Management of temporomandibular joint ankylosis associated with mandibular asymmetry in infancy

Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) ankylosis during early childhood always produces alteration of the mandibular growth with facial asymmetry, chin deviation, and malocclusion. The younger the ankylosis happens, the more severe the facial deformity presents. When TMJ ankylosis occurs in infancy, there might be a delay in diagnosis and treatment. In this article, we describe a case of TMJ ankylosis in a 10-month-old boy. The etiology was indistinct. Surgical plan including modified gap arthroplasty, costochondral graft (CCG), temporalis fascial flap, was preformed to this patient. The joint and the mandibular ramus were restored. No severe complication occurred. There was no recurrence of ankylosis and further developing of mandibular asymmetry during 2-year follow-up period.     

Second metatarsal free transfer in total temporomandibular joint reconstruction for ankylosis in a child: 10-year follow-up

The management of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) ankylosis requires complete removal of the ankylosed block and the prevention of recurrence. For this purpose, the ramus–condyle unit can be reconstructed with a second metatarsal free flap. This article reports the use of this flap in a young patient treated for left TMJ ankylosis, post costochondral graft for the treatment of hemifacial microsomia. Data from the 10-year follow-up are reported. The glenoid fossa was reconstructed with a graft of the second metatarsal base, enabling the juxtaposition of two cartilaginous joint surfaces, with the aim of optimizing the functional result and preventing the recurrence of ankylosis. At the 10-year follow-up after this surgery, there was no recurrence of the ankylosis and no articular disorder, and the morphological result was satisfactory. Bone fixation was stable over the 10-year period and the metatarsal head was still in place. Quantitative measurements obtained by computed tomography scan did not show any growth of the second metatarsal free flap compared to the right unaffected condylar process.     

Treatment of temporomandibular joint ankylosis in children: is it necessary to perform mandibular distraction simultaneously?

Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) ankylosis in children disturbs not only mandibular growth, but also facial skeletal development. Costochondral graft was used to ensure growth, but it had proven to be unpredictable. The authors evaluate retrospectively 41 patients who underwent temporomandibular joint reconstruction during the last 10 years. Twenty were treated by costochondral graft, 15 by arthroplasty, and 6 by other surgical procedures, and they were excluded. The etiology was septic in 54% of the cases. Follow-up was at least 12 months in all cases. Arthroplasty was a quicker and easier procedure than the costochondral graft, reducing operating time, risk of blood transfusion, and hospital stays and costs. It also was associated with less risk of reankylosis, 13%vs 25%. Furthermore, it was associated with a minor morbidity and secondary complications. Seventy-five percent of the patients treated with bone graft required additional secondary surgery. Radiographically, the authors observed a remodeled neocondyle at the level of proximal mandibular end in cases treated by arthroplasty. On clinical examination, patients showed variable degrees of facial deformity and an unknown potential of mandibular growth after TMJ arthroplasty. The authors also observed improved clinical and radiologic appearance after ankylosis correction. Is it reasonable to perform ankylosis release and mandibular distraction simultaneously without knowing which patients will be able to experience growth with time? In that case it would be necessary a predict growth to apply the exact amount of mandibular distraction for obtaining stable results. Timing of mandibular distraction, after TMJ arthroplasty is performed and mandibular function restored, must be specific to each patient's needs, assuring the best distraction conditions and planning. The authors present their treatment protocol, including TMJ joint arthroplasty with temporal muscle interposition, and mandibular distraction osteogenesis, as a second procedure, to correct residual asymmetry or retrognathism if necessary.     

