下颌骨外板与颅骨外板移植后吸收率的比较研究

目的 通过比较下颌骨外板与颅骨外板移植后的吸收率.以为下颌骨外板在临床应用提供理论依据.方法 8～12个月龄成年小香猪8只,分别截取一侧下颌骨外板及部分颅顶部外板并修整成相同大小(2.5 cm×1.0 cm),用排水法测量体积后将两骨块贴附植于鼻拱部两侧.随机挑选2只动物,于术后12周处死,取下颌骨外板及颅骨外板贴附植骨区各1.5 cm×0.5 cm大小骨质标本行组织学检查;另6只动物于术后24周处死,用印模材料翻制移植骨块模型后用排水法测量其体积,同时取骨质标本行组织学检查.结果 下颌骨外板贴附移植后总体吸收率为(41±5)%,颅骨外板为(46±12)%,两者比较差异无统计学意义(P=0.51),移植骨愈合改建过程与颅骨外板一致.结论 下颌骨外板是颅面部贴附植骨良好的自体骨源.     

低温快速成形人工骨的敷贴植骨实验研究

目的：本研究采用低温冰型快速成型技术制造的PLGA-TCP人工骨行山羊颅骨贴敷移植，观察其成骨过程与性状，探讨其临床应用的可行性。方法：以PLGA和TCP为原料，依据山羊颅骨缺损的CT扫描数据，用低温快速成型机制造人工骨支架。取12只山羊随机分为实验组和对照组，实验组用复合rhBMP-2的活性人工骨支架材料进行山羊颅骨贴敷移植，对照组为未复合rhBMP-2的人工骨支架。术后4、12周进行影像学检查，术后12周取材进行组织学观察评价体内成骨。结果：大体观察、CT扫描及三维重建显示术后12周实验组成骨良好，植入人工骨体积缩小20％，紧贴颅骨表面。组织学检查可见新生骨沿人工骨支架材料形成。对照组植入物完全吸收，未发现有骨或软骨形成。两组植入物的周边均未发现炎症等异常反应。结论：低温冰型快速成型技术制造的PLGA-TCP人工骨支架，复合rhBMP-2后成为活性人工骨，在大型动物体内进行敷贴移植成骨性能良好。本研究为今后的临床应用奠定了较好的基础。     

下颌骨外板修复颅颌面畸形

目的研究自体下颌骨外板移植在颅颌面骨骼畸形或缺损修复中的应用。方法经口内切口显露下颌升支下份、下颌角、下颌体 ,根据所需骨量的大小及形状 ,采取一侧或双侧下颌外板 ,经裁剪塑形后配合坚强内固定技术用于颅颌面充填植骨或骨骼支架的重建。结果自 1993年 4月至 1999年 10月共采用下颌骨外板治疗颅颌面骨组织缺损或畸形 5 6例。其中颅颌面先天畸形 15例 ,创伤后畸形修复 2 1例 ,肿瘤切除后重建 3例 ,美容整形 17例。随访 6个月至 3年 ,移植骨与邻近骨愈合良好 ,骨质无明显吸收 ,所有患者面部形态均得到明显改善。结论自体下颌骨外板主要是密质骨 ,移植后很少吸收 ,适合于面部骨骼的充填植骨 ,具有较高的机械强度 ,配合小夹板坚强内固定技术可很好的完成面部支架的重建 ,有效地矫正各种原因导致的颅颌面部骨骼畸形 ,采取方便 ,手术创伤小 ,于体表不遗留瘢痕 ,对生理功能干扰小 ,是理想的自体骨移植材料之一。     

下颌骨外板修复颅颌面畸形

目的研究自体下颌骨外板移植在颅颌面骨骼畸形或缺损修复中的应用.方法经口内切口显露下颌升支下份、下颌角、下颌体,根据所需骨量的大小及形状,采取一侧或双侧下颌外板,经裁剪塑形后配合坚强内固定技术用于颅颌面充填植骨或骨骼支架的重建.结果自1993年4月至1999年10月共采用下颌骨外板治疗颅颌面骨组织缺损或畸形56例.其中颅颌面先天畸形15例,创伤后畸形修复21例,肿瘤切除后重建3 例,美容整形17例.随访6个月至3年,移植骨与邻近骨愈合良好,骨质无明显吸收,所有患者面部形态均得到明显改善.结论自体下颌骨外板主要是密质骨,移植后很少吸收,适合于面部骨骼的充填植骨,具有较高的机械强度,配合小夹板坚强内固定技术可很好的完成面部支架的重建,有效地矫正各种原因导致的颅颌面部骨骼畸形,采取方便,手术创伤小,于体表不遗留瘢痕,对生理功能干扰小,是理想的自体骨移植材料之一.     

