Activité anti-inflammatoire de l’huile des graines de <Emphasis Type="Italic">Zizyphus lotus</Emphasis> (L.) Desf.

Zizyphus lotus (L.) Desf. or jujube is a medicinal plant used in folk medicine as an anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, antipyretic, and antiviral drug. The aim of this study is to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of Zizyphus lotus seed’s oil to enhance its use in traditional medicine. The oil of Zizyphus lotus was extracted by using Soxhlet apparatus. The acute toxicity of oil of Zizyphus lotus was evaluated by oral administration to swiss mice at the dose of 5 000 mg/kg. The anti-inflammatory activity was measured using carrageenan-induced paw oedema and experimental trauma-induced inflammatory hind paw oedema in wistar rats. Indomethacin, at 10 and 20 mg/kg was used as a standard. From the results obtained, the seed’s oil of Zizyphus lotus showed a significant anti-inflammatory activity comparable to the control and the reference drug used in both the models. At the dose of 300 mg/kg Zizyphus lotus seed’s oil possess a good dose–effect relationship with better inhibitory effect. In the acute oral toxicity study, oral administration of seed’s oil at the highest dose of 5000 mg/kg resulted in no mortalities or evidence of adverse effects, implying that Zizyphus lotus L. is clearly nontoxic. In conclusion, Zizyphus lotus is an interesting medicinal plant from which the seed’s oil could be used in the treatment of inflammation.     

Propriétés antioxydantes et antimicrobiennes des extraits de <Emphasis Type="Italic">Myrtus nivellei</Emphasis> Batt et Trab. obtenus <Emphasis Type="Italic">in situ</Emphasis> et <Emphasis Type="Italic">in vitro</Emphasis>

This work provides a contribution to the investigation and valorization of the Sahara-endemic plant: Myrtus nivellei Batt & Trab and the evaluation of the antioxidant effect of methanolic extracts harvested in situ, and in vitro propagated calli of this plant. Several spectrophotometric analyzes were performed, showing that the in situ methanolic extract was richer in polyphenols than the in vitro methanolic extract. Also, It expressed a good power to scavenge free radicals (EC50 = 0.98 mg/ml) and a great capacity to inhibit the peroxidation of linoleic acid estimated as 74.01%, largely higher than the ascorbic acid (50.57%) used as a positif control. However, the methanolic extracts of calli expressed the best ferric reducing power estimated as 66.71%. A very good antimicrobial activity was recorded for the extract of the plant harvested in situ, particularly against S. aureus (MIC=2.25 mg/ml), also against S. pneumoniae, S. flexineri, S. typhi and C. albicans (MIC=4.5 mg/ml). However, the calli extracts had presented no anti-microbial effect.     

Étude de l’activité des extraits de feuilles de <Emphasis Type="Italic">Punica granatum</Emphasis> Linn sur <Emphasis Type="Italic">Candida albicans</Emphasis> et <Emphasis Type="Italic">Rhodotorula spp</Emphasis>

Medicinal plants have been used for centuries as remedies for human diseases, because of their bioactive components contained in therapeutic extracts. Among these we find Punica granatum considered as food, medicinal plant and as an ornamental, which has not yet revealed all its secrets. The aim of our study was to evaluate the antifungal activity of two methanolic and ethanolic leaf extracts of pomegranate. For this purpose, the extracts were tested on clinical strains (. albicans clinical (c), R. spp) and reference C. albicans (IP 444, ATCC 1231), using the agar diffusion method. The ethanol extract produced greater inhibitions zones than those obtained with the methanol extract; other parameters are to be evaluated in our study namely the determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration of inhibition zones (MFC) of tested strains.     

