导水管梗阻所致巨大脑室脑积水的内镜治疗

目的 探讨导水管梗阻所致巨大脑室脑积水手术治疗的指征及并发症预防.方法 神经内镜下共治疗32例巨大脑室脑积水患者,其中25例行经额入路第三脑室底造瘘术,1例行经额小脑上池囊肿造瘘术,5例行枕下入路内镜下后颅窝囊肿切除、囊腔枕大池造瘘,1例行经枕下入路导水管成形术.结果 术后随访1-4年,32例具有行走不稳、尿失禁、智商下降、精神运动发育迟缓的患者中,26例症状明显改善,6例症状未继续进展.6例术前存在高颅压症状患者术后症状改善,除1例出现硬膜下积液外,无其他严重并发症发生.结论 巨大脑室脑积水并非内镜手术治疗禁忌,凡影像检查确定为导水管梗阻所致的巨大脑室脑积水,均应积极手术治疗,改进手术方法 可以避免严重并发症的发生.     

Dandy—Walker综合征的诊疗问题

本病主要临床表现和病理改变为头部及后颅窝增大、后颅窝蛛网膜囊肿、小脑蚓部发育不全及四脑室侧孔、中间孔闭塞,为脑积水的病因之一。本病很少见,据本文资料统计,约占所有脑积水病例的4％。一般对本病的手术治疗方法是作侧脑室分流术或后颅窝囊肿切除,但问题并未得到很好解决,术后容易复发。作者通过10例手术治疗总结了经     

后颅窝蛛网膜囊肿临床治疗分析

目的 探讨后颅窝蛛网膜囊肿的治疗策略。方法 回顾性分析后颅窝蛛网膜囊肿手术治疗患者15例,结合文献复习,对其治疗作分析。结果 15例患者中,行开颅手术9例,囊肿腹腔分流手术6例。开颅术患者3例继发脑积水,再次行分流手术后缓解;分流术患者1例分流管位置不佳,1例未解决其继发脑积水问题而再次行脑室-腹腔分流术。随访3个月～2a,8例囊肿变小,其中开颅组5例,分流组3例,1例复发。结论 对症状性后颅窝囊肿可考虑手术治疗,其手术指征应严格把控。对有占位效应而无明显症状的儿童后颅窝囊肿患者,早期手术有助于脑组织发育,但手术指征仍有争议,具体手术与否应个体化考虑。传统开颅手术在后颅窝囊肿治疗中创伤大,效果欠佳,有继发脑积水风险。神经内镜手术逐渐替代传统开颅手术,成为后颅窝囊肿手术首选,囊肿腹腔分流为不可缺少的治疗选择。     

后颅窝蛛网膜囊肿的神经内镜治疗探讨

目的 探讨神经内镜下后颅窝蛛网膜囊肿的治疗效果.方法 本组共40例病例经CT和MRI均证实为后颅窝蛛网膜囊肿,随机分成显微镜切除组和内镜治疗组,术前均行MRI相位对比电影法.术后根据患者临床症状、影像学表现及相关并发症等判定疗效,同时进行1-2年随访.结果 本组病例行显微镜下囊肿切除术15例,内镜下囊肿切除25例.术后临床症状均有所改善.术后复查头部MRI显示28例患者后颅窝囊肿较术前有明显缩小(94%),MRI相位对比电影显示第四脑室脑脊液流动恢复正常.随访1年,内镜组12例囊肿缩小,14例临床症状明显好转,总有效率为87%.显微镜组8例缩小,3例复发,10例临床症状好转,总有效率为53%.结论 神经内镜治疗后颅窝蛛网膜囊肿与传统的开颅显微镜手术比较,其操作简便,创伤小,手术安全,患者恢复快,手术并发症少,值得进一步推广.     

第四脑室蜂网腊囊肿的诊断和治疗

目的 探讨第四脑室蛛网膜囊肿诊治及手术治疗经验.方法 回顾性分析2例第四脑室蛛网膜囊肿患者的临床表现、CT和MRI检查以及手术资料.结果 2例均经手术和病理证实为第四脑室蛛网膜囊肿,采用枕下正中开颅+显微镜下蛛网膜囊肿切除术,术后患者临床症状消失,CT和MRI复查囊肿消失,脑室恢复正常.结论 第四脑室蛛网膜囊肿诊断依赖于临床表现、CT或MRI检查,容易漏诊,显微手术切除囊肿效果较好.     

