Immediate reconstruction using a modified thoracodorsal adipofascial cutaneous flap after partial mastectomy

The treatment of early breast cancer using breast conservation therapy (BCT) usually ensures local control and acceptable cosmetic results. We report a useful technique involving the use of a thoracodorsal adipofascial cutaneous flap for reconstructing defects in the upper-outer quadrant area after partial mastectomy that has achieved excellent results. We developed this procedure as an oncoplastic technique for treating a Japanese woman with a similar defect and a relatively slim body. In this procedure, partial mastectomy is followed by raising the anterior half of the flap via the same skin incision, and the posterior half is raised via an additional incision posterior to the axillary area to produce a crescent of de-epithelialized skin. A C-shaped flap containing a crescent of de-epithelialized skin composed of subcutaneous fat and the fascia of the latissimus dorsi muscle is then rotated, gathered, and inset into the breast defect.     

乳癌术后的乳房再造

目的 探索乳癌根治术后3种不同乳房再造方法的最佳外观效果.方法 (1)乳癌切除Ⅱ期行扩大背阔肌肌皮瓣乳房再造.(2)乳癌切除即时腹直肌横行皮瓣乳房再造.(3)保留胸大肌乳癌切除,Ⅱ期乳房假体置入并行乳头、乳晕再造;对不保留胸大肌乳癌切除者,Ⅱ期皮肤扩张后乳房假体置入再造.结果 共计治疗12例,10例皮瓣全部成活,外观形态满意,优良率较高.2例不满意,其中1例扩张后,因局部皮肤皮下组织较薄,扩张程度不足,勉强置入140 ml乳房假体,外观形态明显偏小;另1例腹直肌肌皮瓣大部分坏死,经再次修复创面愈合,乳房再造失败.结论 乳房再造的方法选择得当,可使乳房形态更为自然.普通背阔肌皮瓣改用扩大的背阔肌皮瓣后,软组织量比前者增加1倍以上,使再造乳房与对侧相近.假体置入乳房成形后,Ⅱ期行单蒂乳头、乳晕再造,可给患者以心理和外观上的更多抚慰.     

Ambulatory mastectomy

BACKGROUND: Ambulatory mastectomy has been a topic of heated political debate with little analysis of clinical data. METHODS: Based on extensive satisfaction surveys, an ideal surgical treatment experience was developed that decreased nausea, increased preoperative education, and reduced perioperative narcotic usage. Using this new algorithm, patients treated by a single surgeon were given the choice of overnight stay versus discharge to home with visiting nurse care. RESULTS: From March 1 to October 31, 2001, 92 mastectomies or lumpectomy/axillary dissections were performed in 87 patients. One patient chose to remain in the center overnight. All others were discharged in less than 2.5 hours postoperatively. Perioperative complications fell to 20% of those of the prior year. Hospital charges fell 79.5%. CONCLUSIONS: Despite lay reservations about ambulatory mastectomy, a detailed approach can result in markedly reduced health care costs without incurring additional morbidity or mortality.     

保乳术与乳房改良根治术对患者肋间臂神经的影响

目的探讨保乳术与乳房改良根治术对乳腺癌的疗效及肋间臂神经的影响。方法将2010年1月至2013年1月收治的150例乳腺癌患者按照随机数字表法分为保乳组75例和根治组75例,术后两组患者随访3年,采用SPSS22.0统计学软件包对数据进行处理,手术时间、出血量、切口长度、住院时间、生活质量评分等计量资料用(x珋±s)表示,采用成组t检验;胸肌萎缩、胸壁外形改变、感觉功能障碍、复发、远处转移、生存率及并发症发生率比较采用χ2检验,以P0.05表示差异有统计学意义。结果与根治组比较,保乳组手术时间、术中出血量、手术切口长度、住院时间均显著缩短,两组间差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);保乳组胸肌萎缩、胸壁外形改变、感觉功能障碍发生率均显著低于根治组(P0.05);术后保乳组(2.6%)上肢水肿、切口感染、皮下积液等并发症发生率均显著低于根治组(44.0%)χ2=25.814,P0.05;生活质量显著高于根治组,以上指标两组间比较差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论保乳术对乳腺癌患者创伤更小,能避免对肋间臂神经的损伤,对于满足手术适应证的患者,保乳术可以作为首选治疗方案。     

Incidence of shoulder functional morbidity following ipsilateral mastectomy and latissimus dorsi flap reconstruction

