基于容积CT增强扫描的胃结肠静脉干解剖学研究

目的 探讨容积CT增强扫描观察活体状态下胃结肠静脉干及其属支的解剖学特点。方法 回顾性分析2014年9月—2016年8月首都医科大学大兴教学医院行腹部增强CT检查的124例患者的临床资料,其中,男57例、女67例,年龄19~75岁,平均50.5岁。所有受检者行腹部CT三期增强扫描,容积重建门静脉期图像。观察胃结肠静脉干位置、走行,测量胃结肠静脉干长度、管径;观察胃结肠静脉干各属支的分型、走行以及胰十二指肠上前静脉的汇入点;参照国内动脉血管显示效果评价标准对各属支血管显示效果进行评级。结果 124例患者中,117例(94.3%)形成胃结肠静脉干。胃结肠静脉干位于横结肠系膜内,紧贴胰头前缘走行,均于胰头下缘汇入肠系膜上静脉。其中,胃结肠静脉干向肠系膜上静脉右侧走行者占61.54%(72/117),右前方走行者占36.75%(43/117),前方和右上方走行者各占0.85%(1/117);胃结肠静脉干长度为2.6～21.9 mm,平均(8.6±3.7 )mm;管径为3.2～7.0 mm,平均(5.1±0.9)mm;胃结肠静脉干属支中胃结肠干型16例、胃胰干型23例、胃胰结肠干型78例。124例中显示胰十二指肠上前静脉101例,其中汇入胃网膜右静脉40例,汇入右结肠静脉43例,汇入胃网膜右静脉与右结肠静脉合干4例,直接汇入胃结肠静脉干14例。胃结肠静脉干各属支血管显示效果评定:胃网膜右静脉、右结肠静脉、中结肠静脉显示效果均达到3级,胰十二指肠上前静脉显示效果1级33例、2级61例、3级7例。结论 容积增强CT能够在活体状态下较清晰显示胃结肠静脉干的解剖细节,对于临床手术有重要指导价值。     

腹腔镜右半结肠切除术相关血管的活体解剖学观察

目的阐明腹腔镜右半结肠切除术(laparoscopic right hemicolectomy,LRH)相关血管的活体解剖学特点。方法对36例接受LRH的肿瘤病人进行术中观察和术后录像复习。结果肠系膜上静脉(superior mesenteric vein,SMV)为起于右髂窝上缘,位于小肠系膜和升结肠系膜交界部的蓝色条纹。肠系膜上动脉在系膜内难以目视辨认,走行于SMV左侧。回结肠血管出现率100%,为升结肠系膜内、十二指肠水平部下缘附近、搏动的条索。胃结肠干出现率77.8%(28/36),包含上右结肠静脉/右结肠静脉者占比为89.3%(25/28);后者亦可直接注入SMV。胃结肠干于胰切迹右缘的横结肠后间隙汇入SMV右壁。右结肠动脉在胰颈下缘起始,常与胃结肠干伴行或交叉。结论正确的间隙(肠系膜内间隙)、标志和线索(肠系膜上静脉),是LRH中血管定位的解剖学基础。     

腹腔镜胰十二指肠切除术中肠系膜上血管的应用解剖

目的:为腹腔镜胰十二指肠切除术(laparoscopic pancreatoduodenectomy,LPD)中探查、显露、分离肠系膜上血管提供解剖学依据。方法:10例已固定成人尸体腹部标本,2例新鲜成人尸体。全组男7例,女5例。进行解剖观测,并行模拟腹腔镜操作。结果:⑴肠系膜上静脉(superior mesenteric vein,SMV)的十二指肠水平部段长(3.80±0.72)cm、胰头钩突部段长(1.76±0.25)cm、胰颈后段长(3.81±0.64)cm、胰颈上段长(4.73±1.31)cm,其中胰头钩突部段属支最多;⑵胃网膜右静脉汇入SMV有6种类型;⑶肠系膜上动脉(superior mesenteric artery,SMA)距腹腔干下方(1.12±0.15)cm起自腹主动脉前壁,主干长(3.97±0.54)cm,外径(0.69±0.03)cm,胰十二指肠下动脉和第1空肠动脉起源SMA的有5种类型。结论:(1)SMV的胰头钩突部段最短,属支最多,显露分离最难;(2)LPD中以胃网膜右静脉为标志来探查、显露SMV较好;(3)对肠系膜上动、静脉的显露分离应采用不同的主操作孔来进行;(4)充分利用腹腔镜的放大作用和超声刀的精确切割特性是可以探查、显露和分离好肠系膜上血管的。     

