比较。结果 1989~2009年,我国九省居民脂肪摄入量和胆固醇摄入量增加,脂肪供能比不断提高,至2009年成年男性已达到85.9g/d、291.1mg/d和31.1%,成年女性已达到72.4g/d、263.7mg/d和31.7%;脂肪供能比超过30%以及胆固醇平均摄入水平超过300mg/d的人群比例显著增加,至2009年成年男性已达到54.3%和40.5%,成年女性已达到55.6%和34.1%。结论我国九省城乡居民膳食结构发生了显著的变化,居民脂肪供能比以及胆固醇摄入量已超过或接近中国居民膳食脂肪参考摄入量的要求,应控制含脂肪和胆固醇高的食物的摄入量。     

广东省城市居民膳食结构现状及变化

目的通过居民营养调查,分析广东省城市居民膳食能量、蛋白质、脂肪结构现状及20年变化趋势。方法利用2010年广东省居民营养调查数据进行分析。膳食调查采用连续3 d 24 h回顾法,调味品消费量采用"称重法"。全省5个城市共调查3154户7421人,其中大城市1174户3040人,中小城市1980户4381人。结果广东省城市居民每标准人日能量摄入8803 kJ。20年来呈下降趋势。蛋白质与脂肪提供能量比例分别为16.6%和38.0%。从能量的食物来源看,谷类占总能量的36.1%,动物性食物占29.7%,纯热能食物占15.9%。蛋白质摄入量为69.4 g,粮谷类占22.5%,豆及豆制品占3.8%,动物性食物占57.7%,其他食物占15.9%。脂肪摄入量为74.4 g,49.2%来源于动物性食物。结论广东处于经济转型升级时期,城市居民的膳食特点是能量摄入量下降;谷类供能比下降,蛋白质摄入量下降。脂肪摄入量总体下降,但动物性食物摄入和脂肪提供的能量上升。     

1991～2009年中国九省区中老年居民膳食脂肪与胆固醇摄入状况及变化趋势

目的研究中国九省区中老年居民1991～2009年膳食脂肪和胆固醇的摄入状况及变化趋势。方法从"中国健康与营养调查"资料中选取1991、1993、1997、2000、2004、2006和2009年7轮调查50岁及以上的健康调查对象作为研究对象,计算人群平均每日的脂肪摄入量、胆固醇摄入量和脂肪供能比,并与中国居民膳食脂肪适宜摄入量进行比较。结果 1991～2009年,九省区中老年居民脂肪摄入量和胆固醇摄入量增加,脂肪供能比不断提高,至2009年男性中老年居民已达到81.9g/d、270.8mg/d和31.8%,女性中老年居民已达到70.4g/d、238.5mg/d和32.2%;脂肪供能比超过30%以及胆固醇平均摄入水平超过300mg/d的人群比例显著增加,至2009年男性中老年居民已达到54.7%和35.8%,女性中老年居民已达到56.9%和29.8%。结论 1991年以来中国九省区城乡中老年居民膳食结构发生了显著的变化,居民脂肪供能比以及胆固醇摄入量已超过或接近中国居民膳食脂肪参考摄入量的要求,应控制含脂肪和胆固醇高的食物的摄入量。     

2000～2004年天津市居民膳食营养状况调查

目的研究2000～2004年天津市城市居民膳食营养摄入状况。方法利用天津市统计局2000～2004年天津城市居民各种食物的消费量和人口资料,通过膳食计算和统计分析,研究天津市2000～2004年食物消费状况、各种营养素摄入及营养素的食物来源情况。结果天津市城市居民动物性食物、水果、蔬菜摄入较合理,蛋白质质量较好,谷类、奶类、豆类食物摄入偏低,维生素A、B1、B2、钙摄入量占推荐摄入量（RNIs）或适宜摄入量（AIs）百分比偏低,脂肪占总热量偏高（34%～35%）。结论天津城市居民膳食不均衡,部分微量营养素摄入不足,脂肪摄入偏高。应进一步加强合理营养教育,完善居民饮食结构,以满足平衡饮食和合理营养的要求。     

