Analysis of long‐term outcomes of double‐strut bone graft for osteonecrosis of the femoral head

Objective: To analyze the long‐term effect of double‐strut bone graft for osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH). Methods: A total of 366 adult patients with ONFH in 466 hips underwent double‐strut bone graft from March 1988 to January 1999. Of them, 186 patients with 206 hips and an average age of 32.2 years (range, 20–60 years) were followed up for more than five years, up to January 2006. Based on the Association Research Circulation Osseous (ARCO) classification, there were 36 hips in stage IIB, and 30, 40, 40, 32 and 28 in stage IIC, IIIA, IIIB, IIIC and IV, respectively. The functional results of affected hips were evaluated by the hundred forked method. Results: Hip pain in all patients disappeared or alleviated greatly after the operation. The height of the femoral head improved to various extents, and the range of motion of the hip joint increased. The patients were followed up for 5–16 years, (average 10.5 years). The total scores increased significantly postoperatively (P < 0.01). The rate of excellent and good results was 83.3%, 80.0%, 75.0%, 65.0%, 40.6% and 28.6% in stage IIB, IIC, IIIA, IIIB, IIIC and IV, respectively (63.6% for the whole group). Conclusion: The long–term effect of double‐strut bone graft for ONFH is satisfactory in relation to staging of ONFH. Favorable results can be expected in young ONFH patients in stage IIB, IIC, and IIIA, IIIB.     

股骨头髓芯减压带旋髂深血管蒂髂骨骨瓣植骨治疗股骨头缺血性坏死

目的　探讨股骨头髓心减压带旋髂深血管蒂髂骨骨瓣植骨术治疗股骨头缺血坏死的疗效及手术适应证。　方法　 1995年 10月～ 2 0 0 0年 8月共进行 18例 (2 6髋 )股骨头髓心减压带旋髂深血管蒂髂骨骨瓣植骨术。根据Harris髋关节评分系统进行关节功能评价 ,根据ARCO分期分型系统进行影像学评价。　结果　随访 16例 2 3髋 ,平均 3 1 5个月。Harris评分由术前平均 61 7改善为随访时 76 0分。 13髋 (5 6% )随访时Harris评分 >80 0分 (内侧型 8髋 ,中央型 3髋 ,外侧型 2髋 ) ,根据ARCO分期分型系统进行分类随访时优良率 ,内侧型 80 % ,中央型 60 % ,外侧型 2 5 %。 8髋分期发生进展。塌陷及失败率内侧型 2 0 % ,中央型 40 % ,外侧型 75 %。　结论　股骨头髓芯减压带旋髂深血管蒂髂骨骨瓣植骨术适用于ARCO分期分型系统中ⅠA中央型、ⅠB内侧型、ⅡA中央型、ⅡB内侧型股骨头缺血性坏死 ,并具有良好的近、中期疗效。对坏死范围较大的股骨头不能防止病程的进展 ,但可缓解症状 ,延缓全髋关节置换的时间     

Core Decompression with Local Administration of Zoledronate and Enriched Bone Marrow Mononuclear Cells for Treatment of Non‐Traumatic Osteonecrosis of Femoral Head

ObjectiveTo investigate the efficacy and safety of core decompression (CD) with local administration of zoledronate and enriched bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMMCS) for the treatment of non‐traumatic osteonecrosis of femoral head (ONFH).MethodsA total of 17 patients (30 hips) diagnosed with stage II and III ONFH according to the 2019 revised Association for Research on Osseous Circulation (ARCO) staging criteria from 2012 to 2014 were retrospectively reviewed. The patients received the following therapy: the BMMCs and zoledronate were injected into the necrotic zone, respectively, along with CD. The mean age of the patients was 36.8 years; 14 were men and three were women. All patients included had non‐traumatic ONFH and a minimum follow‐up of 5 years, which ended when total hip arthroplasty (THA) was performed. Imaging modalities, including plain radiography, computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were taken pre‐ and postoperatively. Harris hip score (HHS) was used to evaluate the functional outcomes of femoral head necrosis. Kaplan–Meier analysis was adopted to determine the probability of survivorship with THA as the end point in this series of patients. The correlation between radiological progression or THA and related risk factors were further analyzed. All complications were recorded.ResultsWith THA as the follow‐up endpoint, All patients were followed up for an average of 69.1 ± 20.5 months (range, 18–95 months). Preoperative imaging found six hips (20%) at ARCO stage II, 14 hips (46.7%) at stage IIIA, 10 hips (33.3%) at stage IIIB. Fourteen hips (46.7%) shown progression radiologically, while six hips (20%) underwent TKA among these patients with hip preservation. The cumulative survival was 80% (95% CI, 0.608–905) at 5 years with THA as the end point. HHS improved from 63.3 ± 8.7 preoperatively to 74.6 ± 20.6 postoperatively (P = 0.000). Radiological progression was found to be associated with ARCO stage, Japanese Investigation Committee (JIC) type, and corticosteroid exposure (P = 0.047; P = 0.012; P = 0.031). However, no correlation was found between conversion to THA and the known risk factors. No major complication was reported, with only four patients complaining about general weakness and muscle soreness, and all disappeared within 2–3 days.ConclusionsThe novel treatment modality could relieve pain, delay the progression of collapse, which might be an effective and safe method for hip preservation of early and mid‐term ONFH. However, the effect of this method may be related to ARCO stage, JIC type, and corticosteroid exposure.     