Évaluation de l’activité antioxydante de <Emphasis Type="Italic">Stevia rebaudiana</Emphasis>

This work aimed to evaluate the antioxydant activity of Stevia rebaudiana. The antioxydant activity of the ethanolic extracts 70% resulting from leaves of three varieties of Stevia rebaudiana was evaluated by the method of trapping of free radical 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). The varieties 5, 6 and 7 respectively showed inhibitory concentrations of 50% of free radicals (IC50) of 340.12, 268.31 and 282.72 µg/ml. The synthetic antioxidant butylhydroxytoluene (BHT) has shown an IC50 equal to 13.71µg/ml. Moreover, the phytochemical tests allowed quantifying the total polyphenols and total flavonoids in extracts of Stevia rebaudiana leaves respectively by the method of Folin-Ciocalteu and aluminum trichloride (AlCl₃). In fact, the content in total polyphenols was variable, the ethanolic extract of the leaves of the variety 7 presented the highest content (125.33 ± 2.52 mg EAG /g of extract), the contents of 95.00 ± 0.50 and 94.60 ± 3.13 mg EAG / g of extract are shown respectively for the extract varieties 6 and 5. According to the total flavonoids, the highest content was observed in the ethanol extract 70% of the variety 6 (59.70 ± 2.41 mg EQ/g of extract), the extract variety 7 (50.66 ± 0.35 mg EQ/g of extract) and the extract variety 5 (31.03 ± 0.48 mg EQ/g extract).     

Activité antimicrobienne et antioxydante des feuilles de <Emphasis Type="Italic">Vitis vinifera</Emphasis> L.

Phenolic compounds are a group of substances that differ by their structural diversity and their diverse biological activities. The objective of this work is to highlight the phenolic compounds of Vitis vinifera L leaves collected from various Algerian regions by studying their antibacterial activities and their herbal galenic preparation. The methanol extracts obtained by soxhlet from the dried leaves of Vitis vinifera. L. collected from the region of Tlemcen, Sidi Bel Abbes and Aflou were studied with dosage of flavonoids by spectrophotometric method and the determination of their antimicrobial activity.Soft extracts obtained by vacuum evaporation, were used as active ingredient for the preparation of an ointment that its antimicrobial activity was also studied.The amount of flavonoids obtained was between 2.1 and 2.6 mg equivalent of quercetin with the sample of Tlemcen as the richest one. The Ointments obtained meet the standards of galenic preparations and showed interesting antibacterial activity against the referenced bacteria E. coli, Proteus mirabilis, Bacillus cereus, and no activity against Candida albicans, Aspergillus brasilicus. This work showed the importance of polyphenols in the leaves of Vitis vinifera L. from the studied regions and the possibility of using their extracts in a stable pharmaceutical form having important antibacterial proprieties, opening up the prospect of other formulations and many pharmaceutical and medical applications.     

Screening phytochimique et évaluation de l’activité antioxydante et antibactérienne des extraits d’<Emphasis Type="Italic">Origanum compactum</Emphasis>

Antibacterial and antioxidant activities of organic extracts of oregano (Origanum compactum Benth.) were evaluated. The antibacterial activity was evaluated by well diffusion method. The antioxidant activity was estimated by radical 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity. The total phenol content and flavonoids were determined by the Folin–Ciocalteu method and AlCl₃ method, respectively. All samples were proved to be capable of inhibiting bacterial strains tested with the largest zone of inhibition of about 34 ± 1.24 mm. The Gram negative bacteria are more resistant than Gram positive extracts. The n-hexane extract showed the strongest antibacterial activity, while the ethyl acetate extract showed the lowest antibacterial activity.The quantitative evaluation of the anti-radical activity has shown that n-hexane extract is most active (IC₅₀ = 39.83 μg/ml). However, ascorbic acid (used as a control) showed an activity about equivalent (IC₅₀ = 27.20 mg/ml), indicating the presence of effective compounds in the biochemical composition of the plant that have a high capacity in the reduction of DPPH. Quantification of total polyphenols and flavonoids showed higher values with MeOH extract, where the highest value was estimated by a spectrophotometer: 153.27 ± 0.68 mg GAE (Gallic Acid Equivalent)/ g of extract; 52.72 ± 0.72 mg QE (Qercetin Equivalent)/ g of extract.     

