Ilizarov 技术矫治马蹄足畸形中胫距关节前脱位的治疗及预防

 目的 总结 Ilizarov 技术矫治马蹄足畸形中发生胫距关节前脱位的概率、治疗及预防方法。方法 回顾性分析 2011 年 10 月至 2012 年 4 月,应用 Ilizarov 技术矫治 38 例马蹄足畸形患者资料,其中 5 例于术后 14～28 d 发生胫距关节前脱位,男 4 例,女 1 例;年龄 19～30 岁,平均 23.8 岁;均为马蹄内翻足畸形患者。5 例患者初次手术采用 Ilizarov 技术矫治马蹄足畸形,同时行经皮跟腱延长术、经皮跖腱膜切断术、胫后肌松解、胫前肌移位,其中 4 例同期行距骨周围截骨术,1 例同期行第一跖骨基底截骨术,1 例同期行胫骨近端去旋转截骨术;发生胫距关节前脱位后,1 例经手法复位,4 例使用 Ilizarov 复位装置后继续按原计划牵伸调整外固定架矫形,直至满意。结果 5 例马蹄内翻足畸形患者在行 Ilizarov 技术矫形过程中发生胫距关节前脱位的概率为 13.2%（5/38）。5 例患者均获得随访,随访时间 6～12 个月,平均 10 个月,马蹄足畸形均完全矫正。末次随访时应用国际马蹄足畸形研究学组评分为 3～10 分,平均 4.8 分;其中优 2 例,良 3 例,优良率为 100%。无一例发生钉道感染、神经血管损伤、血栓等并发症。结论 胫距关节脱位是 Ilizarov 技术矫治马蹄足畸形中较常见的并发症,发生率约为 13%。发生胫距关节前脱位后,及时安装距骨复位装置可获得良好效果。围手术期管理应注意外固定铰链关节与踝关节瞬时旋转中心的匹配。     

Gradual closed correction of equinus contracture using the Ilizarov apparatus

We treated 16 patients with equinus contracture using the Ilizarov method without open soft tissue release. No hinge was used in seven patients; instead, their ankle joint was used as the hinge (natural hinge; unconstrained construct). In the remaining nine patients, medial and lateral hinges connecting the tibial and foot rings were placed at the center of the talar dome (rotating hinge; constrained construction). We assessed the results in terms of the extent of dorsiflexion, its improvement, and complications. There was little difference between the results in the natural hinge group and the rotating hinge group. The natural hinge system is therefore the method of choice for treating equinus contracture because it is less invasive and simpler. However, particular care is needed during correction to avoid complications such as anterior subluxation of the talus and joint space narrowing. When complications do occur, intervention should be immediate.     

Ilizarov principles of deformity correction

Ilizarov frames provide a versatile fixation system for the management of bony deformities, fractures and their complications. The frames give stability, soft tissue preservation, adjustability and functionality allowing bone to realise its full osteogenic potential. It is important that we have a clear and concise understanding of the Ilizarov principles of deformity correction to best make use of this fixation system. In this review article, the history of Ilizarov frame, the basic sciences behind it, the mechanical principles governing its use and the clinical use of the fixation system are discussed.     

Ilizarov外固定架治疗创伤性马蹄足

目的探讨应用Ilizarov外固定支架治疗创伤性马蹄足的疗效。方法2003年2月～2005年8月应用Ilizarov外固定架治疗17例创伤所致马蹄足患者。将组装好的Ilizarov外固定架按照Ilizarov的穿针固定原则安装在患侧小腿和足部。术后3d开始转动螺纹杆上的螺母,第1周旋转螺母2～4圈/d,4次/d;1周后旋转螺母1～2圈/d,4次/d,分别逐渐缩短和延长前、后螺纹杆,矫正马蹄足畸形。用伊氏架将踝关节固定在中立位2～3个月。去除外固定架后让患者逐渐增加负重量直至完全负重。不负重时穿戴支具保持踝关节处于中立位至少3个月。结果17例患者均得到随访,平均随访10个月(7～14个月)。术后4～6周踝关节恢复到中立位。平均带外固定架14.5周(10～16周)。无血管、神经损伤。3例各1处针道轻度感染,对症处理后感染消失。1例诉矫正过程中疼痛,术后10周去除外固定架,去除外固定架后6周时僵直在跖屈20°。1例去除外固定架4个月后僵直在跖屈10°。1例小腿前后肌群损伤严重合并胫骨骨缺损重建术后踝关节矫正到中立位后1.5个月行踝关节融合术,融合术后3个月去除外固定架。其余14例达到0°全足负重,行走时无明显足下垂。2例负重时疼痛。踝关节背伸肌群功能存在的患者,踝关节可主动背伸10°。结论Ilizarov外固定架是治疗创伤性马蹄足的微创技术。     