Efficacy of Modified Lightbulb Technique by Percutaneous Femoral Neck-Head Fenestration Combined With Compacted Artificial Bone Graft for Treating Precollapse Osteonecrosis of the Femoral Head

BackgroundWhether artificial bone provides comparable outcomes to autogenous bone has not been determined for osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH). This study was conducted to compare the clinical outcomes of autogenous and artificial bone grafting (demineralized bone matrix/calcium sulfate [DBM/CaS]) through a modified lightbulb technique by percutaneous femoral neck-head fenestration for treating precollapse ONFH.MethodsA total of 73 Association Research Circulation Osseous Stage Ⅱ ONFH patients (81 hips) who had a mean follow-up of 61 months (range, 52 to 74) were included in this retrospective study. Among them were 40 hips treated with autogenous bone and 41 hips treated with DBM/CaS grafting through the percutaneous femoral neck-head fenestration. The Harris scores, radiographic progressions, clinical success rates, and survival analyses were analyzed.ResultsAt final follow-up, the mean Harris score was 80 points (range, 63 to 92) in the DBM/CaS group and 76 points (range, 69 to 91) in the autogenous bone group (P = .751). The radiographic progression rate was 29.9% in the DBM/CaS group, without significant difference from the autogenous bone group, which was 37.5% (P = .43). About 73.2% of patients in the DBM/CaS group and 75% in the autologous bone group avoided a total hip arthroplasty (P = .85). Survival analysis for femoral head protection revealed similar outcomes between the 2 groups (P > .05).ConclusionPercutaneous femoral neck-head fenestration combined with artificial bone (DBM/CaS) grafting had comparable clinical outcomes to autologous bone grafting on preventing femoral head collapse and rescuing THA at a mean of 61-month follow-up for treating early ONFH.     

蛙式侧位分型在植骨支撑术治疗酒精性股骨头坏死中的意义

目的探讨支撑植骨术治疗酒精性股骨头坏死（ONFH）的初期疗效及蛙式侧位分型的意义。方法 2004年1月至2007年12月,采用支撑植骨术治疗随访93例（123髋）酒精性ONFH患者,随访时间18～52个月,平均随访36.4个月;年龄25～65岁,平均年龄（41.0±8.5）岁。按ARCO分期：Ⅱ、ⅢA、ⅢB～C期分别为33、63、27髋;术前正位分型C1、C2分别为24、99髋;术前蛙式侧位分型C1、C2分别为32、91髋;Harris评分平均为（80.6±6.4）分。结果 术后所有患者均无感染、神经损伤等并发症;术后ARCO分期：Ⅲ、Ⅳ期分别为36、87髋;术后Harris评分（91±7.3）分;以关节置换为终点事件股骨头生存率约82.2%。术前蛙式侧位C1、C2的生存率分别为100%、77.6%。经检验术前蛙式侧位分型为C1的股骨头生存率高于蛙式侧位分型为C2的股骨头生存率（2=4.301,P=0.038）。结论 支撑植骨术治疗酒精性ONFH的初期疗效良好,治疗效果与ONFH蛙式侧位分型密切相关,尤其适用于蛙式侧位分型坏死范围未超过髋臼外侧缘的ONFH早期患者。     

Retrospective Long-Term Follow-Up Survival Analysis of the Management of Osteonecrosis of the Femoral Head With Pedicled Vascularized Iliac Bone Graft Transfer

BackgroundOsteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) often affects young, active adults and leads to the destruction of the hip joint and disabling arthritis. Several procedures have been developed to prevent conversion to total hip arthroplasty (THA), especially in young patients who have a high rate of hip revision surgery. The aim of this long-term follow-up is to analyze the results of vascularized iliac bone flap transfer for ONFH treatment.MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed 856 patients (1006 hips) who accepted hip-preserving surgery with vascularized iliac bone grafting due to ONFH (Ficat and Arlet stages II-IV) from January 1985 to December 2012 at our hospital. Radiographic assessment was performed with the Ficat and Arlet system, clinical assessment was performed with the Harris Hip Score system, and quality of life was evaluated with the 36-Item Short Form Survey. The hips included 575 stage II hips, 382 stage III hips, and 49 stage IV hips. We defined clinical failure as conversion to THA or any other hip-preserving surgery because of hip symptoms.ResultsA total of 856 patients (1006 hips) were eventually followed up with an average time of 15 years (range 5-25). In total, 75 patients were lost to follow-up, and 105 hips were converted to THA. The average Harris Hip Score was 87.43 ± 6.42 points at the last follow-up, representing a great improvement compared to the 66.42 ± 6.52 points obtained preoperatively. The Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed no difference in the 15-year survival rate between patients with stages II and III disease (using THA as an end point). However, the survival rate was lower for patients with stage IV disease than that for patients with stages II and III disease. The survival rate for patients in the glucocorticoid group was lower than that for patients in the idiopathic, alcoholic, and trauma groups. The Physical Component Summary scores ranged from 78 ± 10 to 85 ± 14 postoperatively compared to 30 ± 14 to 55 ± 15 preoperatively, and the postoperative Mental Component Summary scores (range from 34 ± 11 to 59 ± 12) were significantly higher than the preoperative scores (range from 72 ± 11 to 90 ± 10), representing great improvement in patient quality of life. Postoperative complications occurred in 86 patients (4.5%) during the follow-up, including 23 patients with deep venous thrombosis, 16 patients with meralgia paresthetica (which resolved), and 47 patients with secondary wound healing.ConclusionThe vascularized iliac bone flap grafting technique yields significant improvement (particularly in the precollapse disease stages in young patients) for restoration of the biomechanical support of the collapsed femoral head and reconstruction of the blood supply to the osteonecrotic area. This procedure allows these patients to avoid or delay the need for THA surgery.     

股方肌蒂骨柱加钛网伞状支撑术治疗非创伤性股骨头坏死的初步临床观察

目的 探讨股方肌蒂骨柱加钛网伞状支撑术治疗非创伤性股骨头坏死(osteonecrosis of the femoral head,ONFH)的初步临床效果.方法 2008年1月至2009年6月,设计应用股方肌蒂骨柱加钛网伞状支撑术治疗非创伤性ONFH 16例(20髋),年龄21-46岁,平均30.4岁.激素性ONFH 2例 (4髋),酒精性ONFH 14例(16髋).ARCO Ⅱ B期4髋,ⅡC期14髋,ⅢA期2髋.手术时彻底清除股骨头内坏死骨,取大小合适的钛网支撑于原ONFH的软骨下,将带股方肌蒂骨柱套入合适长度、直径1.6 cm的圆柱状钛网中,将此骨柱-钛网复合体植入股骨头内嵌紧.术后定期随访并参照百分法进行疗效评价.结果 手术时间130-190 min,平均155 min;手术出血量300-600 ml,平均420 ml.术后患者无深静脉血栓发生.患者术后均获随访,随访时间3-15个月,平均12.1个月.患者术后4个月左右开始负重行走.所有患者髋关节疼痛和关节功能明显改善.术后3-4个月X线片示植骨愈合良好,18髋股骨头高度保持良好,2髋股骨头高度降低,其中1髋与过早负重有关.结论 股方肌蒂骨柱加钛网伞状支撑术治疗ARCO Ⅱ C和ⅢA期非创伤性ONFH的近期效果良好,远期疗效有待进一步观察.     

Outcomes of free vascularized fibular graft for post-traumatic osteonecrosis of the femoral head

IntroductionOsteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) can occur after traumatic injuries of the hip. Surgical treatment with total hip arthroplasty (THA) may not produce lifelong viability in younger patients. Free vascularized fibular graft (FVFG) has become a reliable method to delay or even avoid THA in this patient population by aiming to correct loss of viable bone through vascularized autologous bone transfer. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the longevity and outcomes of FVFG for traumatic hip injuries resulting in ONFH.MethodsWe performed a retrospective review of our institutional database of patients who had undergone FVFG from 1980-2006 for post-traumatic ONFH and had a minimum follow-up of 5 years. Data collected included demographics, pre-operative Urbaniak ONFH staging, Harris Hip scores (HHS), SF-12 scores, and conversion to THA.ResultsSeventy-two hips in 68 patients met inclusion criteria. Mean follow-up was 11.6 years (range 5.1–33.2 years). Etiology included femoral neck fracture in 36 patients (61%), hip dislocation in 7 (12%), trauma without fracture or dislocation in 11 (19%), and femoral neck nonunion in 5 (8%). The most common stage at presentation was stage IV (48 patients). Graft survival at final follow-up (mean 10.9 years) was 64%, with mean time to conversion to THA of 8.4 years in those that did not survive (36%). There was no difference between THA conversion rates in hips with pre-collapse (Stage I and II) versus impending or post-collapse (Stage III or IV) lesions (p = 0.227). In hips with surviving grafts at final follow-up, mean HHS improved from 56.7 to 77.3 (SD 24.57, range 69–93), a mean improvement of 20.6 (p < 0.001).ConclusionsOur study reveals improvement in HHS in surviving FVFG and an acceptable overall THA conversion rate at mid to long term follow-up in Urbaniak stage I through IV hips. FVFG remains a viable option for treatment in younger patients with pre- and post-collapse (stage IV) ONFH lesions secondary to hip trauma.     

Therapeutic effect of minimally invasive decompression combined with impaction bone grafting on osteonecrosis of the femoral head

The aim of this study was to observe the therapeutic effect of minimally invasive decompression combined with impaction bone grafting on osteonecrosis of the femoral head. A total of 67 patients underwent minimally invasive lightbulb decompression combined with impaction bone grafting. The therapeutic effect was evaluated according to Harris scores, and fluoroscopic and magnetic resolution imaging results at different time points. The Harris score was significantly increased after operation. The fineness rate was 85.4 %. Postoperative disease progression was found in nine patients with the progression rate of 14.63 %. The average necrotic area percentage was noticeably reduced 6 months, 1 year, and 2 years after operation. The one-year postoperative percentage showed a significant difference compared with the preoperative one. Minimally invasive lightbulb decompression combined with impaction bone grafting can achieve a satisfactory curative effect on ONFH. This method has the advantages of small trauma, thorough decompression, and good bone implantation.     

Digital subtraction angiography in selection of the vascularized greater trochanter bone grafting for treatment of osteonecrosis of femoral head

The aim of this report is to present our experience on the use of the digital subtraction angiography (DSA) in selection of the vascularized greater trochanter bone grafting for the treatment of the osteonecrosis of femoral head (ONFH) in early stages. Between January 2005 and June 2007, DSA was used to evaluate the blood perfusion of the early stages ONFH in 32 patients (45 hips). There were 18 males and 14 females with an average age of 30 years old. Twenty‐one hips were in ARCO stage I, and 24 in ARCO stage II. The arterial blood supply insufficiency was found in 22 hips by DSA, and the venous stasis in 23 hips. The hips with artery blood supply insufficiency received the vascularized greater trochanter bone grafting, and the hips with the venous stasis received the core decompression. All of patients were followed‐up with an average of 4.8 years (ranging 2.4–6.6 years). The preoperative Harris Hip score (HHS) in the patients with arterial blood supply insufficiency was 48.18 ± 7.81 and the postoperative HHS was 93.27 ± 3.03. The preoperative HHS in the patients with venous stasis was 44.04 ± 6.40, and the postoperative HHS 92.65 ± 2.93. The postoperative DSA showed an improved perfusion of the femoral head in 44 hips. Our experience showed that DSA would help to select the appropriate procedure for treatment of ONFH in the early stage. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microsurgery 33:656–659, 2013.     

Treatment of stage I and II osteonecrosis of the femoral head with core decompression and bone marrow aspirate concentrate injection—A 2-year follow-up study

IntroductionOsteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) is a rapidly progressive degenerative disease typically affecting individuals in their fourth to fifth decade of life. Treatment modalities for ONFH range from non-invasive interventions, including electrical stimulation and pharmacological agents, to surgical procedures, such as core decompression (CD) with bone marrow aspirate concentrate (BMAC) injection. The objective of this study was to determine if BMAC improved patient-reported outcomes and successfully prevented the need for total hip arthroplasty (THA) in patients with ARCO Stage I–II ONFH.Materials and methodsFifty-two patients (29 males, 23 females, and 66 hips) with stage I-II ONFH and an average age of 40 years (range: 17–67) were treated with CD and BMAC between January 2010 and 2013. All procedures were performed by a single surgeon (TAE) using a standardized technique. Patients were prospectively followed for an average of 2 years and evaluated at baseline, 6, 12, 18, and 24 months postoperatively with the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC), Short Form 12 (SF-12), and the EuroQol 5 dimensions (EQ-5D) questionnaires.ResultsAt an average of 2-years follow-up, patients reported significant improvements in all WOMAC subcategories (p < 0.001), SF-12 physical function (p < 0.001), and EQ-5D scores (p < 0.001). Overall success rate, as defined by no further interventions following CD-BMAC, was reported at 62% (41/66 hips) overall and 75% (41/55 hips) when patients lost to follow-up (11 hips) were excluded.ConclusionsThe goals of treatment for ONFH are to preserve function, reduce pain, and delay the need for THA. Our study has demonstrates that CD-BMAC may be a worthwhile treatment modality in patients with stage I or II ONFH. However, future randomized control trials comparatively evaluating the effectiveness of CD-BMAC to a control are necessary to better understand the clinical impact associated with BMAC therapy.     