肋骨肋软骨移植在颞下颌关节重建中的应用进展

颞下颌关节疾病如骨折、强直、肿瘤等,常会造成髁突破坏或缺损,需进行颞下颌关节重建。目前,肋骨肋软骨移植已成为颞下颌关节重建的首选方法。20世纪20年代首次将肋骨肋软骨移植应用于颞下颌关节重建,之后诸多学者在肋骨肋软骨选择、术后肋软骨生长情况以及如何减少手术创伤等方面做了大量研究。本文主要从以上几个方面,对肋骨肋软骨移植重建颞下颌关节的现状作一综述。     

The interpositional dermis-fat graft in the management of temporomandibular joint ankylosis

The aim of this retrospective clinical study is to present the clinical experience of using dermis-fat interpositional grafts in the surgical management of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) ankylosis in adult patients. Eleven adult patients who presented with ankylosis of the TMJ were identified and included in the study. All patients underwent a TMJ gap arthroplasty which involved the removal of a segment of bone and fibrous tissue between the glenoid fossa and neck of the mandibular condyle. The resultant gap was filled with an autogenous dermis-fat graft procured from the patient's groin. All patients were followed up for a minimum of 2 years. Five of the 11 patients were found to have osseous ankylosis while 6 patients had fibro-osseous ankylosis. Two patients had bilateral TMJ ankylosis that were also treated with costochondral grafts which were overlaid with dermis-fat graft. The average interincisal opening was 15.6 mm on presentation which improved to an average of 35.7 mm following surgery. Patients were followed up from 2 to 6 years post-operatively (mean 41.5 months) with only 1 re-ankylosis identified out of the 13 joints treated. This study found that the use of the autogenous dermis-fat interpositional graft is an effective procedure for the prevention of re-ankylosis up to 6 years following the surgical release of TMJ ankylosis.     

数字化耠板在儿童颞下颌关节强直合并颌骨畸形同期治疗中的应用：附2例报告

目的：探讨数字化验板在儿童颞下颌关节强直合并颌骨畸形同期治疗中的应用效果。方法：2例儿童单侧颞下颌关节强直合并颌骨畸形患者,术前采用SurgiCaseCMF5．0软件进行颌骨畸形的三维测量．模拟骨球截除后摆正下颌骨,制作数字化袷板,术中应用,行肋骨一软骨移植关节重建。术后进行CT扫描二三维测量,评价应用效果。结果：2例患者术中袷板戴入顺利,术后CT三维测量与术前设计吻合度高。结论：数字化袷板在儿童颞下颌关节强直合并颌骨畸形的同期治疗中节省了手术时间,提高了手术的准确性,具有较好的临床应用前景。     

Overgrowth of a costochondral graft in temporomandibular joint reconstructive surgery: an uncommon complication.

A 16-year-old girl had a history of unilateral ankylosis of the temporomandibular joint, which was reconstructed with an autogenous costochondral graft. About 2.5 years after surgery, the patient presented with overgrowth of the costochondral graft, resulting in deviation of the jaw toward the unaffected side.     

Treatment of TMJ ankylosis in Jordanian children - a comparison of two surgical techniques.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to report Jordanian experience in surgical treatment of TMJ ankylosis in 22 children. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This retrospective clinical study included children who were diagnosed with TMJ ankylosis and were treated in a dental teaching centre between 1993 and 2001. Patients underwent the release of 24 temporomandibular joint ankyloses and two different surgical techniques were used: either reconstruction of the condyle using costochondral grafts, or using the temporalis muscle as an interpositional material. Patients were followed up for 1-8 years. RESULTS: Twenty-two children (13 males and 9 females) were included in the study. Costochondral grafts were used as a reconstruction material in 16 TMJs (67%), whilst temporalis muscle was used as an interpositional material in 8 joints (33%). The mean preoperative maximum interincisor distance was 6.6 mm+/-1.3, which was increased to a mean of 30.3 mm+/-2.5 postoperatively. Two female patients (9%) suffered recurrence of the ankylosis within 6-12 months postoperatively. In one of these, a costochondral graft was used and temporalis muscle interposition in the other. CONCLUSION: Costochondral graft as a reconstruction material and temporalis muscle as an interpositional material showed comparable success rates when treating TMJ ankylosis in 22 children.     

