Olfactory changes after endoscopic sinus surgery in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis

Objective

To address the controversy over whether olfactory function is improved or not after endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) in patients with eosinophilic (ECRS) and non-eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis (non-ECRS).

Methods

Between June 2006 and March 2012, 89 adult patients with CRS underwent ESS at Hyogo College of Medicine. There were 55 men and 34 women with a mean age of 53 years old, ranging from 23 to 79 years. The average follow-up period was 10.7 months (3–24) after ESS. Peripheral blood examination, sinonasal CT imaging, and four kinds of olfaction tests [self-administered olfaction test (SAOQ), visual analog scale (VAS), T&T recognition threshold tests (T&T) and intravenous olfaction test using prosultiamine] were performed. We diagnosed ECRS when (i) symptoms of nasal congestion and olfactory disorder, (ii) bilateral chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNPs), (iii) peripheral blood eosinophilia (>7.0%), and (iv) ethmoid sinus dominant opacification in preoperative CT findings (i.e. ethmoid sinuses (E) were more bilaterally occupied than those of maxillary sinuses (M), E/M ≥ 1), were completely fulfilled. We divided the patients into two groups of ECRS (group A) and non-ECRS (group B). Olfaction tests before operation, and at the 3rd, 6th, 12th, and 24th month postoperation were analyzed. The severity and therapeutic evaluation of olfaction were based on criteria of T&T recognition thresholds.

Results

The mean SAOQ and VAS scores showed significant improvement within 6 months after ESS in both group A and group B. In total, the improvement rates were 52.0% (26/50) at 3 months, 58.5% (24/41) at 6 months, 40.5% (15/37) at 12 months, and 41.2% (7/17) at 24 months. The significant improvement of T&T recognition thresholds in group B was maintained for 24 months, whereas those in group A, showing transient improvement, deteriorated after 12 months or more. A significant difference in postoperative T&T recognition between groups A and B was found at the 12th postoperative month. In both A and B, 84% of patients had a response to prosultiamine (positive group) in the preoperative stage. T&T thresholds in the positive group were significantly better that those in the negative groups in the postoperative stage.

Conclusion

Olfactory disorders due to ECRS showed transient improvement that deteriorated as time passed after surgery. The olfaction in the non-ECRS patients recovered comparatively well. Postoperative olfactory results were unfavorable in patients without a preoperative reaction to prosultiamine.     

Nasal pH in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis before and after endoscopic sinus surgery

Purpose

Physiologically acidic nasal pH depends on intact nasal mucosal function. The aim of this study was to determine nasal pH in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis and to investigate the changes in pH related to mucosal healing after endoscopic sinus surgery.

Materials and methods

Normal subjects and the patients with chronic rhinosinusitis who showed no recurrence after endoscopic sinus surgery were enrolled. Using a portable pH meter and a glass-tipped probe, nasal pH was measured in the inferior meatus in normal subjects and patients before and after surgery at 3 months.

Results

The mean (± SD) nasal pH was 6.5 ± 0.5 (5.9 to 7.3) in 19 normal subjects, and 6.7 ± 0.6 (5.3 to 7.6) in 19 CRS patients before surgery, which showed no significant difference between the groups. The nasal pH values were in the range of 3.8–7.7 (mean ± SD 5.7 ± 0.9) at 3 months after surgery, and significantly lower than the preoperative values in patients (P = .004). The patients showing pH lower than 6.0 accounted for 10.5% before surgery, but 68.4% after surgery.

Conclusions

Normal nasal pH was in the slightly acidic range, and the mean nasal pH of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis fell within normal limits as well, which indicates that chronic rhinosinusitis may not disturb the electrolyte milieu of the nasal mucosa. The average nasal pH measured at 3 months after endoscopic sinus surgery exhibited acidity of pH 5.7. The factors causing a fall in nasal pH during the healing period after the sinus surgery remain to be elucidated.     