自体颅骨粉末移植和膜引导再生技术修复兔颅骨缺损的组织学研究

目的应用自体颅骨粉末移植和膜引导再生技术修复兔颅骨缺损模型,观察其组织学演变过程。方法选取50只新西兰大白兔,建立直径1 cm的颅骨全层缺损模型。移植自体骨粉修复兔颅骨缺损,并在移植的骨粉上放置可吸收生物膜,以纤维蛋白胶固定。术后2、4、6、8、12周取材进行组织学观察。结果术后2周,可观察到颅骨缺损区大量骨粉,炎性细胞、毛细血管和成纤维细胞由周围向内浸润,骨粉被吞噬吸收,周边小部分是新生骨,两者之间界限明显。术后4周,观察到骨粉吸收和新骨形成活跃区域向缺损中央内移较多,新生编织骨有所增粗,编织骨之间连接更为紧密,观察到的组织和细胞成分与术后2周时无明显变化。术后6周,基本观察不到未被吸收的骨粉,新生的编织骨变粗,联系更紧密。术后8周,完全观察不到骨粉,缺损中央部已形成单层新生骨,周边部形成的编织骨较为粗大,与正常骨紧密连接,形成初级骨髓腔。术后12周,缺损中央部形成双层新生骨,可见新生骨的改建和较为成熟的骨髓腔,腔内容物形态和成分与正常骨无区别。结论应用自体颅骨粉末移植和膜引导再生技术可以修复颅骨缺损,其组织学演变过程实质是引导性和诱导性骨再生的过程。     

重组人骨形成蛋白-2与胶原复合物的表面植骨成骨作用研究

目的　评价重组人骨形成蛋白 - 2 (rh BMP- 2 )与胶原复合物在大鼠颅骨表面的成骨作用。方法　用 SD大鼠 9只在两侧颞部各制备一骨膜下袋后 ,分为实验侧和对照侧。右侧植入 rh BMP- 2与胶原复合物为实验侧 ,左侧植入单纯胶原作为对照 ,分别于术后 2、4及 8周处死动物各 3只 ,取标本制作脱钙石蜡切片 ,观察成骨情况 ,并测量成骨厚度。结果　 rh BMP- 2与胶原复合物可在颞骨表面通过膜内成骨的方式诱导新骨形成 ,并与颞骨外板良好结合 ,术后 2周 ,植入物大部分降解吸收 ,颞骨表面有大量新生骨 ;术后 4周 ,植入物完全为新骨代替 ,颞骨厚度约为厚原度的 5倍 ;术后 8周 ,新骨更加成熟 ,颞骨厚度约为原厚度 2 .8倍。而对照侧骨质在术后各周均无明显增厚。结论　 rh BMP- 2与胶原复合物可作为良好的表面植骨替代材料 ,并能与植骨床良好结合     

皮质骨切削植骨结合外固定架治疗严重开放性胫腓骨骨折

目的 探讨皮质骨切削植骨方法促进骨折愈合的I临床疗效.方法 对12例严重开放性胫腓骨骨折采用早期外固定架固定,于术后3～6个月进行皮质骨切削植骨.结果 骨折均于进行皮质骨切削植骨后6～10周获得愈合.结论 适时应用皮质骨切削植骨方法结合外固定架固定治疗严重开放性胫腓骨骨折,疗效肯定,可避免更换内固定导致感染的风险,且费用低廉.     