The 2019 Revised Version of Association Research Circulation Osseous Staging System of Osteonecrosis of the Femoral Head

BackgroundThe Association Research Circulation Osseous (ARCO) presents the 2019 revised staging system of osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) based on the 1994 ARCO classification.MethodsIn October 2018, ARCO established a task force to revise the staging system of ONFH. The task force involved 29 experts who used a web-based survey for international collaboration. Content validity ratios for each answer were calculated to identify the levels of agreement. For the rating queries, a consensus was defined when more than 70% of the panel members scored a 4 or 5 rating on a 5-point scale.ResultsResponse rates were 93.1%-100%, and through the 4-round Delphi study, the 1994 ARCO classification for ONFH was successfully revised. The final consensus resulted in the following 4-staged system: stage I—X-ray is normal, but either magnetic resonance imaging or bone scan is positive; stage II—X-ray is abnormal (subtle signs of osteosclerosis, focal osteoporosis, or cystic change in the femoral head) but without any evidence of subchondral fracture, fracture in the necrotic portion, or flattening of the femoral head; stage III—fracture in the subchondral or necrotic zone as seen on X-ray or computed tomography scans. This stage is further divided into stage IIIA (early, femoral head depression ≤2 mm) and stage IIIB (late, femoral head depression >2 mm); and stage IV—X-ray evidence of osteoarthritis with accompanying joint space narrowing, acetabular changes, and/or joint destruction. This revised staging system does not incorporate the previous subclassification or quantitation parameters, but the panels agreed on the future development of a separate grading system for predicting disease progression.ConclusionA staging system has been developed to revise the 1994 ARCO classification for ONFH by an expert panel-based Delphi survey. ARCO approved and recommends this revised system as a universal staging of ONFH.     

Treatment of nontraumatic osteonecrosis of the femoral head using bone impaction grafting through a femoral neck window

Nontraumatic osteonecrosis of the femoral head (non-ONFH) is a disorder that can lead to femoral head collapse and the need for total hip replacement. Various head-preserving procedures have been used for this disease to avert the need for total hip replacement. These include various vascularised and nonvascularised bone grafting procedures. We examined the effect of bone-grafting through a window at the femoral head-neck junction known as the “light bulb” approach for the treatment of osteonecrosis of the femoral head with a combination of demineralised bone matrix (DBM) and auto-iliac bone. The study included 110 patients (138 hips; 41 females, 69 males; mean age 32.36 years, range 17–54 years) with stage IIA–IIIA nontraumatic avascular necrosis of the femoral head according to the system of the ARCO (Association Research Circulation Osseous). The bone grafting procedure is called “light bulb” procedure in which the diseased bone was replaced by a bone graft substitute (combination of DBM and auto-iliac bone).The outcome was determined by the changes in the Harris hip score, by progression in radiographic stages, and by the need for hip replacement. The mean follow-up was 25.37 months (range 7–42 months). All data were processed by a statistics analysis including Cox risk model analysis and Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. Pre- and postoperative evaluations showed that the mean Harris hip score increased from 62 to 79. Clinically, 94 of 138 hips (68%) were successful at the latest follow-up, and radiological improvement was noted in 100% of patients in stage IIA, 76.67% of patients in stage IIB and 50.96% of patients in stage IIC and IIIA cases. Excellent and good results according to the Harris score were obtained in 100% of cases in stage IIA, 93.33% in stage IIB and 59.62% in stages IIIA and IIC stage, with a survivorship of 85% in stages IIA and IIB and 60% in stage IIIA and IIC cases. Cox risk model analysis showed that the clinical success rate correlated with both pre-operation stage and the necrotic area of the femoral head. The complications included ectopic ossification, lateral femoral cutaneous nerve lesion and joint infection. This procedure may be effective at avoiding or forestalling the need for total hip replacement in young patients with early to intermediate stages of osteonecrosis of the femoral head. Therefore, it may be the treatment of choice particularly in nontraumatic osteonecrosis of the femoral head of pre-collapse stage with small and middle area (<30%, or the depth of collapse <2 mm).     