Simultaneous arthrodiastasis and deformity correction for a patient with ankle osteoarthritis and lower limb deformity: A case report

We here report a case of a 50-year-old male with ankle osteoarthritis and lower limb deformity, for which simultaneous deformity correction and arthrodiastasis were performed. The patient initially experienced an open fracture on the left tibia at 19 years, but it was malunited. The Japanese Society for Surgery score of the foot for the left ankle was 53 points. X-ray and CT imaging showed rotational and angular tibial deformities with shortening by 1.6 cm and end-stage osteoarthritis of the left ankle. An external fixator was applied to correct the lower limb deformity, and ankle arthrodiastasis was performed. A good result was achieved in alignment correction and joint function. The patient had an improved clinical score of 98 points at a 2-year followup. We found that external fixation was useful because external fixator is the only appropriate instrument by which arthrodiastasis and deformity correction for ankle osteoarthritis can be simultaneously performed.     

组合式外固定器治疗合并患肢短缩的足踝部畸形

背景：传统的足踝部畸形的矫正需要通过手术来完成,术后需要“静态”的维持。Ilizarov技术遵循的“张力-应力法则”和“牵拉组织再生技术”,在一定程度上打破了传统的矫形模式。目的：探讨Ilizarov技术治疗合并患肢短缩的足踝部畸形的临床疗效。方法：回顾分析2006年8月至2012年10月采用Ilizarov技术治疗的17例下肢及足踝部畸形患者的临床资料。其中男10例,女7例,年龄20~37岁,平均27.5岁。脊髓灰质炎后遗症导致患肢短缩合并足踝负重位外翻畸形患者5例,先天性马蹄内翻足合并患肢短缩7例,高弓足合并患肢短缩3例,跟腱挛缩、仰趾畸形合并患肢短缩2例。所有患者在有限手术重建足踝部软组织平衡或者截骨矫正畸形后安装Ilizarov组合式外固定支架,同时做胫骨的延长。结果：17例患者佩戴Ilizarov支架的时间是16~44周,足踝部矫形支架在3~6个月矫形满意、骨融合确实后单独拆除,骨延长支架根据需要继续佩戴。所有患者都获得随访,随访时间6~48个月,患肢延长2~6 cm,延长段骨矿化满意,足踝部矫形满意。足踝功能参照AOFAS评分：术前（43±5.1）分,术后（76±7.2）分。结论：对于各种原因导致的合并下肢短缩的足踝部畸形的矫治,Ilizarov技术灵活的器械组合可同时完成多方向的畸形矫正,在矫正畸形的同时实施骨延长术。     

Ilizarov外固定架在胫骨截骨延长治疗中的应用

目的：探讨Ilizarov外固定架在胫骨截骨延长治疗中的应用。方法：1990年1月～2002年12月对66例应用Ilizarov外固定架进行胫骨截骨延长的患者手术疗效进行分析。结果：延长长度最长9．3cm，最短5．7cm，平均7．3cm；延长时间24～128d，平均62d；拆架时间2．5～10个月，平均6．0个月；愈合指数27～56d／cm，平均34d／cm。无严重并发症发生，其中1例术后出现腓总神经损伤症状；4例出现不同程度的针道感染；6例出现膝关节屈曲受限；4例出现跟腱挛缩致足呈马蹄畸形。给予对症处理后好转。结论：应用Ilizarov外固定架技术对于胫骨截骨延长是一种有效的方法。     