创伤性颅眶畸形的三维可视化诊断分析与手术整复

目的：依据颅眶创伤畸形诊断分类选择相应术式予以整复，并通过规范化治疗改善整复疗效。方法：81例创伤性颅眶畸形均经三维cT确诊为颅-眶-颧颌骨折和畸形。将其分为适合于选择手术术式的四类：①颅骨缺损；②眶壁爆裂骨折；③普通眶周骨折；④复杂眶周骨折。结果：①颅骨缺损12例（14．8％），采用自体肋骨或颅骨板移植获得良效；②眶壁爆裂骨折16例（19．7％），手术还纳眶内容、封闭疝孔、恢复眶腔容积和眼球位置；③普通眶周骨折21例（25．8％）：以骨缺损形态体积相同的骨组织修复，无骨质缺损者则截骨，使骨折段复位固定；④复杂眶周骨折32例（39．5％）：截断错位愈合的骨折线将眶-颧-颌复合体复位；眶粉碎者，应用CAD／CAM快速成型技术预制人工骨眶，手术效果良好。本组所有病例未出现植骨坏死、外露、畸形复发、眶内血肿等严重并发症。结论：颅骨缺损的整复仍以自体骨移植、钛网修复效果较好。眶爆裂骨折晚期畸形以植入自体骨或人工骨修复骨缺损、矫正复视、眼球复位为主。普通眶周骨折：采取截骨、植骨或生物材料植入修复的手术方案。复杂眶周骨折晚期畸形最有效的方法是截断错位愈合的骨折段，复位颅面骨结构形态。典型的Le Fort型骨折，宜采用Le FortⅠ～Ⅲ型截骨手术。     

自体下颌骨外板游离移植技术在颅颌面外科中的应用进展

颅颌面外科是通过特殊的截骨和植骨方法将颅颌面骨分块移动,并按照整形美容原则重新组合固定,达到从根本上矫正畸形或美化容貌的新兴学科.骨移植是颅颌面外科中最重要的技术之一.目前,国内外常用于骨移植的供区主要有髂骨、肋骨、颅骨外板等;而关于下颌骨外板的应用最常见于通过将其截除以减小患者下面部的宽度.自体下颌骨外板作为一种骨游离移植供区,早在1970年,SN Kline就应用下颌骨颏部供骨治疗了1例下颌骨骨折延迟愈合的患者,并证实下颌骨外板取材方便、血供充分、并发症少,是良好的骨供区.     

下颌骨外板修复颅颌面畸形

目的 研究自体下颌骨外板移植在颅凳面骨骼畸形或缺损修复中的应用。方法 经口内切口显露下颌长支下份、下颌角、下颌体,根据所需骨量的大小及形状,采取一侧或双侧下颌外板,经裁塑形后配合坚强内固定技术用于颅颌面充填植骨或骨骼支架的重建。结果 自１９９３年４月至１９９９年１０月共采用下颌骨外板治疗颅颌面骨组织缺损或畸形５６例。其中颅颌面先天畸形１５例,创伤后畸形修复２１例,肿瘤切除后重建３例,美容整形１７例     

Tissue engineering of bone in muscle by using free periosteal grafts with a self-reinforced polyglycolide membrane scaffold. An experimental study in growing rabbits

For tissue engineering of predesigned rectangular bone from free tibial and calvarial periosteal grafts, using self-reinforced polyglycolide membrane (SR-PGA) as a scaffold, fourteen growing New Zealand White rabbits were used. In twelve animals, free tibial and calvarial periosteal grafts wrapped around membranes and grafts without membranes were implanted in muscle. In two control animals membranes only were implanted. Follow-up periods were 6 and 12 weeks. Bone formation and tissue reactions were evaluated macroscopically and histologically. Tibial grafts produced bone more often than calvarial grafts (11/12 vs. 5/12). At 6 weeks mature rectangular bone was obtained from tibial grafts with membranes, whereas none was obtained from calvarial grafts with membranes. At 12 weeks, bone ossicles obtained from both types of graft with membranes were clearly smaller than at 6 weeks and the rectangular form was lost. SR-PGA membrane can be used as a scaffold to obtain predesigned rectangular bone from free tibial periosteal grafts in growing rabbits. Transplantation should be performed before resorption occurs. Received: 10 May 1999 / Accepted: 23 June 1999     