慢性鼻-鼻窦炎患者功能性内镜鼻窦手术前后的主客观评估及相关性分析

目的:探讨慢性鼻-鼻窦炎(CRS)患者功能性内镜鼻窦手术(FESS)前后的主客观评估及相关性。方法:对70例术前CRS患者进行主观症状调查[视觉模拟量表(VAS)],并进行客观检查及评分(Lund-Kennedy内镜评分系统及Lund-Mackay CT评分系统)。所有患者FESS术后随访1年,进行术后6个月和12个月的VAS评分及Lund-Kennedy内镜评分。分析各评价方法的相关性及比较手术前后的评价得分。结果:术前鼻塞、鼻分泌物和鼻后滴漏、头面部胀痛感较为突出,经FESS后6、12个月症状改善明显;嗅觉减退和全身不适感术后改善不明显。术前VAS评分与Lund-Mackay CT评分之间呈正相关(r=0.866,P<0.01);术前Lund-Kennedy内镜评分与Lund-Mackay CT评分之间呈正相关(r=0.803,P<0.01);术前VAS评分与Lund-Kennedy内镜评分之间呈正相关(r=0.912,P<0.01)。术后6、12个月VAS总分与术后内镜总分呈正相关(6个月r=0.798,12个月r=0.882);术后12个月的VAS评分中鼻塞、鼻分泌物和鼻后滴漏、头面部胀痛感与Lund...     

Evaluation of ultrastructural changes in paranasal sinus mucosa after functional endoscopic sinus surgery in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis

The purpose of this study was to compare the preoperative and postoperative ultrastructural changes of paranasal sinus mucosa in patients treated with functional endoscopic sinus surgery for chronic rhinosinusitis. Twelve patients undergoing functional endoscopic sinus surgery for the treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis were involved. The ethmoid sinus mucosa was sampled during the operation and approximately 6 months after the operation. The ciliated epithelium of sinus mucosa was evaluated with transmission electron microscopy. The samples were taken at the Otolaryngology Department of Istanbul University School of Medicine. Electron microscopic study was performed at the Histology and Embryology Department of the same University. Preoperatively, ciliated epithelial cells of the sinus mucosa of the patients showed degenerated ultrastructure with decreased number of cilia, cytoplasmic protrusions, cisternal dilatations of endoplasmic reticulum, and mitochondrial swellings. Remnants of degenerated cells and cellular separations at cell junctions were evident in the diseased epithelium. Goblet cells were frequent along the epithelial lining. Postoperatively, normal architecture and ultrastructure of the ciliated epithelium was restored. These observations showed that unlike other surgical operations, paranasal sinus mucosa can regenerate and the ciliated epithelium can return to normal after functional endoscopic sinus surgergy.     

Improvement of sinonasal mucociliary function by endoscopic sinus surgery in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis

Objectives

Mucociliary clearance is an important defense mechanism for upper and lower airway. Chronic rhinosinusitis has been frequently associated with mucociliary dysfunction. Endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) is recommended for treatment-resistant sinusitis in order to improve mucociliary function. The present study investigated the effect of ESS on the saccharin time (mucociliary clearance time) in relation to symptom profile assessed by the Sino-nasal Outcome Test (SNOT)-22, and disease severity based on the Lund-Kennedy endoscopic scores and Lund-Mackay computed tomographic (CT) scores.

Subjective improvement of olfactory function after endoscopic sinus surgery for chronic rhinosinusitis

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) on subjective olfactory dysfunction in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis.Materials and methods Prospective collection of data on consecutive patients undergoing FESS after failing prolonged medical therapy for chronic rhinosinusitis at a tertiary institution. Patients were asked to grade their olfactory dysfunction from 0 to 10, with 0 representing normal function and 10 complete anosmia. In addition, data such as computed tomography scores, presence or absence of nasal polyps, and the presence or absence of asthma were recorded and analyzed. Patients were followed up to 1 year after surgery. RESULTS: Data were collected on 178 patients who had sinus surgery over a 2-year period. The average olfactory dysfunction score before surgery was 4.9. This improved to 0.9 at 1 year after surgery (P =.00). Higher computed tomography scores as per Lund and MacKay correlated with higher olfactory dysfunction scores (r = 0.62, P <.01) and greater improvement after surgery (r = 0.82, P <.01). Asthmatics and patients with polyps had higher subjective olfactory dysfunction scores than nonasthmatics and patients without polyps (6.8 and 7.2 v 4.4 and 4.1, respectively). All groups had subjective improvement at 1 year (2.3 and 1.5 v 0.6 and 0.7, respectively; P =.00). CONCLUSION: Patients with subjective olfactory dysfunction despite appropriate medical management for rhinosinusitis benefit from FESS.     