Propriétés antifongiques des huiles essentielles des feuilles de <Emphasis Type="Italic">Citrus</Emphasis> vis-à-vis <Emphasis Type="Italic">d’Alternaria alternata</Emphasis> et <Emphasis Type="Italic">Penicillium sp</Emphasis> in vitro

Résumé

Les huiles essentielles ont été extraites par hydrodistillation à partir des feuilles de citrus. Les rendements les plus importants ont été enregistrés avec Citrus limon L (1.02%) et Citrus sinensis (0.96%). Les résultats de l’activité antifongique des huiles essentielles des feuilles de citrus montrent un pouvoir inhibiteur des huiles essentielles de Citrus aurantium, Citrus limon et Citrus reticulata sur la croissance mycélienne radiale d’Alternaria alternata et Penicillium sp. Ils montrent également que l’activité antifongique augmente avec la concentration des huiles essentielles testées. Celles-ci peuvent être utilisées comme agents antifongiques potentiels pour lutter contre les maladies fongiques des plantes.

     

Composition chimique et activité antibactérienne des huiles essentielles d’<Emphasis Type="Italic">Allium vineale</Emphasis> et <Emphasis Type="Italic">Allium sativum</Emphasis> de l’Ouest Algérien

This work is a comparative study of the chemical composition for two species of the genus Allium, a spontaneous species Allium vineale and another cultivated Allium sativum of the West Algerian, and to assess their antibacterial activity against three bacterial strains. The essential oils of both species were analyzed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Essential oils are characterized by the presence of sulfur compounds. Allium vineale is formed mainly by Allyltrisulfide (24 %) and Diallyltetrasulfide (16 %), when Allium sativum by (45 %) of Allyltrisulfide and (22 %) Diallyl disulfide as main chemical constituents.The antibacterial activity of essential oils was evaluated by the diffusion method in solid medium on bacteria: Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 43300. The inhibition diameters vary between 8 and 21 mm for the species Allium Vinéal, while for both varieties of Allium sativum were between 8 and 17 mm.     

Effet antibactérien et anti-biofilm de trois espèces de <Emphasis Type="Italic">Mentha</Emphasis> : <Emphasis Type="Italic">Mentha spicata</Emphasis>, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Mentha pulegium</Emphasis> et <Emphasis Type="Italic">Mentha piperita</Emphasis>

In the first part of this study, we were proceeded to the evaluation of the antibacterial effect of the organic extracts from the leaves of three plant species of Mentha against six pathogenic bacterial strains including Gram (-) bacteria and Gram (+) bacteria. The methods of diffusion in solid and micro-dilution method in liquid medium were used for antibacterial testing. The results showed that nonpolar extracts are much more active then polar extracts. The Gram (+) bacteria showed more sensitive than the Gram (-) bacteria. S. aureus was shown to be the most sensitive of all bacteria testing in this study, it was sensitive against all extracts include that aqueous. All aqueous extracts have no antibacterial activity with the highest concentration used (12 mg/ml) against the five other strains.In the second part, non-polar extracts were tested for their anti-biofilm effect against biofilms formed by S. aureus and E. coli in 48 hours. All extracts showed a spectacular antibiofilm effect with elimination of all the biofilms formed after 30 min of treatment.     

Criblage phytochimique et activité antimicrobienne des extraits de <Emphasis Type="Italic">Thymus serpyllum</Emphasis> et de <Emphasis Type="Italic">Thymus vulgaris</Emphasis> du mont de Tessala (Algérie occidentale)

The present study aims at evaluating the phytochemical screening of several secondary metabolites and the antimicrobial activities of the ethanolic, decoction, and infused extracts of Thymus serpyllum L. and Thymus vulgaris L. Phytochemistry screening highlighted the presence of substances of high therapeutic value such as flavonoids and tannins. The antimicrobial activity of the extracts of the taxa selected against three bacterial strains (Escherichia coli ATTC 25922, Bacillus cereus ATTC 10876, and Proteus mirabilis ATTC 35659) and two fungal strains (Candida albicans ATTC 10231 and Aspergillus brasiliensis ATTC 16404) showed a remarkable antibacterial and antifungal activity especially against Candida albicans. The inhibition diameters recorded often exceed those induced by commercialized antifungal. On the other hand, the antimicrobial potential of the extracts of the leaves of the two species studied varied depending on the tested extract and its concentration, and on the type of microbial strain.     

