Glidescope视频喉镜在MallampatiⅢ～Ⅳ级患者插管的应用

目的观察Glidescope视频喉镜用于MallampatiⅢ～Ⅳ级患者气管插管的效果。方法MallampatiⅢ～Ⅳ级的患者80例,随机分为观察组和对照组,每组40例,分别使用Glidescope视频喉镜和直接喉镜行气管插管,观察声门显露程度、插管时间、插管次数、插管并发症及麻醉诱导前T1）、麻醉诱导后（他）、显露声门即刻（T3）、显露后1min（T4）、5min（T5）的平均动脉压（MAP）和心率（HR）。结果与对照组比较,观察组声门显露程度好（P〈0．05）,插管时间短（P〈0．05）,1次插管成功率高（P〈0．05）,T3和T4时点MAP和HR低（P〈0．05）,插管后口腔软组织损伤和咽喉痛发生率低。结论Glidescope视频喉镜用于MallampatiⅢ～Ⅳ级患者气管插管,能更好显露声门,插管时间短,成功率高,所致心血管反应轻,并发症少。     

不同辅助手法在可视软镜经口气管插管中的应用

目的:观察不同辅助手法在可视软镜经口气管插管中的应用效果。方法:选取某院择期全身麻醉气管插管患者150例,采用随机数字表法将患者分为直接插管组(D组)、单手提下颌组(S组)及双手托下颌组(B组),每组50例。记录3组患者显露声门时间、气管插管时间、首次插管成功率、可视软镜显露分级、麻醉诱导前后舌厚度和舌纵截面积及牙龈、牙齿损伤、术后咽痛、声嘶情况等并发症发生情况。结果:S组和B组首次插管成功率分别为100%和92%,均高于D组的80%。S组和B组声门显露时间和气管插管时间均短于D组,软镜显露效果均优于D组(P<0.05)。S组气管插管时间和软镜显露效果优于B组(P<0.05)。麻醉诱导后S组和B组舌厚度[(4.90±0.81)cm和(4.79±0.85)cm]及舌纵截面积[(16.65±1.41)cm²和(16.69±1.28)cm²]均小于D组[(5.56±0.91)cm和(17.88±1.56)cm²](P<0.05)。结论:可视软镜经口气管插管时,单手提下颌和双手托下颌均可以改善插管条件、缩短插管...     

国产明视插管软镜联合可视喉镜在声门暴露困难病人双腔支气管导管插管中的临床应用

目的观察国产明视插管软镜联合可视喉镜在声门暴露困难病人双腔支气管导管插管中的临床应用效果。方法选取 2017年 1月至 2019年 4月在南方医科大学附属小榄医院择期胸外科手术需行左侧双腔支气管导管插管病人 50例,均声门暴露困难。男性 32例,女性 18例,年龄范围为 19～68岁,美国麻醉师协会分级( ASA)Ⅰ或Ⅱ级, Mallampati气道分级法 Ⅲ或Ⅳ级,采用随机数字表法分为国产明视插管软镜联合可视喉镜组( V组)和 Macintosh直接喉镜组( M组)每组 25例。 V组采用国产明视插管软镜联合可视喉镜施行双腔支气管导管插管及定位, M组先采用 Macintosh直接喉镜施行双,腔支气管导管插管,随后再采用国产明视插管软镜定位。观察并记录喉镜下病人声门暴露程度 Cormack-Lehane分级( C-L分级)情况、气管插管时间、一次气管插管成功率、需助手按压喉部的病人例数和病人术后 48 h内的声音嘶哑及咽喉痛发生情况。结果喉镜下 C-L分级 V组显著优于 M组( P＜0.05)。 V组气管插管时间显著短于 M组［(108.5±18.2)s比( 142.6±30.8)s］(P＜0.05)一次气管插管成功率显著高于 M组( 92.0%比 60.0%)(P＜0.05)需助手按压喉部的病人比例显著低于 M组( 16.0%比 92.0%)(,P＜0.05), V组病人术后 48 h内声音嘶哑及咽喉痛发生率显著低,于 M组( 4.0%比 32.0%,24.0%比 72.0%)(P＜0.05)。结论与采用 Ma- cintosh直接喉镜施行双腔支气管导管插管比较,国产明视插管软镜联合可视喉镜用于声门暴露困难病人双腔支气管导管插管声门暴露好、插管时间短、一次气管插管成功率高,可降低病人术后声音嘶哑及咽喉痛的发生率。     