Ilizarov支架外固定联合踝关节融合术治疗终末期踝关节炎

目的探讨采用Ilizarov支架外固定联合踝关节融合术治疗终末期踝关节炎的疗效。方法回顾性分析自2013-06—2014-12采用Ilizarov支架外固定联合踝关节融合术治疗的13例终末期踝关节炎。末次随访时摄踝关节正侧位X线片,必要时CT三维重建检查,确定是否达到骨性融合。采用AOFAS评分标准评价踝关节功能。结果本组13例均获得随访10~28个月,平均17个月。术后均骨性融合,骨愈合时间12~18周,平均15周。外固定架拆除时间16~22周,平均20周。3例出现针道并发症,反复使用酒精及百多邦外用后控制;其中1例针道感染流脓,反复换药经久不愈,更换克氏针后愈合。末次随访时踝关节功能按AOFAS评分标准评定:优1例,良9例,可3例。末次随访时AOFAS评分为69~91(79.6±7.2)分,明显高于术前,差异有统计学意义(t=37.450,P0.001)。结论采用Ilizarov支架外固定联合踝关节融合术治疗终末期踝关节炎的骨愈合率高,尤其适用合并感染、软组织条件差、骨质缺损严重及踝关节畸形的患者。     

Ilizarov外固定技术在复杂性踝关节融合术中的应用

目的 介绍Ilizarov外固定技术在合并有严重的病理改变的踝关节融合手术和翻修融合手术中的应用经验及临床结果。方法 总结分析1999年5月至2002年1月在澳大利亚皇家布里斯本医院进行的9例复杂性踝关节融合手术患者的病案记录和影象资料,并对患者进行随访评定,平均随访时间18．1个月。结果 9例患者均未出现血管神经损伤,伤口感染,伤口裂开不愈合等并发症,5例患者获得好结果,即关节融合稳定,残留轻度疼痛和功能限制,4例患者获得良结果,即关节融合稳定,残留中度疼痛,中度跛行或功能限制。结论 Ilizarov外固定技术即细针环形外固定架是进行复杂的踝关节融合手术时有效的固定方法之一,包括合并感染的踝关节和翻修的踝关节融合。     

Ilizarov技术联合Ponseti方法治疗儿童僵硬性马蹄内翻足的临床研究

目的 探讨Ilizarov技术联合Ponseti方法治疗大龄儿童僵硬性马蹄内翻足畸形的临床疗效.方法 回顾性分析2012年7月至2016年7月玉林桂南医院收治的36例(49足)儿童僵硬性马蹄内翻足病例的临床资料,术前均行负重位踝关节正侧位X线检查,根据安装Ilizarov外固定架治疗前是否进行Ponseti石膏矫正分为...     

Surgical correction of equinus deformity in children with cerebral palsy: a systematic review

Purpose  

Equinus is the most common deformity in cerebral palsy. However, despite the large volume of published studies, there are poor levels of evidence to support surgical intervention. This study was undertaken to examine the current evidence base for the surgical management of equinus deformity in cerebral palsy.     

A comparative study of the correction of femoral deformity between the Ilizarov apparatus and Ortho-SUV frame

Purposes

This study compared the six-axis external fixator Ortho-SUV Frame (OSF) and the Ilizarov apparatus (IA) in femoral deformity correction. Our specific questions were: (1) which of the fixators (OSF or IA) provides shorter period of femoral deformity correction, and (2) which of the fixators (OSF or IA) provides better accuracy of correction.

Methods

We retrospectively analysed 123 cases of femoral deformities (127 femora): 45 (47) treated with OSF (20 male and 27 female) and 78 (80) with IA (53 male and 27 female). The average age in the OSF group was 34.6 (range, 18–66) and in the IA group 35.8 (range, 18–76). All the deformities were categorized according to the number of planes and deformity components as simple, middle and complex deformities.