湖北省不同区域中老年居民膳食营养监测结果评价

目的探讨1991～2006年湖北省中老年居民膳食结构特点及变化趋势。方法利用"中国居民健康与营养调查"的资料,选取1991、1993、1997、2000、2004和2006年调查中45岁健康中老年居民作为研究对象。以能量、蛋白质、脂肪等营养素的摄入量占推荐摄入量(RNI)的百分比及谷类食物和动物性食物提供的能量和蛋白质在摄入的总能量和蛋白质中所占的比例作为营养素摄入和膳食状况评价的指标。结果2006年,城区、郊区、县城优质蛋白在总蛋白中所占比例均达到推荐摄入比例,但1991～2006农村居民动物性食物及豆类来源优质蛋白增幅较小,2006年优质蛋白在总蛋白质中比例仅为28.5%,低于推荐摄入比例。城区中老年居民每日脂肪功能比例偏高,其中1993、1997、2000及2006年的比例为31.3%、34.2%、35.5%和36.9%,均高于推荐摄入比例30%的上限;城区、郊区、县城及农村食用油脂消费量4个地区几乎全部超过中国居民膳食指南中平衡膳食宝塔每天最大消费30g的水平。结论城区、郊区和县城中老年居民动物性食物消费量显著提高,植物性食物的消费量下降,农村居民优质蛋白质摄入有待进一步提高。应控制湖北省城区居民食物中脂肪的摄入量和城区、郊区、县城及农村居民食用油脂的过高摄入状况。     

中国成人膳食脂肪酸摄入和食物来源状况分析

目的分析我国成人膳食脂肪酸摄入量及主要脂肪酸的食物来源。方法利用2002年中国居民营养与健康状况调查中3d24h回顾膳食调查结果,结合食物成分表中脂肪酸数据及补充测定的34种食物脂肪酸数据,对44905名成人(不包括孕妇和乳母)的膳食脂肪酸摄入量及食物来源进行分析。结果城市居民饱和脂肪酸(SFA)、单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)和多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)摄入量中位数分别为15.9、23.6和20.2,农村居民分别为13.8、23.4和13.7g/d;城市居民α亚麻酸(ALA)、二十碳五烯酸(EPA)、二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)、亚油酸(LA)和花生四烯酸(AA)摄入量中位数分别为2.3g/d、1.8mg/d、22.1mg/d、17.6g/d、45.4mg/d,农村居民分别为1.3g/d、0.0mg/d、6.0mg/d、11.3g/d、43.1mg/d。城市、农村居民膳食中S/M/P比值分别为1:1.4:1.3和1:1.5:1.1;n-6/n-3系列多不饱和脂肪酸比例分别为7.6和8.0。全国居民SFA、MUFA和PUFA供能百分比中位数分别为6.1、9.8和6.3。城市居民51.4%的膳食SFA来自动物性食物,农村为38.5%。城市和农村居民膳食中MUFA的主要来源是食用油和动物性食物。城市居民膳食脂肪中约50%的PUFA、n-6PUFA和n-3PUFA来自于豆油和色拉油;农村PUFA和n-6系列PUFA来源广泛。农村居民膳食n-3PUFA近一半来自于菜籽油。结论城乡居民SFA、MUFA、PUFA的摄入比例合理;与参考摄入量相比,城乡居民n-6/n-3PUFA比例偏高,应增加膳食中n-3系列PUFA摄入量所占比例。     