高位股骨头颈开窗植骨支撑术治疗早期股骨头坏死

 目的 探讨高位股骨头颈开窗植骨支撑术治疗早期股骨头坏死的近期疗效。方法 2009 年 1 月至 2011 年12月采用高位股骨头颈开窗植骨支撑术治疗早期股骨头坏死 26例（35髋）,男 11例,女 15例;年龄 18~65岁,平均 37.4岁。股骨头坏死 ARCO分期ⅡA期 6髋、ⅡB期 13髋、ⅡC期 16髋。采用高位股骨头颈开窗植骨支撑术治疗,开窗位置位于股骨头颈交界处靠近股骨头方向,累及部分股骨头软骨。术后第 1个月及以后每 3个月定期门诊随访,依据 Harris髋关节评分及优良率评估疗效。结果 25例 33髋获得随访,失访 1例 2髋。随访时间 18~32个月,平均 24个月。随访期间未出现感染及神经损伤等并发症。总体 Harris 髋关节评分由术前（73.42±7.30）分提高至末次随访的（85.85±11.63）分;其中ⅡA 期患者由（74.50±1.76）分提高至（91.17±1.60）分;ⅡB 期患者由（73.92±8.03）分提高至（86.00±10.49）分;ⅡC 期患者由（72.60±8.29）分提高至（83.60±14.29）分。总体优良率由术前 36.4%提高至 84.9%;ⅡA 期患者由 33.3%提高至 100.0%;ⅡB 期患者由 41.7%提高至 91.7%;ⅡC 期患者由 33.3%提高至 73.3%。手术前后 Harris 髋关节评分及优良率的差异均有统计学意义。结论 高位股骨头颈开窗植骨支撑术治疗早期股骨头坏死近期疗效好,能促进坏死修复,改善髋关节症状。     

带血管蒂骨瓣转移治疗双侧股骨头缺血性坏死的疗效分析

背景：非创伤性股骨头缺血性坏死（ONFH）常双侧发病,治疗更加困难,采用保留股骨头的治疗方法较为理想。目前,采用带血管蒂骨瓣转移治疗双侧ONFH疗效的报道甚少。 目的：探讨应用带血管蒂髂骨瓣转移治疗双侧ONFH的早中期临床疗效。 方法：2009年1月至2010年12月共收治双侧ONFH患者22例44髋,男10例,女12例;年龄22~41岁,平均32.6岁;体重指数（BMI）16.5~30,平均23.9。按ARCO分期标准分为：Ⅱb期9髋,Ⅱc期14髋,Ⅲa期8髋,Ⅲb期5髋,Ⅲc期8髋。术中所取血管蒂均为旋股外侧血管升支髂棘支骨瓣转移术。双髋分两次进行手术,手术间隔12~16个月,平均14个月。 结果：随访时间为36~47个月,平均40.3个月,单髋术中失血量200~500 ml,平均358 ml。双侧髋关节术后6个月、12个月的Harris髋关节评分（HHS）均较各自术前有明显提高;双侧髋关节术后相同时间点的HHS评分比较无统计学差异。初次手术侧1髋术后出现切口脂肪液化经换药痊愈,其余均无围手术期并发症。术后根据ARCO分期标准2髋由Ⅲb期病变进展至Ⅲc期;1髋由Ⅲc期进展至Ⅳ期,并于术后14个月进行人工关节置换手术。 结论：应用带血管蒂髂骨瓣转移分两次手术治疗双侧ONFH,合适的手术间隔对初次手术侧功能恢复影响较小,双侧髋关节术后早期临床功能评价较高,是治疗双侧ARCOⅡ~Ⅲ期ONFH的有效方法。     

Clinical Outcome of Surgical Hip Dislocation Combined with Impacting Bone Grafts and Implanting Iliac Bone Flaps in the Treatment of Osteonecrosis of the Femoral Head: A Mid‐term Retrospective Study

