非小细胞肺癌分子靶向治疗中EGFR-TKI的耐药机制研究进展

随着分子靶向治疗药物的发展,以吉非替尼(gefitinib,iressa)和厄洛替尼(erlotinib,tarceva)为代表的表皮生长因子受体酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinases inhibitors,EGFR-TKIs)在治疗非小细胞肺癌中发挥了重要作用。然而在临床前和临床研究中发现许多患者对此药物存在原发性耐药或获得性耐药,使该类药物的使用受到一定限制。本文就近年来对EGFR-TKIs耐药机制的研究进展进行综述。     

Potential Resistance Mechanisms Revealed by Targeted Sequencing from Lung Adenocarcinoma Patients with Primary Resistance to Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors (TKIs)

IntroductionEGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have greatly improved the prognosis of lung adenocarcinoma. However, approximately 5% to 10% of patients with lung adenocarcinoma with EGFR sensitive mutations have primary resistance to EGFR TKI treatment. The underlying mechanism is unknown.MethodsThis study used next-generation sequencing to explore the mechanisms of primary resistance by analyzing 11 patients with primary resistance and 11 patients sensitive to EGFR TKIs. Next-generation targeted sequencing was performed on the Illumina X platform for 483 cancer-related genes. EGFR mutation was initially detected using the amplification refractory mutation system.ResultsPotential primary resistance mechanisms were revealed by mutations unique to the EGFR TKI resistance group. Among the 11 resistant patients, 45% (five of 11) harbored a known resistance mechanism, such as MNNG HOS Transforming gene (MET) amplification de novo T790M mutation or overlapping T790M and phosphatase and tensin homolog gene (PTEN) loss and erb-b2 receptor tyrosine kinase 2 gene (ERBB2) amplification. In six of 11 resistant cases (54%), potential novel mutations that might lead to drug resistance were identified (including transforming growth factor beta receptor 1 gene [TGFBR1] mutation and/or EGFR structural rearrangement mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase gene [MTOR] mutation, transmembrane protease, serine 2 gene [TMPRSS2] fusion gene, and v-myc avian myelocytomatosis viral oncogene homolog gene [MYC] amplification). By analyzing somatic mutation patterns, the frequency of C:G→T:A transitions in the patients with primary resistance was significantly higher than that in sensitive group and occurred more frequently in the non-CpG region (Cp(A/C/T)→T).ConclusionThe mechanisms of primary resistance to EGFR TKIs may be highly heterogeneous. Mutations in EGFR and its downstream pathway, as well as mutations that affect tumor cell function, are related to primary resistance. Somatic single-nucleotide mutation patterns might be associated with primary resistance to EGFR TKIs.     

表皮生长因子受体酪氨酸激酶抑制剂用于非小细胞肺癌术后辅助治疗的研究进展

表皮生长因子受体酪氨酸激酶抑制剂（epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors, EGFR-TKI）在晚期EGFR突变阳性的非小细胞肺癌（non-small cell lung cancer, NSCLC）患者中的疗效肯定,但EGFR-TKI能否提高完全切除的NSCLC术后辅助治疗疗效不确切。部分研究发现在可切除的Ⅰ~Ⅲ期EGFR敏感突变肺腺癌患者中,辅助TKI治疗有使无疾病生存（disease free survival,DFS）获益的趋势,另一部分临床研究未能证实EGFR-TKI在术后辅助治疗有获益。造成各研究结果不一的原因很多,如人群选择、EGFR-TKI使用时长、耐药等。国内外目前一些设计比较合理的,对比EGFR-TKI化疗辅助治疗Ⅱ~ⅢA期EGFR敏感突变的NSCLC临床研究正在进行,值得期待。目前,早期NSCLC术后TKI辅助治疗仅限于临床试验,不建议作为临床常规治疗。     

Clinical Significance of Heterogeneity in Response to Retreatment With Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors in Patients With Lung Cancer Acquiring Secondary Resistance to the Drug