神经内镜治疗后颅窝囊肿合并脑积水31例分析

目的 探讨神经内镜治疗后颅窝囊肿合并脑积水的诊治方法。 方法 回顾性分析南方医院神经外科自2004年4月至2010年8月收治的31例后颅窝扩大囊室合并脑积水患者资料,所有患者均经头颅CT和MRI证实。其中后颅窝真性蛛网膜囊肿19例,Dandy walker畸形5例,布莱克囊肿2例,肿瘤术后囊肿5例。依据不同手术方式分成内镜手术组(14例)、开颅显微镜手术组（9例）和分流手术组（8例）,根据术后患者临床症状改善情况、影像学表现和相关并发症发生情况判定疗效。 结果 3组患者术后早期临床症状均有所改善。术后随访6个月～6年,复查头颅MRI显示28例患者后颅窝囊肿及脑室系统较术前有不同程度的缩小,其中内镜组有效率和并发症发生率分别为92.9％和14.3％,显微镜组分别为88.9％和33.3％,分流手术组分别为75.0％和50.0％。 结论 神经内镜是治疗后颅窝囊肿合并脑积水的一种安全、有效术式,相对显微镜下开颅手术和分流手术而言,操作灵活,并发症少,预后好,值得临床进一步推广。     

第四脑室蛛网膜囊肿的诊断和治疗

目的 探讨第四脑室蛛网膜囊肿诊治及手术治疗经验。方法 回顾性分析2例第四脑室蛛网膜囊肿患者的临床表现、CT和MRI检查以及手术资料。结果 2例均经手术和病理证实为第四脑室蛛网膜囊肿，采用枕下正中开颅＋显微镜下蛛网膜囊肿切除术，术后患者临床症状消失，CT和MRI复查囊肿消失，脑室恢复正常。结论 第四脑室蛛网膜囊肿诊断依赖于临床表现、CT或MRI检查，容易漏诊，显微手术切除囊肿效果较好。     

颅内蛛网膜囊肿的手术治疗

目的探讨颅内蛛网膜囊肿的手术指征和手术方法。方法回顾性分析手术治疗的26例颅内蛛网膜囊肿患者的临床资料。开颅手术治疗18例,行囊肿大部分切除并脑池开放术,其中囊肿部分切除并囊肿-脑室沟通术1例,1例因合并慢性硬膜下血肿而同时行血肿壁切除术。囊肿-腹腔分流术8例,其中因合并脑积水而行脑室-腹腔分流术2例。结果所有患者术后随访0．5～6年,所有患者症状均得到改善。头颅CT或MR2复查示囊肿消失10例,显著缩小15例,无变化1例。术后未出现严重并发症。结论囊肿切除并脑池开放术和囊肿-腹腔分流术治疗颅内蛛网膜囊肿对改善患者症状均有良好效果,但各有优势和适应症。     

手术治疗颅内蛛网膜囊肿34例

目的 探讨颅内蛛网膜囊肿手术治疗的效果.方法 回顾分析手术治疗的34例颅内蛛网膜囊肿患者的临床资料,手术方式包括开颅囊肿切除并脑池开放术、囊肿-腹腔分流术以及神经内镜造瘘术.结果 34例术后随访2个月~5年,平均2年,复查颅脑CT示:囊肿消失11例,囊肿明显缩小12例,略有减小6例,无变化5例.结论 对有临床症状的颅内蛛网膜囊肿应积极手术治疗;充分沟通临近脑池及蛛网膜下腔及确切止血是手术成功的关键.     

我国成年发病的Dandy-Walker综合征的临床特点

目的探讨我国成年发病的Dandy-Walker综合征的临床特点。方法回顾性分析14例成年人起病的Dandy-Walker综合征患者的临床资料。结果本组中,急性起病6例,亚急性2例,慢性起病6例。头痛、行走不稳或共济失调各6例(42.9%),头晕5例(35.7%),眼震4例(28.6%),双下肢乏力、麻木3例(21.4%),肌张力减退2例(14.3%),腱反射减退2例(14.3%),合并精神发育迟滞、三叉神经痛、精神症状、颅内肿瘤、神经皮肤黑变病各1例(7.1%)。头颅MRI检查显示,患者均有后颅窝巨大囊肿或后颅窝囊肿与第四脑室相通、小脑蚓部缺如或部分缺如,7例患者侧脑室及第三脑室扩大、梗阻性脑积水,5例患者小脑半球发育不良。7例患者行手术治疗,术后1~2周患者症状均改善。结论成人发病的Dandy-Walker综合征可表现为头痛、头晕、行走不稳及双下肢乏力,头颅MRI主要表现为后颅窝扩大,后颅窝囊肿与第四脑室扩大及小脑蚓部缺如。     

Surgical treatment of middle cranial fossa arachnoid cyst in children with atypical symptoms--report of three cases

We report three cases of symptomatic arachnoid cyst in the middle cranial fossa who presented with atypical symptoms including speech delay, vomiting and personality changes. They were improved by a cyst-peritoneal shunt operation. In many patients with a small or middle sized arachnoid cyst in the middle cranial fossa, their symptom tends to be so trivial that surgery is not the choice of treatment. The present cases suggest that peculiar symptoms caused by a limbic system lesion may be improved by treating the arachnoid cyst in the middle cranial fossa.     