Results

Elimination of simple deformities in the IA group took 58.3 ± 21.4 days, EFI 58.8 ± 39.8 days/cm, and lengthening was 4.6 ± 1.98 cm. Middle deformities were 71.3 ± 26.2, 61.9 ± 30.3 and 4 ± 2, respectively. In complex deformities we had 105.2 ± 21.8, 79.3 ± 35.4 and 3.2 ± 1.45, respectively. Normal alignment was achieved in 55.0 % of cases in IA. In 45.0 % of cases we had residual deformity. Elimination of simple deformations in the OSF group took 55.3 ± 12.8 days, EFI 47.5 ± 23 days/cm, and lengthening 4.5 ± 1.1сm. Middle deformities were 43.6 ± 18.9, 59 ± 14.6 and 3.6 ± 2, respectively. In complex deformities we had 44.9 ± 11.5, 57.5 ± 9.4 and 3.6 ± 1.7, respectively. In the OSF group normal alignment was achieved in 85.1 %. In 14.9 % there was residual deformity.

Conclusion

Using OSF simplifies deformity correction and reduces its period by 2.3 times in complex deformities and by 1.6 times in middle deformities. Accuracy of correction with OSF was significantly higher than correction with IA.     

Radiological evaluation of ankle arthrodesis with Ilizarov fixation compared to internal fixation

IntroductionWe asked whether the type of ankle joint arthrodesis stabilization will affect: (1) rate of union, (2) rate of adjacted-joint arthritis, (3) malalignment of the ankle joint.Material and methodsWe retrospectively radiological studied 62 patients who underwent ankle arthrodesis with Ilizarov external fixator stabilization (group 1,n = 29) or internal stabilization (group 2,n = 33) from 2006 to 2015. Radiologic outcomes were mesure by: (1) rate of union, (2) rate of adjacent-joint arthritis, (3) malalignment of the ankle joint. The Levene’s test,Mann–Whitney U test and Students t-test were used to the statistical analyses.ResultsAnkle fusion was achieved in 100% of patients treated with external fixation and in 88% with internal stabilization. Desired frontal plane alignment was achieved in 100% of patients with external fixation and 76% with internal stabilization. Desired sagittal plane alignment was achieved in 100% of external fixation and 85% of internal stabilization. A total of 14 (48.3%) patients from group 1 showed a radiographic evidence of pre-existing adjacent-joint OA. The radiographic evidence of pre-existing adjacent-joint OA was also found in 27(81.8%) subjects from group 2. Alterations of adjacent joints were also found on postoperative radiograms of 19 (65.5%) patients subjected to Ilizarov fixation and in all 33 patients from group 2.DiscusionIlizarov fixation of ankle arthrodesis is associated with lower prevalence of adjacent-joint OA and ankle joint misalignment,and with higher fusion rates than after internal fixation.Although achieving a complex ankle fusion is generally challenging,radiological outcomes after fixation with the Ilizarov apparatus are better than after internal stabilization.     

Recurrence after surgery for equinus foot deformity in children with cerebral palsy: assessment of predisposing factors for recurrence in a long-term follow-up study

Background  

Despite the large number of studies on the recurrence after surgery for equinus foot deformity in cerebral palsy (CP) patients, only a few investigations have reported long-term recurrence rates. Furthermore, little is known on the interval between the recurrent surgeries and the factors that lead to early recurrence. This study aimed to assess the overall recurrence after surgery for equinus foot deformity in patients with CP and to assess the factors associated with recurrence. We also aimed to determine the predisposing factors for early recurrence.     