Effet hypotenseur d’un extrait aqueux de <Emphasis Type="Italic">Combretum micranthum</Emphasis> G. Don (Combretaceae)

The phytochimic analysis of an aqueous extract from Combretum micranthum (COM) frequently used by the population contained sterols and polyterpenes, polyphenols, saponins, flavonoids, tannin, quinone and alkaloids. The richness of this extract in phytochimic components is compatible with the full traditional use of thismedicinal plant. The toxicological study of COM has permitted to determine respectively byMiller and Tainter’s method and Dragsted and Land’s method a LD50 of 1,258 ± 72.84 mg/kg of body weight (b.w) and 1,500 ± 89.12 mg/kg b.w. These values showed that this natural extract is not toxic. For doses ranging from 1.66 × 10^?3 to 6 × 10^?1 g/kg b.w, this aqueous extract induced a dose-dependent sustained hypotension similar to that induced by acetylcholine at doses ranging from 5.6 × 10^?7 g/kg b.w to 5.5 × 10^?4 g/kg b.w. It reduced the hypertension induced by adrenalin at the dose of 2.5 × 10^?5 g/kg b.w. These results showed that the aqueous extract of COM is a hypotensive substance. These results also justified the traditional use of this plant in the management of arterial hypertension. The inhibition of hypotension effect induced by COM caused by atropine, a competitive antagonist of muscarinic cholinomimetic receptor, suggested the presence in the aqueous extract of active principles of muscarinic cholinomimetic.     

Étude in vivo des effets anti-lithiasiques et diurétiques de la décoction de deux céréales : <Emphasis Type="Italic">Hordeum vulgare</Emphasis> et <Emphasis Type="Italic">Avena sativa</Emphasis>

This study try to verify in vivo the anti-lithiasic and diuretic effects attributed to two whole grains cereals used in Algeria for the treatment of urolithiasis. The analysis of several clinical and biological criteria collected before and after two cures of an abundant diuresis whether a decoction of whole barley and oats grains or a usual drinking water (control group), showed that the traditional recipe of cereals was more active than the simple diuresis in reducing major lithogenic risk factors.     

Activité antihépatotoxique des extraits des feuilles de <Emphasis Type="Italic">Rhamnus alaternus</Emphasis> L. (Rhamnaceae)

Rhamnus alaternus L. (Rhamnaceae) had been the object of number of therapeutic indications in traditional medicine in the Mediterranean area. Our study intends to compare the hepatotoxic effects of two plant extracts especially two aqueous lyophilized extracts (decocted and macerated); all administered to different batch rats initially jaundiced made by injection of the hepatotoxic. The reference antihepatotoxic product used is the silymarine (100 mg/kg). The two extracts (250 mg/kg) had witnessed a significative antihepatotoxic action (p<0,05) expressed by enzymatic biochemical markers reduction percentage, especially the transaminases (ASAT/SGOT; ALAT/SGPT), the alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and direct bilirubine (DBil). The reduction mean percentages of antihepatotoxic activity were: 76,28% (lyophilized decocted); 74,16% (lyophilized macerated); 44,68% (silymarine). These results illustrate the antihepatotoxic pharmacological action of two extracts used of this plant.     

Effet hypotenseur d’un extrait aqueux de <Emphasis Type="Italic">Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides</Emphasis> (Lam.) Waterman (Rutaceae)

The aqueous extract from Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides (FAZ) [Lam.] Waterman (Rutaceae) contained sterols and polyterpens, polyphenols, flavonoids, quinon and alkaloids. The richness of this extract into phytochimic components is compatible with the full traditional use of this medicinal plant. The toxicological study of FAZ has permitted to determine respectively by Miller and Tainter’s method and Dragsted and Land’s method a LD50 of 4,168±462mg/kg of body weight (b.w) and 5,500±875mg/kg b.w. These values showed that this natural extract is not toxic. For doses ranging from 2.7 × 10^?4 and 5.5 × 10^?1 g/kg b.w, this aqueous extract induced a dose-dependent sustained hypotension similar to that induced by acetylcholine 5.6 × 10^?7 g/kg b.w to 5.5 × 10^?4 g/kg b.w. It reduced the hypertension induced by adrenalin at 2.5 × 10^?5 g/kg b.w. These results showed that the aqueous extract from FAZ is a hypotensive substance. They justified the traditional use of this plant in the management of arterial hypertension. The partial inhibition of hypotension effect induced by FAZ caused by atropine, competitive antagonist of muscarinic cholinomimetic receptor, suggested the presence of two types of actives components in the aqueous extract: 1) muscarinic and cholinomimetic activity; 2) and non cholinomimetic activity.     