IntroductionThe aim of this study was to investigate the incidence of shoulder morbidity in our cohort of patients with latissimus dorsi flap reconstruction after mastectomy.MethodsThis is a retrospective study of prospectively collected data of 72 patients using validate Oxford shoulder score for function and quickDASH score for disability. Scores were collected preoperatively and at time of final review or study. We also reviewed patient records for patients who had a formal diagnosis of shoulder pathology. Results were analysed with student t-test.ResultsAnalysis of scores showed a statistically significant worsening of both oxford shoulder score (p < 0.005) and quickDASH score (p < 0.005), when pre and post-operative scores were compared. Seven patients had a formal diagnosis of shoulder pathology, and all of them recovered well. There was no significant difference in oxford shoulder score or quickDASH scores between patients with or without shoulder pathology. About 40% patients had some functional loss or disability at 4 years after the surgery.ConclusionOur study shows a high incidence of significant shoulder functional morbidity following latissimus dorsi flap reconstruction but number of patients requiring specific treatment is low.Level of evidenceLevel IV, therapeutic study.     

保留相关功能神经的改良乳腺癌根治术

目的探讨改良乳腺癌根治术保留胸前神经及肋间臂神经的方法及临床意义。方法选择Ⅰ、Ⅱ期乳腺癌患者 87例 ,随机分为两组 ,A组 5 2例 ,采用经胸大肌前入路清扫腋窝淋巴结 ,保留胸小肌、胸前神经及肋间神经。B组 (对照组 ) 35例 ,经胸大肌入路清扫腋窝淋巴结 ,切除胸小肌 ,切断肋间臂神经 ,观察随访两组术后情况。结果术后重度胸大肌萎缩 :A组 ,0例 ,B组 2 8例(80 % ) ,2组比较 ,差异有显著性 (χ2 =6 1 34,P <0 0 1)。腋窝及患侧上肢感觉异常 ,A组 3例(5 8% ) ,B组 31例 (88 6 % ) ,2组比较 ,差异有显著性 (χ2 =6 2 2 4 ,P <0 0 1)。结论保留胸前神经及肋间臂神经的改良乳腺癌根治术能够有效地防止胸大肌萎缩和患侧腋窝上肢感觉障碍的发生率。     

乳腺癌根治术预防皮缘坏死及积液40例的体会

目的探索乳腺癌根治手术中及术后避免皮瓣坏死及皮下积液的方法。方法对40例乳腺癌根治手术,采用皮下注射生理盐水和蒸馏水混合液,组织剪游离皮瓣并止血,同侧腋窝注射溶脂液,溶脂后结扎腋窝淋巴管,清除腋窝淋巴结;应用较细的硅胶管螺旋式剪侧孔,置于术野边缘一圈,距皮缘3 cm处缝皮瓣至胸壁,采取小负压持续吸引,免除胸带及皮外加压包扎。结果40例乳腺癌根治术,仅1例行皮瓣转移患者有少许皮瓣坏死外,其余均为一期愈合。结论乳腺癌根治术彻底止血、保护皮缘血供、术后有效引流、避免皮肤过度加压是预防了皮瓣坏死、皮下积液的有效措施。     

乳腺癌切除术后乳房再造

目的 探讨乳腺癌切除术后乳房再造的方法及时间.方法 总结30例不符合保乳条件的乳腺癌病例,乳房切除术后假体置人乳房再造16例,下腹部横行腹直肌肌皮瓣(TRAM瓣)乳房再造10例,背阔肌肌皮瓣乳房再造4例.其中即刻乳房再造27例,延期乳房再造3例.结果 16例假体置入乳房再造术后外观评价均为良,未出现术后并发症.10例TRAM瓣乳房再造术后发生皮瓣部分坏死2例,腹壁疝1例,术后外观评价7例为良.2例为较好,1例为差.4例背阔肌肌皮瓣再造术后外观评价为良.结论 乳房再造术是乳腺癌综合治疗不可忽视一部分,对于有强烈的保乳愿望,而又不符合保乳条件的患者,乳房再造术是一种较好的选择.即刻乳房再造优于延迟乳房再造.乳房再造的方法选择要因人而异.局部晚期乳腺癌患者可以选择性进行即刻乳房再造术.     