Ilizarov牵伸技术在外伤性垂足治疗中的应用

[目的]探讨应用Ilizarov牵拉技术治疗外伤性垂足的疗效。[方法]自2004年12月~2006年2月采用Ilizarov技术治疗8例外伤性垂足患者,其中男5例,女3例;年龄28~52岁,平均34.6岁。垂足产生原因小腿胫前外侧肌群断裂或缺损3例,小腿骨筋膜室综合征2例,腓总神经损伤2例,股骨髁上骨折并腘动脉断裂1例。踝关节强直范围为跖屈50°~65°。术中将准备好的牵拉架套入小腿及足部的相应位置。在钢环对应平面交叉穿入2mm克氏针并固定于Ilizarov牵拉架上,术后3~5d开始以1~2圈/d,4次/d的速度旋转踝关节前、后方的调节螺纹杆,使足环带动患足逐渐背伸,使垂足畸形逐渐得以纠正。当垂足提拉达到或超过中立位后停止牵拉,但继续使用牵拉架固定2~3个月以巩固疗效。[结果]所有患者均获随访,随访时间为10~21个月,平均12.5个月。患足均矫正至中立位,有3例患者踝关节可主动背伸至10°,行走功能均良好。有1例患者1个针道发生感染,经输用抗生素,加强针道护理,保证针道引流通畅,感染逐渐控制。无1例发生皮肤坏死、神经、血管损伤等并发症。全部患者垂足畸形无复发。[结论]应用Ilizarov牵拉技术治疗外伤性垂足较以往的治疗方法有明显的先进性,值得推广。     

Effectiveness of Ilizarov Ankle Arthrodesis in the Treatment of End‐Stage Varus Ankle Osteoarthritis: A Retrospective Study

ObjectiveTo evaluate the outcomes of Ilizarov ankle arthrodesis in the treatment of end‐stage varus ankle osteoarthritis (OA).MethodsThis was a retrospective study of 63 patients with varus ankle OA who underwent Ilizarov ankle arthrodesis between June 2013 and December 2018. There were 24 males and 39 females with an average age of 56.57 ± 4.45 years (range, 47–64 years). Thirty‐six cases were affected on the left side, and 27 were affected on the right side. The patients'' mean body mass index (BMI) was 25.18 ± 2.93 kg/m². According to the modified Takakura staging criteria, there were 18 cases of stage 3b (28.57%) and 45 cases of stage 4 (71.43%). Nine patients were primary (14.29%), 48 were traumatic (76.19%), and six were caused by rheumatoid OA (9.52%). Functional assessments were performed according to the American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) ankle‐hindfoot score, Ankle Osteoarthritis Scale (AOS), and visual analogue scale (VAS). The tibial anterior surface angle (TAS), coronal plane tibial‐talar angle (CPT), talar tilt angle (TT), deformity angle (DA), and tibial lateral surface angle (TLS) were assessed on X‐ray films.ResultsThe average operation time was 147.84 ± 13.67 min (range, 135–168 min). The average follow‐up time was 34.24 ± 8.72 months (range, 24–61 months). Bony fusion was achieved in all ankles, and the fusion time was 12.43 ± 1.99 weeks on average. The average AOFAS score at the final follow‐up increased from 42.14 ± 8.66 to 80.90 ± 6.80. The average VAS score and AOS pain and disability scores at the final follow‐up decreased from 7.29 ± 1.27 to 2.24 ± 0.94, from 67.94 ± 7.68 to 27.92 ± 5.82, and from 71.64 ± 9.37 to 41.32 ± 8.99, respectively. The average TAS, CPT, and TLS at the final follow‐up increased from 77.76° ± 4.44° to 89.81° ± 1.25°, from 69.04° ± 3.73° to 90.43° ± 1.80°, and from 82.14° ± 3.77° to 88.67° ± 2.50°, respectively. The average TT and DA at the final follow‐up decreased from 8.76° ± 4.30° to 2.05° ± 1.28° and from 20.95° ± 3.73° to 1.57° ± 0.93°, respectively. Three patients developed superficial pin tract infections, all settled with local dressing and antibiotic treatment. Two patients were found to have subtalar arthritis and underwent conservative treatment.ConclusionAnkle arthrodesis using the Ilizarov technique is efficient in treating end‐stage varus ankle OA.     