膜内成骨与软骨成骨贴敷移植的早期血管化比较研究

目的采用Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠对颅骨（膜内成骨）和髂骨（软骨成骨）贴敷移植后早期再血管化进行了观察研究。方法用计算机图像处理进行定量分析。结果骨移植７天后,软骨成骨与膜内成骨血管密度分别为：２２３３％和１１８８％;１４天时分别为３４９３％和１５９３％。结论软骨成骨移植后较膜内成骨有更加迅速的血管化。文中对骨移植后骨质结构,血管化以及骨质体积存留之间的关系进行了讨论。     

Absorption of onlay bone grafts in immature rabbits: membranous versus enchondral bone and bone struts versus paste

The absorption of onlay membranous and enchondral bone graft struts and paste was studied in immature New Zealand rabbits using a volume-displacement technique to determine the volume change in the grafts 8 weeks and 21 weeks after grafting. Membranous and enchondral bone paste does not survive as an onlay graft. Both enchondral and membranous bone graft struts undergo significant resorption (78% decreased volume in the enchondral grafts and 50% in the membranous bone grafts). These data support the clinical experience that both types of onlay bone grafts lose significant volume, and are in relative contradistinction to prior animal studies comparing membranous and enchondral onlay bone grafts.     

Hydroxyapatite coating enhances polyethylene terephthalate artificial ligament graft osseointegration in the bone tunnel

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether hydroxyapatite (HAp) coating could induce polyethylene terephthalate (PET) artificial ligament graft osseointegration in the bone tunnel. Twenty-four New Zealand white rabbits underwent artificial ligament graft transplantation in bilateral proximal tibia tunnels. One limb was implanted with HAp-coated PET graft, and the contralateral limb was implanted with non-HAp-coated PET graft as control. The rabbits were randomly sacrificed at four and eight weeks after surgery. The loads to failure of the experimental group at eight weeks were significantly higher than those of the control group (p = 0.0057). Histologically, application of HAp coating induced new bone formation between graft and bone at eight weeks compared with the controls. Real-time polymerase chain reaction examination revealed significantly elevated messenger ribonucleic acid expression levels of osteopontin and collagen I in the grafts of the HAp group compared with the controls at four weeks (p < 0.05). The study has shown that HAp coating on the PET artificial ligament surface has a positive effect in the induction of artificial ligament osseointegration within the bone tunnel.     

Pre-formed vascularized bone grafts using polyethelyne chambers.

Previous work has shown that corticocancellous bone chips placed in a titanium chamber with an arteriovenous vascular pedicle will result in a pre-formed vascularized bone graft. The present study was designed to determine whether these grafts can be transferred as an island or free vascularized bone graft, and to examine the material properties of these grafts. Thirty-two male, New Zealand white rabbits were divided into four groups based on the time of sacrifice following the initial chamber implantation. Injected molded cylindrical polyethelyne chambers, measuring 22 mm long and with an 8-mm inner diameter, were used. Corticocancellous bone chips were placed in the chambers and each chamber was implanted in the mid-thigh, with saphenous vessels running through the chamber. The chambers were implanted into the right and left thigh of each animal. To test the hypothesis of the possibility of transferring this graft as an island or free vascularized graft, ligation of the distal vascular pedicle on one side was achieved at re-exploration at 3, 6, 9, and 12 weeks. The contralateral side served as a control in which the vascular pedicle was not ligated. In the controls, bony bridging between the corticocancellous bone chips was observed after 7 weeks. A solid bone graft was present within the chamber by 10 weeks. However, histomorphometric evaluation indicated significant bone resorption. By 13 weeks, resorption progressed to the point where only small islands of bone remained. Ligation of the distal vessels resulted in thrombosis of the vessels within the chamber. Necrosis of newly-formed bone was observed in the area adjacent to the vascular thrombosis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

膜状成骨与软骨成骨贴附移植后的组织学观察及骨计量学分析

目的深入探讨骨贴附移植后的变化及不同胚胎来源骨质（膜状成骨和软骨成骨）移植后的差异。方法应用新西兰兔、恒河猴采用荧光素双标记法,在不脱钙骨切片上,选用类骨质宽度、骨质矿化沉积率、荧光标记率等骨动力学指标对骨移植后的再生和改建进行计算机图像分析和定量测量。结果骨体积存留率：膜状成骨为（７８４±３５）％,软骨成骨为（５６±５１）％;骨矿化沉积率：膜状成骨为（３６０±０８）μｍ／ｄ,软骨成骨为（０９２±０３３）μｍ／ｄ;类骨质宽度;膜状成骨为（１４５６±２６９）μｍ,软骨成骨为（７３８±２２０）μｍ;荧光标记率：膜状成骨为（９１２２±２６９）％,软骨成骨为（５１２８±４１１）％。结论膜状成骨移植后较软骨成骨可保持更多的骨质体积,有更为明显的成骨再生能力且可诱导宿主骨成骨的能力不同,膜状成骨优于软骨成骨。     