Reconstruction of the breast after mastectomy for carcinoma

During the last 5 years, 80 patients underwent reconstruction of the breast as a primary or secondary procedure after mastectomy for carcinoma. Breast mounds were reconstructed with the silicone breast implant. A Silastic implant corrected the infraclavicular axillary deformity after radical mastectomy. The nipple-areolar complex was created either with a nipple-areolar graft from the contralateral breast or with a labial free graft in a bilateral breast reconstruction. If the contralateral breast was large or ptotic, reduction mammoplasty or mastopexy was performed. Subcutaneous mastectomy or total mastectomy of the other breast with insertion of the silicone breast implant was the method of choice for a group of high-risk patients.     

Use of tumescent mastectomy technique as a risk factor for native breast skin flap necrosis following immediate breast reconstruction

Background

Native breast skin flap necrosis is a complication that can result from ischemic injury following mastectomy and can compromise immediate breast reconstruction. The tumescent mastectomy technique has been advocated as a method of allowing sharp dissection with decreased blood loss and perioperative analgesia. This study was performed to determine whether the technique increases the risk for skin flap necrosis in an immediate breast reconstruction setting.

Methods

Three hundred eighty consecutive mastectomies with immediate reconstruction over a 6-year period were reviewed and divided into 2 cohorts for comparison: 100 tumescent and 280 nontumescent mastectomy cases. The incidence of minor and major skin flap necrosis was evaluated.

Results

The use of tumescent mastectomy (odds ratio [OR], 3.93; P < .001), prior radiation (OR, 3.19; P = .011), patient age (OR, 1.59; P = .006), and body mass index (OR, 1.11; P = .004) were significant risk factors for developing postoperative major native skin flap necrosis.

Conclusions

The use of the tumescent mastectomy technique appears to be associated with a substantial increase in the risk for postoperative major skin flap necrosis in an immediate breast reconstruction setting.     

Association between skin flap necrosis and sarcopenia in patients who underwent total mastectomy

BackgroundSarcopenia is associated with postoperative complications in patients undergoing digestive surgery. In this study, we investigated the impact of preoperative sarcopenia on postoperative complications in breast cancer patients who underwent total mastectomy.MethodsPatients with breast cancer who underwent total mastectomy were included in the analysis. The relationship between the presence of sarcopenia and postoperative complications (e.g., skin flap necrosis and seroma) and between the incidence of these complications as well as preoperative and surgical factors was investigated. Moreover, the effects of sarcopenia on recurrence-free survival and overall survival were evaluated. The psoas muscle index calculated using values measured on preoperative computed tomography images was used to diagnose sarcopenia.ResultsIn total, 43 (49%) of 88 patients presented with sarcopenia. The number of patients with a Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index score <91 was higher in the sarcopenia group than in the non-sarcopenia group (p = 0.011). Seroma was observed in 32 (36.4%) patients, and no significant difference was observed between the patients with and without sarcopenia (16 [35.6%] in the non-sarcopenia group vs 16 [37.2%] in the sarcopenia group). By contrast, skin flap necrosis was observed in 20 (22.7%) patients, and the number of patients with this complication was higher in the sarcopenia group than in the non-sarcopenia group (15 [34.9%] vs 5 [11.1%]).ConclusionSarcopenia is a risk factor for skin flap necrosis and may be an important factor for preoperative evaluation in patients who will undergo total mastectomy.     

保留乳头乳晕乳腺癌改良根治术后即刻扩展型背阔肌乳房再造术的临床应用

目的:探讨保留乳头乳晕乳腺癌改良根治术后即刻扩展型背阔肌乳房再造术的安全性与疗效。方法:回顾性分析蚌埠医学院第一附属医院肿瘤外科32例行保留乳头乳晕乳腺癌改良根治术后即刻扩展型背阔肌乳房再造术患者(观察组)和34例行传统乳腺癌改良根治术患者(对照组)临床资料,比较两组患者并发症、预后,并分析观察组重建乳房外形评分情况。结果:两组年龄、肿瘤大小、病理分期方面无统计学差异(均P0.05);观察组与对照组术后总并发症发生率差异无统计学意义(37.5%vs.32.4%,P0.05)。所有患者随访18~60个月,中位时间44个月,观察组局部复发2例,远处复发3例;对照组局部复发3例,远处转移3例,观察组与对照组3年无瘤生存率差异无统计学意义(87.5%vs.91.2%,P0.05)。观察组乳房外形评分优良率为90.6%。结论:保留乳头乳晕乳腺癌改良根治术后即刻扩展型背阔肌乳房再造术安全有效,重建的乳房外观满意,且不增加并发症与局部复发、远处转移风险。     