Treatment of a fibular autograft non-union with a resulting deformity by stabilization, progressive correction and callotasis using an Ilizarov fixator: a case study

Bone tumours present a challenge to reconstructive surgery when the tumour breaches the physeal and periphyseal region of the growing bone. Though a host of options are available, these are not without complications. We report one such case of osteosarcoma of the tibia treated initially with wide resection of the tumour and intercalary fibular strut grafting using plate and screws. The operation was complicated by a non-union at the proximal tibio-fibular autograft junction. This leads to a multiplanar deformity with severe procurvatum at the proximal tibio-fibular graft junction, which was successfully treated by callotasis using an Ilizarov fixator. Appropriate consent was obtained from the patient and parents to publish this case report.     

Ilizarov技术治疗创伤性膝关节屈曲挛缩畸形

 目的 探讨采用Ilizarov 技术治疗创伤性膝关节屈曲挛缩畸形的疗效。 方法回顾性分 析 2006 年1 月至2010 年12 月采用Ilizarov 技术治疗6 例创伤后膝关节屈曲挛缩畸形男性患者的资料, 年龄9~43 岁, 平均24.5 岁;术前膝关节屈曲畸形35°~85°, 平均47.6°;膝关节活动度0°~70°, 平均 15.8°。其中5 例为膝关节陈旧性骨折伴马蹄足畸形, 畸形角度为25°~37°, 平均31.8°;1 例为股骨髁上骨 折。采用环型外固定架逐渐矫正屈膝和马蹄足畸形, 其中4 例因膝关节骨性结构严重破坏且软组织条 件差, 在膝关节恢复伸直位后行膝关节融合术;另2 例膝关节恢复伸直位后, 白天松开螺母活动膝关 节, 睡觉时将膝关节固定在伸直位, 1 个月后去除外固定架改长腿支具保护3 个月。 结果 术后随访 12~22个月, 平均18 个月。6 例患者膝关节屈曲角度由术前47.67°±18.63°恢复到屈曲9.33°±3.50°。5 例 伴马蹄足畸形患者踝关节跖屈角度由术前31.80°±4.65°恢复到术后3.00°±4.47°。4 例患者术后膝关节成 功融合, 2 例膝关节活动度分别为30°和75°。术后6 例患者均可拄手杖行走。术后2~4 个月, 4 例患者出 现针道感染, 经口服抗生素及使用双氧水清洁针道后约2 周感染控制。 结论 采用Ilizarov 技术可有效 治疗创伤后膝关节屈曲畸形。对膝关节骨性结构损伤且软组织条件较差的患者可行膝关节融合术。     

应用Ilizarov技术在旋转中心穹顶状截骨治疗青少年股骨远端外翻畸形

目的：探讨应用 Ilizarov 技术在旋转中心穹顶状截骨治疗青少年股骨远端外翻畸形的疗效。方法：采用回顾性研究分析 2016 年 1 月至 2020 年 10 月收治并获得完整随访的 11 例股骨远端外翻畸形患者的临床资料, 其中男7 例,女 4 例;右侧 6 例,左侧 5 例;年龄 10~14 岁。在股骨远端畸形处找出成角旋转中心(center of roration of angula-tion,CORA),以 CORA 为中点,行穹顶状截骨,根据 Ilizarov 外固定穿针原则安装环形外固定架,截断股骨远端,即时矫正股骨远端目测下外翻畸形,外固定架固定维持。术后根据双下肢负重全长正侧位 X 线片提示的下肢力线及长度结果,矫正残余畸形及短缩。结果：11 例均得到随访,时间 13~25 个月,带架时间 12~17 周。末次随访拍摄双下肢负重全长正侧位 X 线片测量 11 例双下肢长度均等长,畸形均矫正。采用美国特种外科医院(Hospital Special Surgery,HSS)评分评价膝关节功能,均为优。结论：应用 Ilizarov 技术在旋转中心穹顶状截骨治疗青少年股骨远端外翻畸形,术中即时矫正目测下股骨外翻畸形,术后根据双下肢负重正侧位片提示的下肢力线及短缩程度,动态调整矫正残余畸形及短缩,损伤小,恢复快。