可视喉镜在全麻气管插管中的应用

目的观察可视喉镜在全麻气管插管的临床应用。方法将90例择期行全身麻醉手术的患者按照入院时间分为可视喉镜组和直接喉镜组,每组45例,麻醉诱导后行气管插管,观察两组患者麻醉诱导前、插管时及插管后5min时的平均动脉压(MAP)、心率(HR)、插管时间和声门暴露时间。结果与直接喉镜组相比较,可视喉镜组患者声门暴露时间和插管时间均明显缩短,差异有统计学意义;两组患者插管前和插管后5min MAP和HR比较,差异无统计学意义;与直接喉镜组相比较,插管时可视喉镜组患者MAP和HR明显降低,差异有统计学意义。结论可视喉镜在一定范围内缩短了全麻气管插管时声门暴露时间和插管时间,而且提高了安全性和可靠性,值得临床借鉴。     

56例急诊气管插管体会

目的 总结急诊气管插管的经验.方法 56例急诊病人采用麻醉喉镜经口明视下紧急插管.结果 56例病人插管时间30～300 s;插管时能暴露声门的42例,不能显露声门而盲插14例;一次插管成功45例,2次及2次以上插管成功11例;抢救成功47例,抢救成功率83.93%.结论 急诊气管插管能提高抢救成功率,熟练掌握气管插管技术及插管困难的处理能提高插管成功率.     

光棒引导下经口气管插管对老年患者血流动力学影响的观察

目的观察光棒引导下经口盲探气管插管对老年患者血流动力学反应的影响。方法选择择期全身麻醉患者160例,男83例,女77例,年龄60～72岁,平均65岁,ASA分级I～Ⅱ级,随机分为两组：常规全麻诱导后普通喉镜明视下经口气管插管组为对照组（M组）,全麻诱导后光棒引导下经口盲探气管插管组为观察组（L组）,每组各80例。所有患者均采用同种全身麻醉诱导方法,分别记录麻醉诱导前（T0）、麻醉诱导后插管前（T1）、气管插管即刻（T2）和气管插管后1min（T3）、气管插管后3min（T4）时的血压（BP）和心率（HR）。结果与T1时比较,L组T2、3、4时的血压（BP）和心率（HR）变化差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;M组T2、3、4时的血压（BP）和心率（HR）均明显升高,差异具有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。与L组比较,M组T0、1时BP、HR差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）,M组T2、3、4时的血压（BP）和心率（HR）均升高（P〈0.05）。结论光棒引导下经口盲探气管插管可以有效减轻气管插管应激反应,对老年患者血流动力学影响较小。     

Glide Scope视频喉镜在全麻气管插管中的应用

目的观察Glide Scope视频喉镜在全麻气管插管中应用的可行性。方法 60例择期手术准备行全麻气管插管患者,ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级,随机分为G组和P组,每组30例,术前处理和麻醉诱导相同。G组采用Glide Scope视频喉镜进行气管插管,P组采用普通直接喉镜进行气管插管。观察两组患者声门显露程度、插管次数、插管时间及手术前(T1)、诱导后(T2)、插管后1min(T3)、3 min(T4)、5 min(T5)的收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)、心率(HR)和插管操作引起的相关并发症。结果声门显露:G组30例均为1级。P组1级17例,2级7例,3级6例,两者相比差异有显著性(P0.05)。插管时间:G组为(30±13)s,P组为(26±19)s,两组相比差异无显著性。血流动力学的变化两组无差异,但在T3时P组HR上升与术前(T1)相差异有显著性(P0.05)。插管引起的相关并发症两组无差异。结论应用Glide Scope视频喉镜气管插管操作简单便捷,声门显露容易清晰,对咽喉部的刺激小,值得在临床推广应用。     