Évaluation des propriétés antioxydantes,anti-inflammatoires et photoprotectrices des lipides de <Emphasis Type="Italic">Lawsonia inermis</Emphasis>

In this study we were interested in assessing the cosmetic properties of Lawsonia inermis. The evaluation of photoprotective activity of Lawsonia inermis was done by determining ultraviolet (UV) absorbances using the UVvisible spectrophotometer. We showed that the lipids and ethyl acetate extract of Lawsonia inermis exhibit important UV absorbance, which is higher in UVB. The antioxidant effect of lipid extract is tested in vitro by the free radical 2,2’-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) test. The results obtained showed that the lipid extract possessed high antioxidant activity with an IC50 of 0.019 mg/ml compared to 0.07 mg/ml for butylhydroxytoluene (BHT). The antiinflammatory activity of lipid extract of Lawsonia inermis was evaluated in rabbits by carrageenan inducing inflammation test. The results obtained showed that the lipid extract reduces inflammation very significantly. Maximal inhibition of inflammation reached 90.30% for Lawsonia inermis lipids. This value was higher than that obtained for diclofenac, which is 78.5%.     

Action bactéricide de l’acide glycyrrhétinique sur <Emphasis Type="Italic">Helicobacter pylori</Emphasis>

Résumé: Lauteur, après avoir rappelé lutilisation de la réglisse dans les problèmes gastriques, rappelle et montre que lacide glycyrrhétinique a un effet antibactérien sur Helicobacter pylori, un des facteurs de lulcère gastrique. Il montre que cet effet peut avoir lieu sur des lignées bactériennes résistantes aux antibiotiques comme la clarythromycine, lamoxicilline et le métronidazole.     

Étude botanique et activité antifongique <Emphasis Type="Italic">in vitro</Emphasis> sur <Emphasis Type="Italic">Trichophyton mentagrophytes</Emphasis> de <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bersama abyssinica</Emphasis> Fresen. (Melianthaceae)

Objective: To evaluate the antifungal activity of the species most sought to improve the health of our poor people and especially immunocompromised.An ethnobotanical study conducted in the Department of Transua using questionnaires collected information on the therapeutic uses of antimicrobial plants in the region. It helped to inventory several plant species. Bersama abyssinica taxon is most stressed. Antifungal activity was tested using double dilution method in angle sloping tubes on Sabouraud Agar. Three extracts (ETA, EE70% and ERA) of tested leaves have antifungal activity on Trichophyton mentagrophytes. ERA was the most active (MIC=0.195±0.000 mg/ml, IC₅₀=0.024±0.010 mg/ml and MFC=0.195±0.000 mg/ml). These results reveal that the Department of Transua contain antimicrobial plants. Bersama abyssinica have antifungal activity on Trichophyton mentagrophytes. These results justify the use of this plant in the traditional treatment of fungal infections and opportunistic diseases associated with AIDS.     

Activité anticandidosique de divers extraits d’<Emphasis Type="Italic">Artemisia mesatlantica</Emphasis> M.

The blue wormwood (Artemisia mesatlantica M.), endemic in Morocco, is commonly used in traditional medicine for diseases treatment of the digestive and genital systems and dermatological infections....However, this therapeutic aspect and the active constituents of this plant are very few mentioned.This work has set an objective to propose an alternative to current fungal treatments that are becoming increasingly ineffective against resistant strains, in particular Candida albicans, species commonly found in fungal infections.Thus, three extracts obtained by maceration in solvents with increasing polarity (hexane, dichloromethane and methanol) and an aqueous extract by decoction were tested against five references strains. A serial dilution has been established by a geometric connection at the rate of 1/2 so as to obtain concentrations of 50 mg/ml to 0.095 mg ml. The method of microtitration has enabled to determine the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC). A phytochemical study of the dichloromethane extract was performed by combination of chromatographic and spectroscopic methods. The methanolic and aqueous extracts are the most active. However, the hexane extracts and dichloromethane have manifested fungicidal action. The reference synthetic products were also tested at licensed doses and globally these products are proven ineffective. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of sesquiterpene lactones and flavonoids.