ObjectiveTo report the medium‐term outcomes of surgical hip dislocation (SHD) combined with impacting bone grafts and implanting iliac bone flaps in the treatment of osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) and to define the indications for this treatment.MethodsThis was a single‐center retrospective study. In total, 64 patients (70 hips) with ONFH treated from January 2014 to December 2017 were included in this study. There were 51 males and 13 females aged 18–55 years with an average age of 32 years. All patients underwent surgery for SHD combined with impacting bone grafts and implanting iliac bone flaps. Preoperative and postoperative clinical outcomes were assessed. The clinical outcome was assessed using the Harris hip score (HHS) and the conversion rate of total hip arthroplasty (THA). Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to identify risk factors affecting the clinical outcome. Kaplan–Meier (K‐M) analysis was applied to calculate the survival rate of the femoral head.ResultsAt the last follow‐up (60 ± 15.08 months), the HHS was excellent for 41 hips, good for 17 hips, fair for three hips, and poor for nine hips. All nine hips with poor HHS underwent THA, including five in the first 2 years following the index surgery and four between three and 5 years. The conversion rate of total hip arthroplasty was 12.86%. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses showed that the duration of hip pain and JIC classification type were significantly associated with clinical outcomes. Elderly age and advanced ONFH stage tended to lead to worse surgical outcomes. The overall survival rate of JIC classification type C1 and duration of pain ≤6 months was 98.1% and 97.8% at 72 months, respectively, as estimated by the Kaplan–Meier method.ConclusionSurgical hip dislocation combined with impacting bone grafts and implanting iliac bone flaps in the treatment of ONFH had a good mid‐term clinical outcome, especially for patients with retention of the lateral column of the femoral head and hip pain less than 1 year.     

带肌蒂骨瓣移植术治疗股骨头坏死

目的探讨带股方肌蒂骨瓣移植术治疗股骨头坏死的临床疗效。方法应用双支撑骨柱移植术治疗ONFH获5年以上随访者186例206髋，ARCO分期为ⅡB、ⅡC、ⅢA、ⅢB、ⅢC、Ⅳ期者分别为36、30、40、40、32、28髋。单纯股方肌蒂骨瓣移植术治疗ONFH获得3年以上随访者82例94髋，ARCO分期6ⅡB、Ⅱc、ⅢA分别为36、30、28髋。参照百分法评价疗效。结果患者术后的髋关节疼痛明显缓解或消失，股骨头高度有不同程度的增加，关节活动度改善，双支撑骨柱移植术组平均随访时间10．5年（5—16年），术前术后的临床评价、x线评价、总分数比较，两者间的差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。ⅡB～Ⅳ期优良率分别为83．3％、80．0％、75．0％、65．0％、40．6％、28．6％，总优良率为63．6％。期别间疗效依次降低，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。单纯股方肌蒂骨瓣移植术组平均随访时间3．2年（0．5～5．5年），ⅡB、ⅡC、ⅢA期的优良率分别为94．4％、93．3％、89．3％，总优良率为92．6％。结论两种带股方肌蒂骨瓣移植术治疗股骨头坏死的疗效良好，远期效果与坏死期别有关，适用于Ⅱ期和Ⅲ早期的年轻患者。     

Comparison of sartorius muscle-pedicle and circumflex iliac deep bone flap grafts in the treatment of early non-traumatic osteonecrosis of femoral head in young adults

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to retrospectively compare and evaluate the midterm curative effect of two different bone flap grafts in the treatment of early non-traumatic osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH).MethodsA total of 180 patients (199 hips) with early non-traumatic ONFH received surgical treatment by sartorius muscle-pedicle bone flap graft (SMBF) (104 patients, 64 males and 40 females; mean age 34.67 ± 3.24 years) or circumflex iliac deep bone flap graft (CIDBF) (76 patients, 44 males and 32 females; mean age: 35.54 ± 3.37 years) from July 2004 to July 2009. The comparison between the groups was made with Harris score before and after surgery, length of incision, operative time, amount of bleeding, postoperative X-ray. Association Research Circulation Osseous (ARCO) staging was performed.ResultsThe preoperative Harris hip score of two groups were 68.26 ± 1.26 and 69.35 ± 1.31, respectively. Patients' ARCO staging indicated 36 hips of stage IIa, 115 hips of stage IIb and 48 hips of stage IIc. The etiology of ONFH mainly including hormones (93 patients), alcohol (64 patients) and other (23 patients). The mean follow-up time of SMBF and CIDBF groups were (51.78 ± 2.35) and (52.73 ± 3.71) months, respectively. The time of removing sutures, operation time, amount of bleeding and length of incision in SMBF group were superior to those in the CIDBF group, and those differences between the SMBF and CIDBF groups were not significant (all p values > 0.28). The Harris score between the two groups was similar after operation and postoperative 12 month, and the difference was not statistically significant (p > 0.05), whereas the difference of the postoperative 24 and 48 months was statistically significant (p ˂ 0.05). X-ray analysis showed improvement of osteonecrosis in both two groups after surgery, and as time went on, the total hip amount decreased, the replacement amount increased.ConclusionBoth bone flap grafts appear to be effective methods for treatment of early osteonecrosis of femoral head (ARCOⅡ), and the SMBF is a relatively simple technique and easy for mastering, and it is a reliable method for clinical application.Level of evidenceLevel III, Therapeutic Study.     