膜状成骨与软骨成骨帖附移植后的组织学观察及骨计量学分析

OBJECTIVE: The experimental study was to determine the differences in changes in the onlay bone grafts of different embryonic origin. METHODS: The study was designed to compare the potential for appositional bone growth in membranous and endochondral onlay grafts in New-Zealand rabbits and a rhesus monkey. Results were assessed with volumetric measurement, histological examinations and stereologic analysis with double-fluorochrome labeling technique. RESULTS: For the membranous and endochondral bone grafts, the volumetric retention rate was (78.4 +/- 3.5)% and (56.0 +/- 5.1)% respectively. The mineralization apposition rate (MAR) was (3.6 +/- 0.8) microns/d and (0.92 +/- 0.33) micron/d; the osteoid seam width (OSW) was (14.56 +/- 2.69) microns and (7.38 +/- 2.20) microns; the tetracycline uptake rate(TUA) was (91.22 +/- 2.69)% and (51.28 +/- 4.11)%, respectively. CONCLUSION: 1. It was found that the membranous bone graft maintained its volume to a significantly greater extent than the endochondral bone graft; 2. Membranous bone grafts exhibited higher survival rate and greater activity than endochondral bone grafts; 3. Different changes were also found in the two recipient sites. There was more powerful bone regenerative reaction in the recipient bed of the membranous bone graft than the endochondral one.     

Bone allografts pretreated with a bisphosphonate are not resorbed

Bisphosphonates bind to bone surfaces and inactivate osteoclasts when they start to resorb the bone. Therefore, immersion of a bone graft in a bisphosphonate solution before implantation may protect it from resorption. We implanted frozen cancellous bone allografts into bilateral bone chambers for 6 weeks in 10 rats. One graft in each pair had been immersed in an alendronate solution (1 mg/mL) for 10 minutes, and then rinsed in saline. Controls underwent the same treatment with saline only. Results were evaluated with histomorphometry. Control grafts were almost entirely resorbed, but alendronate-treated grafts seemed intact. In the treated specimens, two thirds of the space behind the bone ingrowth frontier consisted of graft or host bone, but in the controls, only one fifth. Local graft treatment with a bisphosphonate before insertion seems to be risk-free, and may prevent mechanical graft failure due to resorption in patients.     

Bone allografts pretreated with a bisphosphonate are not resorbed

Bisphosphonates bind to bone surfaces and inactivate osteoclasts when they start to resorb the bone. Therefore, immersion of a bone graft in a bisphosphonate solution before implantation may protect it from resorption. We implanted frozen cancellous bone allografts into bilateral bone chambers for 6 weeks in 10 rats. One graft in each pair had been immersed in an alendronate solution (1 mg/mL) for 10 minutes, and then rinsed in saline. Controls underwent the same treatment with saline only. Results were evaluated with histomorphometry. Control grafts were almost entirely resorbed, but alendronate-treated grafts seemed intact. In the treated specimens, two thirds of the space behind the bone ingrowth frontier consisted of graft or host bone, but in the controls, only one fifth. Local graft treatment with a bisphosphonate before insertion seems to be risk-free, and may prevent mechanical graft failure due to resorption in patients.     

The long-term survival of onlay bone grafts--a comparative study in mature and immature animals

Onlay bone grafting was studied with regard to age of the animal and type of bone graft used (membranous bone or endochondral bone with or without periosteum, and decalcified homograft). The bone grafts were placed in the nasal dorsum in a group of mature and immature New Zealand rabbits. Volume displacement studies were carried out. Graft survival was greatest in membranous bone and least in endochondral grafts. There was significantly greater absorption of endochondral grafts in immature animals than in the mature group. Presence or absence of periosteum did not make a significant difference in graft survival.