Costochondral Graft as Interpositional material for TMJ Ankylosis in Children: A Clinical Study

Abstract

TMJ ankylosis is one of the most disruptive anomaly that affects the masticatory system. The inability to move the mandible has significant functional ramification, such as the inability to eat a normal diet. Additionally, speech is affected, making it difficult for some individuals to communicate and express themselves to others. As there are several biologic and anatomic similarities to the mandibular condyles, autogenous costochondral grafts have been considered to be the most acceptable tissue for temporomandibular joint reconstruction. In addition donor site complications are infrequent and regeneration of the rib usually occurs within a year post operatively in children.

Aim

The aim of this study was to evaluate the function of costochondral grafts to replace the mandibular condyles and to assess the position, growth, overgrowth, function, success, failure and resorption of costochondral grafts.

Materials and Methods

Ten TMJ ankylosis patients were operated in the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery at Institute of Dental Sciences, Bareilly. Out of the 10 cases 6 were male patients and 4 female patients in age group of ≤14 years; of which 8 patients were of unilateral TMJ ankylosis and 2 were of bilateral TMJ ankylosis. All ten patients underwent interpositional gap arthroplasty with reconstruction of the condyle by costochondral graft.

Results

All patients with costochondral grafts had improved mandibular symmetry and growth with adequate mouth opening.

Conclusion

This study indicates that using costochondral grafts to reconstruct TMJ ankylosis in children provides a good result.     

Retrospective comparison of autogenous cosotochondral graft and coronoid process graft in the management of unilateral ankylosis of the temporomandibular joint in adults

We retrospectively compared the clinical outcomes of autogenous coronoid process grafts (n = 32) and costochondral grafts (n = 28) in condylar reconstruction for the treatment of unilateral ankylosis of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) in adults. Preoperative and postoperative assessments included diet scores, cone-beam computed tomography (CT), maximal interincisal opening, lateral excursion, and mandibular deviation on opening the mouth. There were no significant differences between the 2 groups in the measurements before and after the operation with respect to incisal opening, lateral excursion, mandibular deviation, diet scores, or recurrence rate, but in both the postoperative incisal opening, lateral excursion, and diet scores had improved significantly compared with preoperatively. After costochondral graft 3 patients developed intraoperative plural tears, and 6 had temporary pain at the donor site. The frontal branch of the facial nerve was temporarily affected in 5 patients after costochondral graft and 3 after coronoid process grafts, all of which recovered in 3–6 months. There was no recurrence after coronoid process grafting, and one after costochondral grafting. The clinical outcomes in both groups were satisfactory and comparable. Autogenous coronoid process grafting may therefore be a good alternative for condylar reconstruction in patients with ankylosis of the TMJ.     

A protocol for management of temporomandibular joint ankylosis

A management protocol for temporomandibular joint (TMJ) ankylosis consisting of 1) aggressive resection, 2) ipsilateral coronoidectomy, 3) contralateral coronoidectomy when necessary, 4) lining of the TMJ with temporalis fascia or cartilage, 5) reconstruction of the ramus with a costochondral graft, 6) rigid fixation, and 7) early mobilization and aggressive physiotherapy is presented. The protocol was retrospectively evaluated in the first 14 patients (18 involved TMJs) treated and followed postoperatively for at least 1 year. The facial asymmetries present in all unilateral cases remained corrected. The mean maximum postoperative interincisal opening at 1 year was 37.5 mm (292.36% mean increase), lateral excursions were present in 16 of 18 joints (vs 0 of 18 joints preoperatively), and pain was present in 2 of 18 joints (vs 13 of 18 preoperatively). The results of this study indicate that this protocol is effective for treatment of TMJ ankylosis.     

Ankylosis of the temporomandibular joint of a child. Report of a case.

An ankylosis of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) in early childhood may lead to growth disturbances. In the reported case, unilateral ankylosis caused asymmetry and serious difficulties in eating and breathing during sleep. The autologous costochondral junction serving as a growth center, replacing the condylar defect, was used as arthroplastic material in a patient 8 years of age. In a follow-up 6 years later the patient revealed satisfactory opening movements and good chewing function. It was noted that the operated grafted side increased in length slightly more than the other side.     