Huge arachnoid cyst in the posterior fossa: controversial discussion for selection of the surgical approach

Case report We report a case of a huge posterior fossa arachnoid cyst with hydrocephalus. This 15-month-old girl presented with macrocrania and psychomotor retardation. Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging demonstrated ventriculomegaly and a huge cystic lesion in the posterior fossa. A membranectomy was performed microscopically and the patient had a good postoperative course.Outcome Magnetic resonance imaging 1 year after the operation revealed adequate reduction in the size of the ventricle and cyst. Progressive macrocrania discontinued and normal development was obtained.     

Retrocerebellar arachnoid cyst with syringomyelia: a case report

Association of syringomyelia with retrocerebellar arachnoid cysts is rare. A case of 14 year old female is being reported, who presented with hydrocephalus caused by a large midline retrocerebellar infravermal arachnoid cyst leading to obstruction of the outlet foramina of the fourth ventricle. There was associated syringomyelia. The pathogenesis of syringomyelia is discussed. The need to evaluate cervical spinal cord by taking T1 weighted sagittal sections in all the patients of large posterior fossa mass lesions causing obstruction to the outlet foramina of the fourth ventricle has been stressed, in order to detect associated syringomyelia.     

颅后窝蛛网膜囊肿的诊断及治疗（附36例分析）

目的探讨颅后窝蛛网膜囊肿（posterior fossa arachnoid cyst，PFAC）的诊断和治疗。方法回顾性分析36例颅后窝蛛网膜囊肿的临床资料。术前出现症状30例，无症状6例。单纯神经内镜手术24例，内镜控制下显微镜手术5例，单纯显微手术3例，未手术观察4例。结果30例术前出现症状病人中，术后症状消失13例，明显好转12例，无变化5例。32例病人术后随访3个月-5年。囊肿完全消失2例，不同程度缩小23例，无明显变化7例。结论CT或MR是诊断PFAC的有效方法，CT蛛网膜下腔-脑池造影（CTC）对区别真性囊肿与假性囊肿具有特异性。神经内镜手术是治疗颅后窝囊肿的有效、微创、并发症少的方法。     

Shunt-independent surgical treatment of middle cranial fossa arachnoid cysts in children

The best operative intervention for children with arachnoid cysts remains the subject of controversy. Recent reports stress that craniotomy for cyst fenestration is associated with a low incidence of morbidity and mortality and may leave the child shunt-independent. Among a total of 66 intracranial arachnoid cysts operated on in the authors’ department from 1985 to 1997, 44 cases (67%) were located in the middle cranial fossa. A higher incidence in the first decade of life (53 cases) and a marked male predominance (45 cases) were recognized. Headache, cranial deformities, symptoms of raised intracranial pressure, and seizures constituted the most frequent features of the clinical presentation. To determine which treatment provides the greatest benefit with the lowest incidence of complications, the records of the 44 patients with arachnoid cysts in the middle cranial fossa were reviewed. The mean age of these patients was 4.6 years (range 0–16 years). Different types of initial surgical procedures were performed. In 33 patients with middle cranial fossa arachnoid cysts (MCFAC) the initial surgery took the form of craniotomy with excision of the cyst walls and fenestration into the basal cisterns. Shunting procedures were performed in 9 patients: cysto-peritoneal shunts (CPS) were placed in 4 patients and ventriculo-peritoneal shunts (VPS), in 3 patients, and cyst excision was performed in addition to CPS in 2 patients. Excision of the cyst membrane alone without fenestration was performed in 2 patients. The initial treatment was successful in terms of reduced symptoms and decreased cyst size, with no additional treatment needed for the cyst, in 79% (26/33) of patients who had undergone excision of the cyst walls and fenestration into the basal cisterns, compared with 66% (6/9) of patients who had undergone shunting procedures. Cyst membrane excision was not successful in any of the patients who underwent this procedure alone. No significant difference in morbidity was noted between these different treatment options. On follow-up CT scan and MRI, cysts of types I and II (Galassi classification) exhibited a steady tendency to reduction or obliteration. These results confirm that radical excision of the outer and inner membranes of the cyst wall with fenestration into the basal cistern is a safe and effective shunt-independent procedure for MCFAC, especially for those of types I and II. Received: 28 May 1999 Revised: 10 August 1999     