Vascularised greater trochanter bone graft, combined free iliac flap and impaction bone grafting for osteonecrosis of the femoral head

Purpose

To investigate the curative efficacy of osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) in a hip-preserving operative approach, by grafting a vascularized greater trochanter flap combined with a free iliac flap, in an attempt to seek an innovative approach for patients who suffered middle to late stage ONFH without total hip arthroplasty (THA) surgery.

Method

Our research included a total of 60 patients (66 hips) who accepted hip-preserving surgery by grafting a vascularized greater trochanter flap combined with a free iliac flap which was tightly filled by hammering because of ONFH (most were Association Research Circulation Osseous (ARCO) stage III patients) from January, 2006 to December, 2010. A Harris Hip Score was obtained during follow-ups, evaluating the clinical efficacy, X-rays were taken regularly for image assessing, and the SF-36 scale was used for estimating quality of life. Terminal observation time was considered when patients had symptom-dependant indications for performing another hip-preserving surgery or THA surgery.

Results

Fifty-eight patients (64 hips) were eventually contacted by telephone for an out-patient clinic return visit, with a mean follow-up time of 35.8 months (varied from 12 months to 60 months), but two patients lost contact for various reasons. The demographic data were as follows: there were 16 ARCO IIIA cases, 22 ARCO IIIB cases, and 26 ARCO IIIC cases, respectively. Postoperative X-rays revealed a well-repaired necrotic area of the femoral head and improvement of femoral-acetabulum coverage. The last follow-up mean Harris Hip Score was 86.56 ± 7.38 (excellent results reached 87.50 %), which were greatly improved compared to 50.95 ± 6.86 pre-operatively. Also the postoperative mean scores of all dimensions of the SF-36 scale were improved to some extent. Additionally the physical component summary (PSC) scores were enhanced from 42 ± 13 pre-operatively to 78 ± 11, while the postoperative mental component summary (MCS) scores (76 ± 11) largely increased in contrast to pre-operative scores (51 ± 10), with both target indices having statistical significance (p = 0.005, p = 0.01), signifying hugely improvement of the quality of life of the patients. A correlation was found between Harris Hip Score and all dimensions of SF-36 scale (r = 0.32–0.72), especially closely correlated with physical functioning (PF), role-physical (RP) and bodily pain (BP) in PCS aspect (r = 0.72, p < 0.01; r = 0.58, p < 0.01; r = 0.65, p < 0.01, respectively).

Conclusion

There is definite curative efficacy for the treatment of ONFH with an hip-preserving operative approach by grafting a vascularized greater trochanter flap combined with a free iliac flap which was tightly filled by hammering. This kind of operative approach reconstructs the biological stability of femoral head, which promotes repair of necrotic areas and indirectly preserves the femoral head of patients and a majority of hip function. It possesses vast clinical as well as practical significance, because the long-term efficacy can satisfy fundamental life requirements, especially for those young and middle-aged patients who suffer ONFH to avoid or put off the time of total hip arthroplasty(THA) surgery.     

Mid-term Follow-up of the Direct Anterior Approach in Acetabular Revision Hip Arthroplasty Using a Reconstruction Cage With Impaction Grafting

BackgroundSevere acetabular bone loss is often treated with reconstruction cages and impaction grafting using allograft bone. Accurate implant positioning is crucial for successful clinical and radiological outcomes. The direct anterior approach (DAA) is a standard approach for primary total hip arthroplasty (THA) that is being used more frequently for revision THA. The aim of this study was to report midterm clinical and radiological outcomes of acetabular revision arthroplasty using the DAA to address large acetabular defects by using a reconstruction cage and impaction grafting.MethodsAcetabular cup revisions were performed in 64 patients (64 hips) with severe acetabular bone loss. All patients received reconstruction cages with impaction grafting via the DAA. The stem was also revised in 22 patients. Complications, radiological, and functional outcomes were assessed.ResultsSix of the 64 patients were revised at a mean follow-up of 27.6 months (range, 11-84 months), two each for implant failure, infection, and recurrent dislocation. One hip showed the radiological failure of the implant, but the patient was asymptomatic and was not revised. The median Western Ontario McMasters Osteoarthritis Score (WOMAC) for the cohort overall improved significantly (P < .01) by the latest follow-up compared with preoperative scores.ConclusionGood midterm outcomes can be obtained with the DAA for acetabular cup revisions done to address severe acetabular bone loss by using reconstruction cages and impaction grafting. The number of complications was within the expected range for this type of revision procedure at midterm follow-up, and dislocation rates were low.