2015年中国十五省(区、市)18～64岁居民膳食脂肪摄入状况分析

目的分析2015中国十五省(区、市)18～64岁成年居民膳食脂肪摄入状况。方法本文数据来自2015年中国居民营养状况变迁的队列研究。将参加过此次调查并有完整的连续3d24h膳食回顾调查数据的18～64岁成年居民作为研究对象,分析调查对象膳食脂肪摄入量、供能比和食物来源,并与《中国居民膳食指南》(2016版)膳食脂肪推荐摄入量进行比较。结果结果显示,我国十五省(区、市)18～64岁成年居民2015年膳食脂肪摄入量为82.9g/d、膳食脂肪供能比为35.8%、膳食脂肪供能比超过30%的人群比例为67.9%;调查人群中来源于动物性食物、动物油、植物油和植物性食物的脂肪占膳食脂肪总量为35.9%、3.1%、40.8%和20.0%。结论我国十五省(区、市)18～64岁成年居民膳食脂肪摄入量较高,脂肪供能比已超过《中国居民膳食指南》(2016版)膳食脂肪推荐摄入量的要求,应控制含脂肪高的食物的摄入量。[营养学报,2019,41(2):118-121]     

Increasing trends in dietary total fat and fatty acid intake among Korean children: using the 2007–2017 national data

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVESThe prevalence of obesity has been increasing in Korean children. As an unhealthy diet is known as one of the major determinants of childhood obesity, assessing and monitoring dietary fat intake of children is needed.SUBJECTS/METHODSThis analysis included 9,998 children aged 3–11 yrs from the 2007–2017 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. Dietary data were obtained from a single 24-h dietary recall. Intakes of total fat and fatty acids, including saturated fatty acid (SFA), monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA), polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), n-3 fatty acid (n-3 FA), and n-6 fatty acid (n-6 FA) were evaluated as the absolute amount (g) and proportion of energy from each fatty acid (% of energy). The total fat and SFA intake were also assessed according to compliance with dietary guidelines. Linear trends in the dietary fats intake across the survey period were tested using multiple regression models.RESULTSTotal fat intake significantly increased from 38.5 g (20.3% of energy) to 43.4 g (23.3% of energy) from 2007 to 2017. This increase was mainly accounted for the increases in intakes of SFA (7.2% to 8.4% of energy) and MUFA (6.2% to 7.5% of energy). PUFA intake increased from 4.4 to 4.7% of energy during the 11-yrs period: from 0.57 to 0.63% of energy for n-3 FA and from 3.8 to 4.1% of energy for n-6 FA. The proportions of children who consumed amounts exceeding the dietary guidelines for total fat and SFA significantly increased from 2007 to 2017, with increases from 9.8% to 17.4% for total fat and from 36.9% to 50.9% for SFA.CONCLUSIONSProminent increasing trends in the consumption of total fat and SFA but tiny change in n-3 FA intake were observed in Korean children. The healthy intake of dietary fats should be emphasized in this population.     

Dietary survey in Hungary, 2003-2004

The third Hungarian national dietary survey was conducted in 2003-2004. This publication describes the first part of the energy and nutrient intake findings in a sample consisting of a population of 1179 persons over 19 years of age (energy and macro nutrients). Energy and nutrient intake values were calculated based on 3 x 24- hour dietary records filled out by the subjects themselves. The authors evaluated the results in light of the two previous dietary surveys in Hungary and the Hungarian and international reference intake data. The total fat intake found in this survey lower than the previous data marks a favourable development, just as the higher unsaturated fatty acid and lower saturated fatty acid energy percent, and furthermore the lower cholesterol intake level. The favourable developments include further a polyunsaturated/saturated fatty acid ratio considerably higher than that obtained earlier (the values conforming to the international reference data), a higher carbohydrate energy percentage, as well as lower added sugar energy percentage, this latter being in the recommended range. The overweight ratio in men was 58.9%, while the female value was 49.5%, not much different from the previous survey data.     