对Henle′s干及其有关静脉的研究

<正> 1868年Henle′s 首次记载胃网膜右静脉与右结肠静脉合成胃结肠干。Gillot 等于1964年将Henle′s 干作为肠系膜上静脉“外科干”的上界应用于门静脉外科临床。本文作者调查了100具成人尸体(男57,,女43) 的胃网膜右静脉、胰十     

十二指肠返(升)动脉的解剖学

目的：调查国人十二指肠返(升)动脉的起源、分支、分布规律，为胃、胰、十二指肠手术提供解剖学资料。方法：动脉乳胶灌注的尸体标本在直视和手术显微镜下行解剖学观察和测量。结果：十二指肠返(升)动脉恒定出现。主要呈二支型(58％)。多数起源于胃十二指肠动脉末端或胃网膜右动脉、胰十二指肠上前动脉近端。根据其分支、分布情况，有3类：幽门十二指肠支(87％)、十二指肠胰支(79％)及单独起源的幽门下动脉(50％)。结论：十二指肠返(升)动脉是幽门及十二指肠上部血供重要来源，建议在PPPD术中尽量保护胃十二指肠动脉主干、胃网膜右动脉及胰十二指肠上前动脉起始部，以保障被保留的幽门及十二指肠残端的血供。     

胃贲门附近静脉的外科解剖

在100具尸体上,对贲门附近的静脉进行了观测.胃左静脉以3属支合成者多见(88.0％),其位于脊柱左前方者占89·0％,汇入脾静脉者占55.0％,外科干长2.6±0.9cm,终末部外经3.8±1.1mm。贲门食管支以1支型者最多(89.0％),汇入弓形部者占81.6％,末端距胰上缘2.1±0.9cm。胃右静脉出现率96.0％。胃后静脉出现率87·0％,1支型者92·0％,有76.6％汇入脾静脉中1/3段。     

腹腔脏器血管变异一例

材料为男性成人尸体,发现其血管有多处变异.1 胃网膜左动脉起于胃左动脉近贲门处,经胃后壁达胃大弯左侧.在该处分为两支:(1)一支沿胃底向上,分为三小支,分布于胃底部,(2)另一支在大网膜两层之间向右,沿途分出有胃支和网膜支,进入胃壁和大网膜.终支与胃网膜右动脉吻合,形成动脉弓.全程均与胃网膜左静脉伴行.2 胃网膜右动脉起于肠系膜上动脉,经横结肠后方达胃大弯右侧幽门下方,分一小支布于胰和十二指肠,主干则沿胃大弯右侧向左与胃网膜左动脉吻合.沿途有分支进入胃壁和大网膜.全程均有静脉伴行.3 脾动脉起于肠系膜上动脉,沿胰腺后下方横行向左.经脾门入脾,分出有数支入胰腺.4 腹腔干起于主动脉裂孔稍下方的主动脉前壁.全长16毫米,分为肝总动脉和胃左动脉.     

腹腔镜下活体胃周血管的解剖观察及临床意义

目的 探讨腹腔镜辅助远端胃切除加D2淋巴结清扫术中胃周血管解剖学特点及临床意义。 方法　按照腹腔镜辅助远端胃癌D2切除术的标准化手术步骤,对100例胃癌患者进行腹腔镜下活体胃周血管解剖学观察。 结果　胃周血管虽然存在于不同的平面内,但血液流动的内在联系性使它们围绕胰腺构成了胃周血管网络。在胰尾上缘的胰前间隙,脾动脉第三段可定位胃网膜左血管。在胰颈下缘的胰后间隙,胰腺钩突及十二指肠水平部前方,可定位肠系膜上静脉。在幽门下方与胰头之前的网膜内可定位胃网膜右血管。在胰体上缘的胰后间隙,可定位腹腔干及其分支。胃胰襞、脾胰襞和肝胰襞是分别定胃左动脉、脾动脉和肝总动脉的解剖标志。 结论　胃周血管多存在变异,腹腔镜远端胃癌D2根治术中应以胰腺为中心标志,同时以胃周主要血管及其分叉为参考,“顺藤摸瓜”解剖定位血管。     