Important clinical symptoms in patients undergoing functional endoscopic sinus surgery for chronic rhinosinusitis

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the prevalence and severity of individual Rhinosinusitis Task Force (RSTF) symptoms in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) undergoing functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS). METHODS: Retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data in 201 patients treated with FESS. The prevalence and severity of individual RSTF major and minor symptom scores graded on a visual analogue scale (VAS) were compared. Correlation between absolute improvement in individual symptom scores at 1-year postoperative was performed. RESULTS: One-hundred fifty-eight of 201 patients met inclusion criteria giving a response rate of 78%. The average age was 49.4 (range 18-80) with a male-to-female ratio of 1.1:1. The preoperative leading mean symptom scores were postnasal drip (5.8 +/- 0.3), nasal obstruction (5.7 +/- 0.3), and facial congestion (5.1 +/- 0.3). These symptoms were also the most prevalent with 82%, 84%, and 79% of patients reporting these symptoms, respectively. Postoperative symptom improvements were significant (P < .0001) across all RSTF domains except fever. The highest percentage improvement was seen with facial congestion (93%), nasal obstruction (92%), and postnasal drip (85%). Multivariate analysis revealed significant (P < .0001) high correlation between improvements of facial pain/pressure with facial congestion (R = 0.72), facial congestion with nasal obstruction (R = 0.65), and facial pain/pressure with headache (R = 0.72). CONCLUSION: The top three RSTF symptoms were postnasal drip, nasal obstruction, and facial congestion in terms of prevalence and severity. Symptom scores improved after FESS. Of these symptoms, the degree of improvement of facial pain/pressure, facial congestion, nasal obstruction, and headache are highly correlated.     

功能性内镜手术前后上颌窦及筛窦粘膜的改变

目的回顾近年来文献,综述慢性鼻窦炎病人经功能性内镜鼻窦手术前后上颌窦及筛窦粘膜病变与转归.方法分析近年有关的文献13篇.结果慢性鼻窦炎病人经功能性内镜鼻窦手术治疗后病变粘膜均有不同程度恢复.结论功能性内镜鼻窦手术是治疗慢性鼻窦炎的有效手段,了解手术前后粘膜病变与转归对指导术后治疗与护理大有帮助.     

慢性鼻窦炎患者鼻内镜手术后嗅觉障碍的临床转归

目的探讨慢性鼻窦炎(chronic rhinosinusitis,CRS)经鼻内镜手术后嗅觉障碍的转归及相关因素。方法采用TT标准嗅觉测试法对77例(134侧)CRS患者在鼻内镜手术前以及术后1个月、3个月和6个月分别进行嗅觉功能测试,将测试结果进行统计学分析。结果 70例(125侧)CRS患者完成了随访。鼻内镜手术前104侧(83.2%)存在不同程度的嗅觉障碍,术后1个月、3个月和6个月嗅觉障碍分别减少至84侧(67.2%)、82侧(65.6%)和84侧(67.2%)。患者鼻内镜手术后的嗅觉功能较术前明显改善(P0.001),而术后1个月、3个月和6个月的平均嗅阈无显著差异(P0.05)。至术后6个月随访结束时,嗅觉恢复正常20侧(19.2%)、好转53侧(51.0%)、不变29侧(27.9%)、加重2侧(1.9%),总改善率为70.2%。其中,不伴鼻息肉的CRS患者嗅觉恢复最好,改善率80.0%(28/35);伴鼻息肉但未累及嗅裂者次之,改善率73.3%(33/45);嗅裂息肉患者的嗅觉恢复较差,改善率50.0%(12/24)。CRS不伴鼻息肉与息肉未累及嗅裂者进行比较,术后嗅觉恢复无统计学差异(P0.05);而二者分别与嗅裂息肉患者进行比较,术后嗅觉恢复均有统计学差异(P0.05)。结论鼻内镜手术对CRS患者的嗅觉障碍有明显改善作用。在手术彻底清除炎性病变、解除嗅裂阻塞的基础上,更应注重对嗅区嗅黏膜的保护;同时,规范化的围手术期处理和术后定期随访也显得十分重要。     