BackgroundIn patients with lung cancer acquiring resistance to epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs), an intrapatient heterogeneity in response to retreatment with EGFR-TKIs remains to be elucidated.Patients and MethodsRecords were retrospectively reviewed for 68 patients with advanced non–small-cell lung cancer who received second EGFR-TKIs after systemic progression that followed durable response to the first EGFR-TKIs. All tumor lesions identified on radiologic images before second EGFR-TKIs were categorized into organs. Tumor response to EGFR-TKIs was assessed per patient and per organ. Mixed response (MR) was defined as the coexistence of at least 2 responsive and progressive organs.ResultsTumor lesions were detected in 244 organs. The response rate (RR) and median time to progression (TTP) to second EGFR-TKIs for patients were 26.5% and 11.6 weeks (95% CI, 8.5-14.7 weeks), and the RR and median TTP for organs were 38.8% and 17.3 weeks (95% CI, 14.8-19.8 weeks). Of 35 patients categorized to progressive disease, 22 (62.8%) showed MR. Among organs, the RR was highest for the central nervous system (CNS) and lowest for the liver (CNS vs. others vs. liver: 77.8%, 36.9%, 17.6%; P < .001). Multivariate analysis confirmed the organ type and prior drug sensitivity at the time of stopping first EGFR-TKIs as predictors for the risk of progression to second EGFR-TKIs in organs.ConclusionsIntrapatient heterogeneity in response to second EGFR-TKIs is not a rare event. The organ type and prior drug sensitivity at the failure time of first EGFR-TKIs may predict the efficacy of second EGFR-TKIs in individual organs.     

非小细胞肺癌脑转移患者接受一代表皮生长因子受体酪氨酸激酶抑制剂治疗的临床研究

背景与目的 非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer,NSCLC)脑转移患者接受一代表皮生长因子受体酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitors,EGFR-TKIs)的生存数据及影响因素未完全阐明.本研究对存在脑转移的NSCLC患者的生存数据进行分析,以期为指导临床实践提供一定的研究证据.方法 回顾性收集上海交通大学附属胸科医院2012年-2013年确诊肺癌脑转移并接受一代EGFR-TKIs治疗的病例.采用Kaplan-Meier单因素、Cox多因素分析方法,探讨NSCLC脑转移患者接受EGFR-TKIs的生存情况及影响因素.结果 总体人群中位无进展生存时间(progression-free survival,PFS)为10.0个月(95%CI:8.3-11.7),中位生存时间(overall survival,OS)为28.0个月(95%CI:22.9-33.1).病理组织类型、肿瘤分化程度分别是患者接受EGFR-TKIs后PFS、OS的独立影响因素(P分别为0.001、0.050).结论 NSCLC脑转移患者接受一代EGFR-TKIs具有良好的疗效,腺癌亚型患者的PFS长于非腺癌患者,其他肿瘤分化程度患者的OS长于肿瘤低分化患者.     

非小细胞肺癌中EGFR酪氨酸激酶抑制剂获得性耐药的机制

表皮生长因子受体(epidermal growth factor receptor,EGFR)酪氨酸激酶抑制剂--厄洛替尼,可有效治疗含有EGFR突变的非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer,NSCLC),然而,分子靶向药物疗效维持时间较短,几乎所有起初治疗有效的患者最终均会复发,提示对此类药物产生耐药.     

放疗联合表皮生长因子受体酪氨酸激酶抑制剂治疗非小细胞肺癌的临床效果

目的 探讨放疗联合表皮生长因子受体(epithelial growth factor receptor,EGFR)酪氨酸激酶抑制剂在非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer,NSCLC)治疗中的临床价值.方法 随机选取采用放疗联合表皮生长因子受体酪氨酸激酶抑制剂进行治疗的非小细胞肺癌患者30例,按照实体瘤疗效评价标准对患者治疗的疗效进行评价,观察并记录患者的不良反应,并对患者进行预后影响因素分析及生存分析.结果 患者接受放疗联合EGFR-TKI治疗后,完全缓解1例,部分缓解11例,疾病稳定16例,疾病恶化2例,疾病控制率为93.33%(28/30).吸烟、非腺癌、服药前肿瘤大小≥5 cm患者的疾病控制率明显低于不吸烟、腺癌、服药前肿瘤大小<5 cm的患者,且差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05).生存分析结果显示NSCLC患者的中位无进展生存时间为5个月,中位总生存时间为16个月.服药前肿瘤大小<5 cm患者、不吸烟患者的中位无进展生存时间及中位总生存时间都优于服药前肿瘤大小≥5 cm的患者、吸烟患者,且差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05).出现皮疹的患者有7例,皮肤瘙痒的患者6例,进行针对性治疗后不良反应均消失.结论 放疗联合表皮生长因子受体酪氨酸激酶抑制剂在非小细胞肺癌治疗中发挥着重要作用,腺癌、不吸烟、小病灶是对非小细胞肺癌进行治疗的有利因素.     