肠系膜上静脉胰后干的观测及其临床意义

目的　为肠系膜上静脉胰后干切除及血管重建提供形态学基础。 方法　选取男、女性标本各50例，切除胰十二指肠后，测量肠系膜上静脉胰后干的长度和向上纵向折叠长度，以推算肿瘤手术时可切除的静脉的最大长度。 结果　肠系膜上静脉胰后干长度男、女性分别为（3.5±0.8）cm和（3.3±0.6）　cm；长度大于3.0 cm的分别为80%（40例）和76.0%（38例）。切除胰十二指肠后，胰腺钩突以下肠系膜上静脉向上纵向折叠长度为4.0~5.1cm。 结论　胰头肿瘤合并受浸润胰后干切除后，血管重建是可行的。     

腹腔干的分支异常一例

1 女尸35岁,身高1.58米,发育正常,死因不明,解剖后,发现腹腔干的分支异常.2 胃左动脉直接发自腹主动脉前壁,达贲门后分成两支,食管支向上沿食管走行,胃支沿胃小弯向右行.3 肝总动脉和脾动脉共干,平胃左动脉,起自腹主动脉前壁.肝总动脉分出后,从肝总动脉上直接发出肝左支,经肝门进入肝左叶,入肝门前,发出胆囊动脉,布于胆囊,后又发出胃右动脉,到达幽门后,沿胃小弯向左行,与胃左动脉吻合.肝总动脉终末分成两支:(1)肝右支,沿胆总管右侧上升,经肝门入肝右叶.(2)胃十二指肠动脉,在幽门的上方,分成胃网膜右动脉和胰十二指肠上动脉.分别布于胃、大网膜、胰、十二指肠.4 脾动脉沿胰上缘达脾门,入脾前分出两支胃短动脉,直达胃底,胃网膜左动脉沿胃大弯向右行,与胃网膜右动脉间没有吻合,主要布于大网膜和胃大弯.     

An anomalous right gastroepiploic artery arising from the superior mesenteric artery

During a routine dissection, the right gastroepiploic artery was found to arise from the superior mesenteric artery. The gastroduodenal artery ran in front of the common bile duct and descended along the posterior surface of the head of the pancreas (posterior superior pancreaticoduodenal artery). The enlarged pancreatic branch arising from the superior mesenteric artery mainly supplied the anterior surface of the head of the pancreas and then continued to become the right gastroepiploic artery. This route seemed to be formed due to the lack of a connection between the posterior superior pancreaticoduodenal artery and the common trunk of the anterior superior pancreaticoduodenal and right gastroepiploic arteries.     

The arterial blood supply of the pancreas: a review: IV. The anterior inferior and posterior pancreaticoduodenal aa., and minor sources of blood supply for the head of the pancreas. An anatomical review and radiologic study