Substitution of dietary monounsaturated fatty acids for saturated fatty acids in a free-living population: a feasibility study

The fatty acid composition of the diet of seven free-living subjects (five men and two women) aged 41–56 years was altered for 1 month. The aim was to increase the intake of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) from subjects current habitual levels of 12% dietary energy to a target intake of 18% dietary energy, and to decrease saturated fatty acid (SFA) from habitual levels of 16% dietary energy to target levels of 10% dietary energy. The change in fatty acid intake was achieved by supplying volunteers with foods prepared using MUFA-containing spreads or olive oil (ready meals, sweet biscuits and cakes) and also by supplying spreads, cooking oil and MUFA-enriched milk for domestic use. Body weight and plasma total cholesterol measurements were made at baseline and at 2 and 4 weeks on the diet as an aid to maintaining subject compliance. MUFA consumption was significantly increased from 12% dietary energy to 16% dietary energy ( P <0.01), and SFA intake was reduced from 16% dietary energy to 6% dietary energy ( P <0.01) during the 4-week intervention. The diet failed to achieve the target increase in MUFA but exceeded the target reduction in SFA. This was due to the fact that subjects reduced their total fat intake from a mean habitual level of 38% dietary energy to a mean level of 30% dietary energy. During the dietary period, mean plasma cholesterol levels were lower at 2 weeks ( P <0.01) and at 4 weeks ( P <0.01) than the baseline, with a mean reduction of 20% over the dietary period. This study demonstrates the difficulty of achieving increased MUFA intakes (by SFA substitution) in free-living populations when only a limited range of fatty-acid modified food products are provided to volunteers.     

膳食脂肪摄入对女童初潮影响的前瞻性研究

  目的  探讨初潮前膳食总脂肪及不同类型脂肪酸摄入对女童初潮发生的前瞻性影响,为预防中国儿童青春期发育提前提供理论依据。  方法  利用“中国居民健康与营养调查(CHNS)”数据,选取1997—2015年有初潮信息且具有基线膳食调查数据并至少参与了一次随访调查的1 240名6~13岁女童为研究对象,采用Cox回归模型分析初潮前膳食总脂肪及脂肪酸摄入对女童初潮发生的前瞻性影响。  结果  调查对象的平均基线年龄为(8.3±1.8)岁。调整出生年代、居住地、家庭人均年收入水平、膳食能量摄入量及体质量指数Z评分(BMI SDS)后,膳食总脂肪及多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)摄入量最高组女童出现初潮提前的风险分别比最低组高30% 和34%[HR值(HR值95%CI)分别为1.30(1.01~1.68)、1.34(1.05~1.70)];未发现膳食饱和脂肪酸(SFA)、单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)摄入量与初潮发生的关联[HR值(HR值95%CI)分别为1.24(0.98~1.58)、1.25(0.97~1.62), P值均>0.05]。  结论  初潮前较高的膳食总脂肪及PUFA摄入可能导致女童初潮发生提前;未发现SFA及MUFA摄入与初潮发生的关联。     

Comparison of measures of fatty acid intake by subcutaneous fat aspirate, food frequency questionnaire, and diet records in a free-living population of US men.

In 1986-1987, the authors assessed the fatty acid intake of 118 Boston-area men, aged 40-75 years, by a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire administered twice, by two 7-day diet records, and by capillary gas chromatography of subcutaneous fat samples obtained by needle aspirate from the lateral buttock. Spearman correlation coefficients between diet record estimates of fatty acid intake (as a percentage of total fat) and fat aspirate measures (as a percentage of total peak area) were as follows: saturated fat, r = 0.16 (p = 0.09); monounsaturated fat, r = 0.22 (p = 0.01); and polyunsaturated fat, r = 0.49 (p = 0.0001). Spearman correlation coefficients between estimates derived from the food frequency questionnaire were as follows: saturated fat, r = 0.18 ( p = 0.05); monounsaturated fat, r = 0.14 (p = 0.14); polyunsaturated fat, r = 0.50 (p = 0.0001); and eicosapentaenoic acid, r = 0.47 (p = 0.0001). These data confirm that the polyunsaturated and eicosapentaenoic fatty acid content of subcutaneous fat is a measure of dietary intake of these fats. Although diet records are commonly thought to be the "gold standard" method of dietary assessment, the similar correlations observed between the fatty acid composition of adipose tissue and estimates of intake from the food frequency questionnaire and from diet records suggest that these two dietary assessment methods have similar validity in the measurement of polyunsaturated fatty acid intake.     