A retrospective study of the costochondral graft in TMJ reconstruction

A retrospective review of 76 costochondral grafts (57 patients) was undertaken to determine outcome with respect to the extent of previous surgery (none, disc surgery or soft tissue graft, alloplastic disc, alloplastic joint, previous graft) and to initial and preoperative diagnosis. The minimum follow up period was 2 years and for each patient both subjective (pain and dietary interference scores) and objective (interincisal distance) data was recorded. Collectively there was improvement in pain (mean 6.7 to 3.5) and diet (mean 2.2 to 3.0) scores with a moderate increase in interincisal distance (mean 21 to 24mm). In patients with no previous surgery, arthritic disease or congenital deformity the costochondral graft performed well but in patients with previous alloplastic discs and/or total joints the results were less predictable. A preoperative diagnosis of ankylosis was associated with a high complication and further surgery rate suggesting caution in this group of patients.     

自体肋软骨和自体喙突移植在成人单侧颞颌关节强直治疗中的临床效果比较

目的：比较成人单侧颞颌关节强直髁突重建中自体喙突移植和肋软骨移植的临床效果。方法：选取32例自体喙突移植和28例自体肋软骨移植重建髁突的颞下颌关节强直病例,对其术前和术后的饮食分数、最大张口度、侧向运动、开口型偏斜、CT扫描影像学等方面进行评价。结果：两组患者的关节强直治疗均取得满意效果。在饮食分数、张口度、侧向运动、开口型偏斜和复发率等术前及术后的测量值中,两组间差异无统计学意义（P>0．05）,但两组病例中术后张口度、侧向运动及饮食分数均较术前有显著改善。肋软骨移植术中有3例患者出现了胸膜撕裂,6例患者出现了移植骨供区的暂时性疼痛。肋软骨移植及喙突移植术后分别有5例和3例患者的面神经颞支受到了损伤,3－6月内康复。喙突移植组中无关节强直复发,肋软骨移植组中有1例复发。结论：在颞下颌关节强直矫治中,自体喙突移植是一种较好的髁突重建骨移植材料。     

Autogenous grafts for condylar reconstruction in treatment of TMJ ankylosis: current concepts and considerations for the future

Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) ankylosis is characterized by difficulty or inability to open the mouth due to fusion of the temporal and the mandible, resulting in facial symmetry/deformity, malocclusion and dental problems. The only treatment option for TMJ ankylosis is surgical with or without condylar reconstruction. Various autogenous grafts are available for condylar reconstruction after freeing the ankylotic mass such as costochondral, sternoclavicular, fibular, coronoid, and metatarsophalangeal. Costochondral graft is preferred by surgeons, but distraction osteogenesis is slowly gaining popularity and may ultimately become the standard procedure, providing a cost-effective approach with low morbidity and excellent functional outcomes. Tissue engineering is another budding field which has shown promising results in animal studies but has not been applied to humans. To date, there is no ideal autogenous graft for condylar reconstruction that satisfies the complex anatomy and the myriad of functions of a missing condyle.     