视可尼喉镜在快诱导下静脉全麻气管插管应用中的临床观察

目的 观察视可尼喉镜在快诱导下静脉全麻气管插管的成功率及安全性.方法 100例ASAI～Ⅱ级择期手术患者,在快速静脉全麻诱导后采用视可尼喉镜引导经口腔插管,测量麻醉诱导前(T1)、麻醉诱导后(T2)、气管插管开始时(T3)及气管插管后(T4)以及气管插管后5 min(T5)的HR、SBP、DBP、SpO2,并记录插管操作时间(T3-T4)、次数和并发症.结果 视可尼喉镜引导气管插管的成功率为98%.结论 在快诱导下静脉全麻视可尼喉镜引导经口气管插管,插管迅速,成功率高,对循环功能影响较小,值得推广.     

老年患者Airtraq (R)视频喉镜与Macintosh直接喉镜经口气管插管血流动力学比较

目的 探讨老年患者Airtraq (R)视频喉镜和Macintosh直接喉镜经口气管插管时血流动力学反应.方法 42例65岁以上拟于经口气管插管全麻下择期手术患者,随机分为Airtraq (R)视频喉镜组(A组)和Macintosh直接喉镜组(M组),每组21例.麻醉诱导后分别使用Airtraq (R)视频喉镜和Macintosh直接喉镜显露声门行气管插管.观察指标:声门显露时间、导管置入时间、麻醉诱导前(T0)、气管插管前(T1)、气管插管后即刻(T2)、气管插管后1 min(T3)、3 min(T4)、5 min(T5)时的收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)、心率(HR),计算各观察时点的二重指数(RPP).结果 A组声门显露时间长于M组(P ＜0.05);导管置入时间A组短于M组(P＜0.05);与T0相比,2组T1时SBP、DBP、RPP均明显下降(P＜0.05),HR变化不明显(P＞0.05);与T1相比,A组T2及T3时SBP、DBP、RPP差异有统计学意义(P ＞0.05),M组T5时HR、RPP,T2、T3 和T4时SBP、DBP、HR和RPP显著升高(P＜0.05);组间比较:T2、T3和T4时M组SBP、DBP、HR、RPP显著高于A组(P ＜0.05);T5时M组HR、RPP高于A组(P ＜0.05).结论 在老年患者中,应用Airtraq (R)视频喉镜行经口气管插管血流动力学反应轻于Macintosh直接喉镜.     

保留自主呼吸条件下七氟醚吸入诱导联合纤支镜经鼻插管在困难气道管理中的应用

目的 探讨保留自主呼吸条件下七氟醚吸入诱导联合纤支镜经鼻插管在困难气道管理中的应用效果.方法 选择美国麻醉师协会(ASA)Ⅰ~Ⅲ级、年龄20~72岁的困难气道患者30例,随机分为观察组和对照组,每组15例.观察组应用七氟烷吸入诱导联合纤支镜经鼻实施气管插管;对照组在清醒表面麻醉下经口普通喉镜直接暴露声门区实施气管插管.观察诱导前(T1)、诱导后(T2)、气管插管后10 s(T3)3个时间点患者的收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)、心率(HR)、脉搏氧饱和度(SpO2),对比两者插管成功率及插管过程中相关气道并发症,术后随访患者有无知晓.结果 对照组比较,观察组插管成功率较对照组高(P＜0.01).观察组T2的SBP、DBP、HR水平与T1比较均有一定程度下降(但P＞0.05),对照组无显著改变(P＞0.05).观察组和对照组T2的SBP、DBP、HR较T2均有升高(P＜0.05),观察组T3SBP、DBP和HR显著低于对照组 (P＜0.01).结论 保留自主呼吸条件下七氟醚吸入诱导联合纤支镜经鼻插管在困难气道管理中插管成功率高、插管应激反应小、血流动力学变化小、并发症少、术后随访无知晓.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.