Fibromyalgia and chronic rhinosinusitis: outcomes after endoscopic sinus surgery

BACKGROUND: Limited clinical research exists concerning surgical outcomes for patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) and comorbid fibromyalgia. The aim of this study was to determine whether patients with CRS and concurrent fibromyalgia experience quality-of-life (QOL) improvement after endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) and whether this improvement is similar to that seen in patients without fibromyalgia. METHODS: An adult (> or =18 years of age) population (n = 283) with medically refractory CRS was assessed using two disease-specific QOL instruments: the Rhinosinusitis Disability Index (RSDI) and the Chronic Sinusitis Survey (CSS). A nested case-control analysis of matched subjects (n = 18) with and without fibromyalgia was performed to compare pre- and postoperative QOL. RESULTS: Improvement in postoperative QOL was found in patients with CRS and comorbid fibromyalgia (p < or = 0.004). After controlling for age, gender, and disease severity, this improvement was similar to that seen in patients without fibromyalgia for all RSDI subscales as well as the CSS total and CSS symptom subscales. Patients with fibromyalgia reported significantly less improvement on the CSS medication subscale than patients without fibromyalgia (p = 0.027). CONCLUSION: Patients with CRS and comorbid fibromyalgia showed similar improvements in QOL after ESS when compared with patients without fibromyalgia when controlling for age, gender, and disease severity.     

慢性鼻-鼻窦炎患者症状学特点及内镜鼻窦手术后主要症状的转归

目的：探讨慢性鼻-鼻窦炎患者的症状学特点及内镜鼻窦手术前后患者主观症状的变化。方法：采用视觉模拟量表对119例慢性鼻-鼻窦炎患者（52例不伴鼻息肉和67例伴鼻息肉）的鼻塞、头昏（头痛）、面部疼痛（胀满感）、嗅觉障碍和鼻分泌物（后鼻漏）5个主要症状进行评分,比较内镜鼻窦手术前和手术后12个月评分的变化。结果：伴和不伴鼻息肉的慢性鼻-鼻窦炎患者出现最多的症状均依次为鼻塞、鼻分泌物（后鼻漏）、头昏（头痛）、面部疼痛（胀满感）和嗅觉障碍。不伴鼻息肉的慢性鼻-鼻窦炎患者较伴鼻息肉者鼻分泌物评分显著增高（P〈0．01）,但嗅觉障碍评分者显著降低（P〈0．01）。在最令人困扰的症状方面,不伴鼻息肉和伴鼻息肉的慢性鼻-鼻窦炎患者分别是鼻分泌物（后鼻漏）和嗅觉障碍。术后伴鼻息肉和不伴鼻息肉的慢性鼻-鼻窦炎患者各个症状出现的频率和评分均较术前显著降低（P〈0．01）。结论：伴鼻息肉和不伴鼻息肉的慢性鼻-鼻窦炎患者症状学具有不同的特点,内镜鼻窦手术可以显著改善患者的主观症状,视觉模拟量表评估患者的主观症状是一简便、易于开展的慢性鼻-鼻窦炎疗效主观评估方法。     

Endotype-related recurrence pattern of chronic rhinosinusitis in revision functional endoscopic sinus surgery

ObjectiveThe recurrence of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) after functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) is influenced by various factors, potentially including the endotype based on the molecular pathophysiology of CRS. This study investigated differences in the recurrence pattern of CRS by endotype after primary FESS.MethodsThis retrospective study enrolled patients who had undergone revision FESS for recurrent CRS. Based on their clinical diagnosis, the patients were divided into two endotype groups: recurrent eosinophilic CRS (rECRS) and recurrent non-eosinophilic CRS (rNECRS). We compared and analyzed preoperative computed tomography (CT) findings, including typical anatomical findings of recurred CRS such as lateralized middle turbinate and retained uncinate process, the sinus where recurrence took place, and previous surgical completeness of the sinuses, between the rECRS and rNECRS groups.ResultsIn total, 142 patients were enrolled (48 rECRS, 94 rNECRS). No significant difference was found in the typical anatomic findings of recurrent CRS between the rECRS and rNECRS groups. The rates of the completeness of previous surgeries was significantly higher in rECRS than in rNECRS(P=.031). Despite the completeness of previous surgeries, the recurrence rate of frontal and ethmoidal sinuses was higher in the rECRS than rNECRS(P=.012, P<.001, respectively). In subgroup analysis according to the severity of ECRS, the number of involved sinuses and the rates of CRS recurrence and surgical completeness in frontal and anterior ethmoidal sinuses increased with ECRS severity.ConclusionsCT findings of revision FESS cases differed by CRS endotype. The rECRS group showed higher recurrence in the frontal and ethmoidal sinuses despite a higher surgical completeness rate. Incomplete surgery was more often found in the rNECRS group.