Nutrient intakes of men in South Wales: a comparison of surveys taken in 1980–1983 and 1990

Nutrient intakes calculated from T-day, weighed, intake records obtained from a representative community sample of 98 men in 1990 were compared with those obtained from 665 men in the same community in 1980–83. The total energy intake decreased by 8% and this was accounted for by a fall in the intakes of fat, carbohydrate and alcohol. The percentage of total energy from fat fell from 37.3 to 35.5% and the percentage of food energy from fat fell from 39.5 to 35.5%. The percentages of total energy from saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids decreased from 17.3 to 15.3% and from 15.0 to 13.S%, respectively, and polyunsaturated fatty acids increased from 5.0 to 6.2%. The ratio of polyunsaturated: saturated fatty acids increased from 0.31 to 0.43. There was also a small increase in dietary fibre and vitamin C intakes (2 g/d and 11 mg/d respectively). The increased age of the cohort was found to account for approximately half of the fall in energy intake, but age did not account for some of the other dietary changes observed.     

Trends in total and high density lipoprotein cholesterol and their determinants in The Netherlands between 1993 and 1997.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study is to describe trends in plasma total and high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol in The Netherlands between 1993 and 1997 and to examine whether these trends in cholesterol could be explained by changes in body mass index, smoking, alcohol intake, use of cholesterol lowering medication, intake of saturated fat, trans fatty acids and dietary cholesterol. METHODS: Each year a random sample of men and women aged 20-59 years living in three towns in The Netherlands was invited to participate in the study. In total more than 21 000 people were examined. RESULTS: Between 1993 and 1997 plasma total cholesterol decreased significantly by 0.19 mmol/l in men and by 0.27 mmol/l in women. During this period HDL cholesterol remained stable in both men and women. Small decreases were observed in the intake of saturated fat, trans fatty acids and dietary cholesterol in both men and women. The use of cholesterol lowering medication and for women oral contraceptives and prescribed oestrogens increased significantly. After adjustment for these determinants in multivariate analyses the trend in total cholesterol remained highly significant. CONCLUSIONS: Between 1993 and 1997 the mean total cholesterol level decreased significantly while the mean HDL cholesterol remained stable in both men and women in The Netherlands. The observed trend in total cholesterol could only for a small part be explained by changes in the determinants studied.     

The effect of a low-fat diet on luteal-phase prolactin and oestradiol concentrations and erythrocyte phospholipids in normal premenopausal women

1. Fifteen normal premenopausal women followed a low-fat diet for a period of 2 months. 2. Daily fat intake was reduced from 81 g on their customary diet to 36 g on the low-fat diet. A significant reduction in total energy intake and an increase in the dietary polyunsaturated fat: saturated fat ratio was also observed. There was a significant decline in body-weight, percentage body fat and total serum cholesterol, but no significant change in high-density-lipoprotein-cholesterol. 3. Luteal-phase prolactin concentrations were not altered, but there was a significant decline in oestradiol concentrations on the low-fat diet. The proportion of erythrocyte inositol-phospholipid was increased on the low-fat diet and there was a significant increase in the 20:4 omega 6 (arachidonate) content of inositol-phospholipids. No significant changes in the content or fatty acid compositions of other phospholipid fractions were observed. 4. Further investigation of the effect of level and type of dietary fat on the content and fatty acid composition of membrane inositol-phospholipids are required. Long-term studies investigating the response of both prolactin and oestradiol to dietary fat reduction are also warranted.