The present article is the fourth part of a comprehensive review of the arterial blood supply of the pancreas and completes the study of the arterial vascularization of the pancreatic head dealing with the anterior inferior and posterior inferior pancreaticoduodenal aa. and with some minor sources of blood supply not involving the classical system of the pancreaticoduodenal arches. The aim of this review is to summarise the anatomical studies, starting from Haller’s reports, and to supply, as far as possible with original material, angiographic evidence for the classic anatomical concepts. For this purpose, 1015 selective angiographs (celiac trunk and its branches, superior mesenteric a.) were taken from the angiographic archives of the Institutes of Radiology of Siena, Rome (Catholic University), and Perugia. These demonstrated the anterior inferior pancreaticoduodenal a., present in most instances, as arising from the inferior pancreaticoduodenal a., from a common trunk with the posterior inferior pancreaticoduodenal a. and the 1st jejunal a., from the 1st jejunal a. or from the superior mesenteric a.; on the other hand, the posterior inferior pancreaticoduodenal a. was more variable, originating from the inferior pancreaticoduodenal a., from a common trunk with the anterior inferior pancreaticoduodenal a. and the 1st jejunal a., from the superior mesenteric a., from the dorsal pancreatic a., or from a right accessory hepatic a. coming from the superior mesenteric a. In addition, minor branches to the head of the pancreas arose from the gastroduodenal a., the dorsal pancreatic a., the common hepatic a. and the inferior right phrenic a. Other origins of the inferior pancreaticoduodenal aa. previously reported, but not angiographically detectable with certainty, as well as further minor sources of blood supply to the head of the pancreas, have been listed. The differing opinions regarding the incidence of the various ways the inferior pancreaticoduodenal aa. arise are discussed and an attempt is made to explain the variability of the vascular anatomy of the pancreatic head on embryologic grounds.     

胰头与十二指肠的血供关系及其临床意义

目的　了解胰头及十二指肠的血管走行,为在DPPHR术中如何保护十二指肠的血供及是否行Kocher操作提供更多的形态学资料。 方法　随机选取40具尸体,充分解剖暴露肠系膜上动脉、胃十二指肠动脉及胰十二指肠前后动脉弓,对供应十二指肠的动脉及伴行的静脉行径进行仔细观察和记录。 结果　在97.5%的标本中（n=39）, 胰十二指肠后动脉弓及伴行的静脉均位于胰后筋膜内;在90%的标本中（n=36）, 胰十二指肠下前动脉及伴行的静脉走行于胰十二指肠沟内,易于保留;在个别标本中（10%, n=4）, 没有完整的胰十二指肠前动脉弓;其中1例标本（2.5%,n=1）,没有完整的胰十二指肠后动脉弓,但供应十二指肠的动脉及其伴行静脉仍位于胰后筋膜内。 结论　DPPHR手术的关键在于保留胰十二指肠后动脉弓,同时尽可能地保留部分胰十二指肠前动脉弓,而Kocher操作有利于保护胰十二指肠后动脉弓;在个别标本中,没有完整的胰十二指肠前动脉弓,此时施行DPPHR可能伤及十二指肠血供,导致手术失败。     

Hepatopancreatic arterial ring: bilateral symmetric typology in human celiaco-mesenteric arterial system

The celiac and mesenteric arterial system including the left gastric, splenic, common hepatic, and superior mesenteric arteries shows various types of origins, courses, ramifications and anastomoses. In order to explain the various expressions of this system, we have proposed a typological model, in which celiacomesenteric arteries develop as paired or bilaterally symmetrical primordial vessels originated from the anterior aspect of the aorta, and these vessels anastomose each other with longitudinal and horizontal pathways. Here, we report 3 unusual cases characterized by arterial rings, formed by the left gastric, left accessory hepatic, proper hepatic, anterior pancreaticoduodenal, and dorsal pancreatic arteries. The dorsal pancreatic and anterior pancreaticoduodenal arteries are located to the right and left of the embryonic pancreas developing in the dorsal mesentery, respectively. Such hepatopancreatic arterial rings simultaneously containing right and left elements can only be explained using our typological model, in which the concept of paired arteries or bilateral symmetry is introduced.     

Anatomo‐radiological patterns of pancreatic vascularization,with surgical implications: Clinical and anatomical study