月牙形切口在乳腺癌改良根治术中的应用

目的 探讨月牙形切口在乳腺癌改良根治术中的应用效果.方法 分析近10多年129例行乳腺癌改良根治术的乳腺癌患者的临床资料,129例均行乳腺癌改良根治术.随机分为两组:A组,51例,采用月牙形切口;B组,78例,采用Steward横切口.观察患者的切口愈合情况、腋窝淋巴结清扫的数目、肩关节功能恢复满意度.结结果 A组月切口Ⅰ期愈合率90.2%(46/51),B组75.6%(59/78)(P＜0.05);患侧肩关节功能恢复满意度A组96.1%(49/51),B组84.6%(66/78)(P＜0.05).结论 月牙形切口张力低,愈合好,暴露满意,对肩关节的功能影响小,是乳腺癌改良根治术的一种理想切口.     

乳腺癌术后乳糜漏的诊治分析

目的探讨乳腺癌术后乳糜漏的诊断及治疗方法,为该病提供有效治疗方法。方法回顾性分析1997年6月至2013年8月收治6例乳腺癌术后并发乳糜漏的诊治经过。结果 1例保守治疗治愈。5例行手术治疗,1例治愈,4例术后仍有乳糜漏,采用碘仿纱填塞漏口加压包扎、负压引流治愈。结论术中熟悉腋窝的解剖关系、彻底结扎淋巴管可以减少乳糜漏发生。禁食营养支持治疗、局部加压包扎、碘仿纱填塞和负压引流是治愈乳腺癌术后乳糜漏的有效方法。     

保乳手术和改良根治术治疗早期乳腺癌的临床疗效分析

目的探讨和比较保乳手术和改良根治术治疗早期乳腺癌的临床疗效和安全性。方法回顾性分析2013年1月至2015年9月期间接受外科手术治疗的100例早期乳腺癌手术患者的临床资料,根据患者的手术方式进行分组,其中保乳手术组(保乳组)50例,改良根治术组(改良组)50例,采用SPSS 19.0统计分析,两组患者的手术时间、术中出血量、住院天数等用"均数±标准差"表示,组间比较采用t检验;术后并发症发生情况、乳房美容效果、术后肿瘤局部复发率、远处转移率、1年生存率等用"%"形式表示,组间比较采用χ2检验。P0.05差异有统计学意义。结果保乳组手术时间、术中出血量、住院时间及术后并发症发生率均少于改良组(P0.05),美容效果优良率高于改良组(P0.05)。两组患者术后肿瘤局部复发率、远处转移率、1年生存率差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论保乳手术与改良根治术治疗早期乳腺癌疗效确切,但保乳手术对患者损伤小、出血量少、并发症少、美容效果好,值得推广应用。     

保乳手术与改良根治术治疗乳腺癌的体会

【摘要】 目的 探讨保乳手术与改良根治术治疗乳腺癌的临床效果。方法 对我院从2005年1月到2007年6月期间乳腺癌治疗的临床资料进行回顾性分析。选择60名经手术治疗的乳腺癌患者,分为观察组和对照组,每组各30例,对照组给予改良根治术治疗,观察组给予保乳手术治疗,随访5年观察临床效果。 结果 观察组患者在手术时间、住院时间、术中出血量及并发症发生率方面明显优于对照组(P<0.05)。两组5年生存率比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 保乳手术治疗乳腺癌的效果确切,优点多,临床医师应根据患者的适应证合理应用。     

两次延迟在扩张皮瓣转移中的临床应用

目的　介绍一种在扩张皮瓣转移过程中增加扩张皮瓣成活面积的两次延迟法。方法在扩张器注水充分后 ,分两次行延迟术。首先据情在扩张皮瓣设计两条平行切口线 ,切开皮肤、皮下组织达扩张器包膜表面 ,原位缝合。术后 10～ 14d行第 2次延迟术 ,在扩张皮瓣远端设计弧形切口 ,与第 1次延迟术切口相连。切开达扩张器包膜表面 ,缝合切口。第 2次延迟术后 10～ 14d切取扩张皮瓣转移修复创面。结果　自 2 0 0 0年 8月至 2 0 0 2年 8月 ,应用本法为 16例长宽比值过大 (扩张皮瓣最大面积为 36cm× 9cm ,长宽比例为 4∶1)或旋转转移角度过大的扩张皮瓣行两次延迟术 ,术后皮瓣未见血运障碍 ,10 0 %成活。结论　两次延迟在扩张皮瓣转移中能保障皮瓣的血运 ,并明显提高了扩张皮瓣成活的面积。     