中颅窝区脑外肿瘤的MRI表现

目的 探讨中颅窝区脑外肿瘤的MRI特点,提高其诊断准确率. 方法 经手术病理证实的31例中颅窝区脑外肿瘤(包括三叉神经鞘瘤13例,脑膜瘤6例,蛛网膜囊肿3例,皮样囊肿3例,骨母细胞瘤2例,脊索瘤2例,表皮样囊肿2例)均行MR平扫及增强扫描检查,并对其影像资料进行回顾性分析. 结果 不同的中颅窝区脑外肿瘤各具不同MR特征;(1)三叉神经鞘瘤MR/T1WI像多呈等或低混杂信号,T2WI像呈高或低混杂信号,本组13例三叉神经鞘瘤增强后有9例可见"包壳征";(2)脑膜瘤多表现为等或稍低T1、等或低或高T2信号,增强后呈中度较均匀强化;(3)骨母细胞瘤可见"骨包壳",脊索瘤骑跨中、后颅窝生长,其一侧与斜坡紧密相连;(4)蛛网膜囊肿与表皮样囊肿均呈长T1、长T2囊状信号,增强后无强化或囊壁轻微强化;蛛网膜囊肿多呈膨胀生长,而表皮样囊肿多有"见缝就钻"的特点;(5)皮样囊肿均呈短T1、长T2囊状信号,脂肪抑制序列扫描呈低信号,可出现"爆米花"样改变. 结论 中颅窝区脑外肿瘤均有比较特征性的MRI表现,密切结合临床可进一步提高其术前诊断的正确率.     

Assessment of endoscopic treatment for middle cranial fossa arachnoid cysts

Background

Endoscopic cystocisternotomy is one of three surgical methods used to treat middle cranial fossa arachnoid cysts. There is debate about which method is the best.

Objective

The aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of endoscopic cystocisternotomy for treatment of arachnoid cysts of the middle cranial fossa.

Methods

Thirty-two patients with arachnoid cysts of the middle cranial fossa who had undergone endoscopic cystocisternal fenestration between 2004 and 2009 were studied retrospectively. Data were obtained on clinical and neuroradiological presentation, indications to treat, surgical technique, complications, and the results of clinical and neuroradiological follow-up.

Results

Among the 27 patients with symptoms before surgery, 8 had disappearance of symptoms and 17 had improvement of symptoms. The cyst was reduced in size or it completely disappeared in 24 (75%) patients. The incidence rate of complications was 18.8%.

Conclusions

Endoscopic cystocisternal fenestration is an effective treatment for symptomatic arachnoid cysts of the middle cranial fossa and should be the initial surgical procedure.     

Arachnoid cysts of the middle cranial fossa presented as subdural hematomas

The aim of the study was to present the authors' own experience and discuss the treatment method of arachnoid cysts of the middle cranial fossa disclosed as subdural hematoma. Three cases of male patients operated on because of chronic subdural hematoma are presented. Control CT studies after evacuation of hematomas revealed arachnoid cysts of the middle cranial fossa and all patients were qualified for delayed cystocisternostomy by open craniotomy. Indirect signs of presence of arachnoid cysts in the form of bony abnormalities and expanded the middle cranial fossa in the first CT were seen in all patients. Cysts were asymptomatic until the injury in all cases. The volumes of cysts in MRI scans were: 17.8 ml, 52.9 ml and 92.4 ml, respectively. All cysts were type II according to Galassi classification. After control MRI described above made to evaluate cyst appearance, delayed cystocisternostomy to basal cisterns was undertaken in two cases with full success. No complications were observed. The third patient refused surgery. During surgery the thick and non-transparent medial cyst wall and arachnoidea of tentorial notch cisterns were observed impeding the exact identification of neurovascular structures. In our opinion arachnoid cysts of the middle cranial fossa revealed as subdural hematoma should be operated on in two stages: in the first step subdural hematoma should be evacuated and in the second step cystocisternostomy should be performed. With regard to observed morphological changes of arachnoidea and cyst walls we think that open cystocisternostomy is treatment of choice in these cases.     

水环境神经内镜技术（附316例分析）

目的总结水环境神经内镜手术的操作技巧。方法回顾性分析316例水环境神经内镜手术病人的临床资料,归纳手术技巧。结果随访212例,平均随访时间2．1年。效果良好185例（87．3％）,无效再治疗21例,恶化或放弃再治疗6例。29例发生并发症,其中硬膜下积液10例,颅内出血9例,颅内感染9例,头皮切口脑脊液漏5例,脑神经损伤4例,下丘脑损伤3例。7例发生永久并发症。死亡1例。结论水环境神经内镜技术处理非交通性脑积水、颅中窝蛛网膜囊肿、桥前蛛网膜囊肿、透明隔囊肿和脑室内囊肿效果很好,可作为首选治疗方法。