The pancreas receives multiple arterial sources that should be considered in patients undergoing pancreatic surgery. The aim of this study is to describe pancreatic vascularization and to explore the anatomical basis of postoperative complications. Ten specimens from unembalmed cadavers, including the retroperitoneal vessels and organs and spleen, were injected with acrylic resins to obtain vascular casts. Thirty computed tomography angiographies (CTA) of subjects with no pancreatic pathology (mean age 70.9 years) were also analyzed. A paucivascular area at the neck of the pancreas was apparent in all vascular casts. At CTA: (1) the transverse pancreatic artery, the only artery running from the cervicocephalic to the somatocaudal segment, was visible in 76.9% of cases; (2) the splenic artery was suprapancreatic in 66.7% and intrapancreatic with a tortuous course in 33.3%; (3) the posterior superior pancreaticoduodenal artery was visible in 100% of cases, the anterior superior pancreatico‐duodenal artery in 92.6%, the anterior inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery in 73.1%, the posterior inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery in 86.4%, the dorsal pancreatic artery in 65.4%, the great pancreatic artery in 73.1%, and the pancreatic arteries to the body and caudal pancreatic arteries in 96.2%. Our study demonstrated great individual variability of the pancreatic vasculature, which can be explored by CTA and could be relevant to surgical procedures. Clin. Anat. 30:614–624, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

The relationship of the inferior mesenteric vein with arteries

The investigation was based on the results of roentgen-anatomical study of 155 digestive tract complexes obtained from 155 cadavers of humans of both genders aged 17-90 years. It was established that in 91% (in 141 of 155) of the cases the trunk of the inferior mesenteric vein (IMV) was accompanied by the arteries only in the lower part (by inferior mesenteric artery) and in the middle part (by the left colic artery). The terminal part of IMV was separated from the artery. In 9% of (in 14 of 155) cases the trunk of the IMV is accompanied along the whole extent by different arteries (from down upwards): by inferior mesenteric artery and left colic artery from inferior mesenteric artery, and in its terminal part either by an additional anastomosis between the superior and inferior mesenteric arteries (in 5 of 14 cases), or by an additional anastomosis between superior and inferior mesenteric arteries and the branch or trunk of the proximal colic artery from the superior mesenteric artery (in 9 of 14 cases).     

Vascular anatomy for right colon lymphadenectomy

Since the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) mostly originates on the left side of the superior mesenteric vein (SMV), the ileocolic artery (ICA) and the right colic artery (RCA) cross the SMV. Understanding the three-dimensional relation of these vessels is important for dissecting these arteries to their origin. Hence, we conducted a study of the vascular anatomy of the right colon in 27 cadavers. The RCA was separate from the SMA in eight cases (30%). The RCA passed the SMV either anteriorly (5 cases, 63%) or posteriorly (3 cases, 38%). In seven (88%) of these eight cases, the ICA was posterior to the SMV. The ICA was identified in all 27 cases, and passed the SMV anteriorly in nine cases (33%) and posteriorly in 18 cases (67%). Thus, the ICA and the RCA may pass on either side of the SMV. The surgeon must dissect the arteries with the SMV, being aware of both possibilities.     

术前三维CT血管成像评估肠系膜下动脉解剖特征

目的 通过三维CT血管成像（CTA）评估分析直肠癌患者肠系膜下动脉（IMA）分型及解剖特点,为直肠癌手术血管处理提供参考。 方法 回顾分析2018年1月至2019年12月华中科技大学同济医学院附属协和医院接受IMA CTA检查的直肠癌患者临床及影像学资料。通过三维CT血管成像重建IMA图像。对IMA进行分类并测量统计肠系膜下血管各解剖参数。 结果 266例研究对象中男性187例,女性79例。111例（41.7%）左结肠动脉（LCA）从主干独立发出,112例（42.1%）LCA和乙状结肠动脉（SA）共干发出,33例（12.4%）LCA、SA及直肠上动脉（SRA）共干,10例（3.8%）缺乏LCA。全组IMA主干长度（LIMA）为（39.1±10.1）mm、IMA根部至髂血管分叉距离（DIMA）为（44.1±7.4）mm、IMA根部与肠系膜下静脉（IMV）水平距离为（24.6±8.9）mm、IMA分支点与IMV水平距离为（13.0±5.3）mm。LCA走行包括：122例（47.6%）高位型,88例（34.4%）中位型,46例（18.0%）低位型。65例（25.4%）LCA紧贴IMV内侧,136例（53.1%）LCA紧贴IMV外侧,55例（21.5%）LCA外侧远离IMV。 结论 术前利用三维CT血管成像可准确评估IMA分型及肠系膜下血管的形态走行关系,为直肠癌手术中血管处理提供指导。