Immediate or delayed breast reconstruction after mastectomy: what do women really want

Breast reconstruction, especially immediate reconstruction after mastectomy has increased over the last decades, at present being regularly offered in many centres worldwide. Despite obvious benefits and the evident oncological safety of primary breast reconstruction, the majority of women still receive a delayed procedure or even no reconstructive surgery. The objective of the present study was to determine the preference of women for breast reconstruction—immediate or delayed—and in the case of rejection of treatment to find out the reasons for this reluctance. In a prospective study a sample of 200 women—divided into two groups—were evaluated by an oral interview on the subject. The two-formed groups of participants consisted of randomly chosen women (n=100) and non-surgical nurses (n=100). The questionnaire surveyed personal data including marital status and educational level, as well as information about the preferred timing, the method of and the reasons for or against breast reconstruction. The evaluation of all data showed that 66% of the participants voted for additional surgery after mastectomy. Young age and high education level were significantly correlated (age r=0.56, P<0.01; education r=0.25, P<0.01) to the wish for reconstruction. The mean age of all participants was 39 years (range 20–69), with a significant difference between the two groups (P<0.01), the group of nurses being younger (mean age 35, range 20–62) and the other women being older (mean age 43, range 20–69). Concerning the timing of reconstruction, 21% of women elected to have an immediate and 27% a delayed operation. Yet, 52% could not come to a decision as to whether they should prefer a primary or secondary procedure. For the surgical procedure—autologous versus non-autologous tissue—about 23% of the participants could not decide spontaneously, while 40% preferred autologous tissue, 14% implants and 23% would choose a combination of both. The main reason in favour of reconstruction was that it would enhance the physical appearance (96%), whereas an important reason for general rejection was the fear of additional surgical risk (19%). For primary reconstruction, a high percentage of women also were highly concerned that reconstruction could mask cancer recurrence (62%). Although the majority of women—unaffected with breast cancer—are interested in breast reconstruction, more than half of them cannot decide spontaneously about the timing and mode of surgery, including the medical women. The collected data emphasize the urgent necessity to systematically inform women and the whole population about the options of breast reconstruction. Equally important is for the involved surgeons to know the individual wishes and fears of women unexpectedly confronted with the diagnosis of breast cancer in order to provide comprehensive preoperative counselling with respect to cancer therapy including breast reconstruction.     

胸大肌肌瓣转移术预防乳腺癌术后淋巴漏的临床研究

目的探讨胸大肌肌瓣转移术对乳腺癌改良根治术后淋巴漏的预防效果。方法乳腺癌患者75例,将75例患者分成两组,实验组35例,行乳腺癌改良根治术+胸大肌肌瓣转移术;对照组40例,单纯行乳腺癌改良根治术。观察两组患者术后第1、2、3天引流量、拔管时间、皮下积液情况,并进行比较。结果实验组术后第1、2、3天引流量分别为(129.82±11.46)ml、(89.94±9.73)ml和(30.82±10.56)ml,对照组分别为(179.47±24.23)ml、(130.82±10.56)m和(87.82±8.44)n1;实验组术后拔管时间为(6.47±1.62)天,对照组为(9.41±1.91)天;实验组皮下积液发生率为2.85%,对照组为17.5%,两组3种指标比较,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论乳腺癌改良根治术后行胸大肌肌瓣转移可预防术后淋巴漏的发生。     

腹壁下动脉穿支皮瓣在双侧乳腺癌改良根治术后乳房再造中的应用

目的 总结采用腹壁下动脉穿支游离皮瓣再造双侧乳房的经验。方法 2004年6月至2005年5月,对3例双侧乳房改良根治术后的患者,应用DIEP皮瓣行二期乳房再造术。结果 3例患者6个皮瓣均成活。随访3个月以上,双侧再造乳房双侧对称,外形满意。未见腹壁疝和腹壁膨出发生。结论 选用DIEP皮瓣游离移植再造乳房,是乳腺癌改良根治术后恢复双侧乳房外形的一种理想方法。