Activity of the EGFR-HER2 Dual Inhibitor Afatinib in EGFR-Mutant Lung Cancer Patients With Acquired Resistance to Reversible EGFR Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors

BackgroundThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of afatinib in EGFR-mutant metastatic NSCLC patients with acquired resistance to erlotinib or gefitinib.Materials and MethodsWe retrospectively analyzed the outcome of patients with EGFR-mutant advanced NSCLC treated with afatinib after failure of chemotherapy and EGFR TKIs.ResultsA total of 96 individuals were included in the study. According to EGFR status, most patients (n = 63; 65.6%) harbored a deletion in exon 19, and de novo T790M mutation was detected in 2 cases (T790M and exon 19). Twenty-four (25%) patients underwent repeated biopsy immediately before starting afatinib and secondary T790M was detected in 8 (33%) samples. Among the 86 patients evaluable for efficacy, response rate was 11.6%, with a median progression free-survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) of 3.9 and 7.3 months, respectively. No significant difference in PFS and OS was observed according to type of last therapy received before afatinib, type of EGFR mutation or adherence to Jackman criteria, and patients benefiting from afatinib therapy had longer PFS and OS (P < .001). Outcome results for repeated biopsy patients were similar to the whole population, with no evidence of response in T790M-positive patients. All patients were evaluable for toxicity, and 81% experienced an AE of any grade, with grade 3 to 4 AEs, mainly diarrhea and skin toxicity, occurring in 19 (20%) patients.ConclusionOur results showed that afatinib has only modest efficacy in a real life population of EGFR mutant NSCLC patients with acquired resistance to erlotinib or gefitinib.     

表皮生长因子受体酪氨酸激酶抑制剂在晚期非小细胞肺癌一线治疗中的应用

背景与目的表皮生长因子受体酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor,EGFR-TKI)已广泛用于晚期非小细胞肺癌的二、三线治疗,但其在一线治疗中的作用尚未明确。本文旨在探讨EGFR-TKI一线治疗晚期非小细胞肺癌的疗效及安全性。方法对77例一线使用EGFR-TKI吉非替尼或厄洛替尼治疗的晚期非小细胞肺癌患者的临床特征、治疗效果及生存时间进行回顾性分析,并对药物副作用与安全性进行评估。结果EGFR-TKI一线治疗总有效率为33.8%,疾病控制率为68.8%。中位无进展生存时间为6.0个月,中位生存时间为8.9个月,1年生存率为61.4%。统计学分析显示:病理类型、PS评分、皮疹情况、吸烟史、EGFR突变和血清CEA变化与疗效相关;病理类型和皮疹为影响生存的独立因素。药物不良反应主要表现为皮疹和轻度腹泻。患者服用EGFR-TKI后,疾病相关症状得到缓解,生活质量明显改善。结论EGFR-TKI一线治疗晚期非小细胞肺癌安全有效。     

晚期非小细胞肺癌靶向治疗进展与展望:聚焦小分子酪氨酸激酶抑制剂

目前晚期非小细胞肺癌的治疗已经迈入靶向时代并且发展迅速,药物不断推陈出新.小分子酪氨酸激酶抑制剂占据了其中最大的一块版图,它们往往有明确的分子靶标作为疗效预测因素,在特定分子分型的患者中表现出卓越的疗效,因此成为靶向治疗的典型代表.表皮生长因子酪氨酸激酶抑制剂厄洛替尼、吉非替尼、埃克替尼和间变性淋巴瘤激酶酪氨酸激酶抑制剂克唑替尼带来了里程碑式的进步.而近年来新一代酪氨酸激酶抑制剂在上述两类药物获得性耐药患者中又取得了巨大的成功,同时新的治疗靶点也不断涌现.本文就此对重要的药物和临床研究进行了梳理和总结,并对未来的发展做出展望.     

表皮生长因子受体酪氨酸激酶抑制剂在治疗非小细胞肺癌中的研究进展

摘　要：表皮生长因子受体酪氨酸激酶抑制剂（EGFR-TKI ）至今已上市近二十年。第一代EGFR-TKI在提高EGFR突变晚期非小细胞肺癌（NSCLC）的客观缓解率（ORR）、延长无进展生存期（PFS）方面起了重大的贡献。第二代EGFR-TKI在延长总生存期（OS）方面带来了惊喜。第三代EGFR-TKI克服了第一二代药物的耐药,其一线PFS可能打破现有治疗的格局。第四代EGFR-TKI已在研发中且EGFR-TKI研究已扩展到术后辅助治疗领域,期待其进一步的发展。