创伤性颞下颌关节强直的分类和治疗-84例临床资料分析

目的:探讨创伤性颞下颌关节强直以冠状CT为基础的分类和治疗方法。方法:选择2001—2009年上海交通大学口腔颌面外科关节组收治的创伤所致颞下颌关节强直84例(124侧)患者作为研究对象,所有患者术前、术后均进行CT扫描,关节区冠状重建,据此提出创伤性关节强直的4型分类,即A1～A4型。根据分类进行相应的治疗。A1型,纤维组织松解或髁突切除+肋骨移植+颞肌筋膜瓣修复;A2和A3型,切除外侧融合骨球,保留内侧髁突和关节盘+颞肌瓣或咬肌瓣外侧间隙填塞(外侧成形术),如果内侧髁突残余较小不能负重,骨球切除后用肋骨移植+颞肌瓣或咬肌瓣修复;A4型,切除全部骨球,肋骨移植关节置换+颞肌瓣或咬肌瓣修复。对治疗结果进行CT和临床随访评价。结果:84例124侧创伤性关节强直中,A1型14侧,占11.3%;A2型43侧,占34.7%;A3型46侧,占37.1%;A4型21侧,占16.9%。其中部分A1型,全部A2和A3型有内侧移位的髁突残余,占75%(93/124)。根据分类采用的治疗方式包括外侧成形术82侧,占66.1%;肋骨移植重建33侧,占26.6%;其他9侧,占7.3%。48例68侧关节强直术后随访10个月～4a,占57%。其中,48侧行外侧成形术的关节中有7侧复发,占14.6%;17侧行肋骨移植的关节中有4侧复发,占23.5%。结论:基于冠状CT的关节强直新分类对于临床治疗有重要指导意义。外侧成形术+颞肌瓣修复是治疗A2和部分A3型关节强直(内侧有足够承重的髁突和关节盘残余)的理想方法,肋骨移植+颞肌瓣修复治疗完全骨性强直效果良好。     

Sliding reconstruction of the condyle using posterior border of mandibular ramus in patients with temporomandibular joint ankylosis

The traditional approach for ankylosis is gap arthroplasty or interpositional arthroplasty followed by reconstruction of the condyle using, for example, costochondral grafts. As these are non-pedicled grafts, there is eventual resorption with subsequent decrease in height of the ramus, facial asymmetry and deviated mouth opening. The authors have applied the method of total and partial sliding vertical osteotomy on the posterior border of the mandibular ramus for reconstruction of the mandible condyle as a pedicled graft for the correction of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) ankylosis. From 2004 to 2008, 18 patients who were diagnosed with TMJ ankylosis underwent operations for resection of the ankylosed condyle. Two methods were performed depending on the level of osteotomy on the posterior part of the mandibular ramus. All patients were followed-up for an average of 36 months (range 24-48 months). All patients showed apparent improved joint function with no cases of re-ankylosis. The results showed that sliding vertical osteotomy on the posterior border of the mandibular ramus seems to be an alternative and promising method for condylar reconstruction in patients with TMJ bony ankylosis.     

颞肌筋膜瓣联合冠突移植治疗颞下颌关节强直

目的:应用带蒂颞肌筋膜瓣联合冠突移植治疗颞下颌关节真性强直,评价其重建颞下颌关节的效果。方法:对6例颞下颌关节真性强直患者切除病变区骨质,形成骨间隙,采用带蒂颞肌筋膜瓣转移充填骨间隙和冠突切取植入构造新的“髁突”,重建颞下颌关节。手术后常规随访,评价其疗效。结果:全部病例术后随访4～28个月,开口度3.1～3.8cm,平均开口度3.5cm,效果满意。结论:带蒂颞肌筋膜瓣联合冠突移植治疗颞下颌关节真性强直具有多方面优势,是防止颞下颌关节术后复发的有效手术治疗方法。     

Auricular cartilage graft interposition after temporomandibular joint ankylosis surgery in children.

PURPOSE: After surgery for temporomandibular joint (TMJ) ankylosis, relapse is frequently due to fibrosis and ossification occurring in the space of the joint. The object of this study was to evaluate the use of autogenous auricular cartilage graft as an interposition material after arthroplasty of the TMJ ankylosis. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Seven patients with TMJ ankylosis were treated with autologous auricular cartilage graft interposition arthroplasty. With 4 to 6 years of follow-up, the function of the TMJ was evaluated. RESULTS: In 7 patients with TMJ ankylosis treated with autologous auricular cartilage graft interposition arthroplasty, the function of the TMJ recovered well. At 6-year follow-up, no relapse had occurred and no deformities resulted in the ear from which the cartilage had been harvested. CONCLUSION: Autologous auricular cartilage interposition arthroplasty is an ideal method for the prevention of relapse of TMJ ankylosis.     

牵引成骨和正颌外科技术在TMJ强直继发OSAS治疗中应用

目的　 30例 TMJ强直伴阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征 (OSAS)患者 ,单侧 TMJ强直 18例 ,双侧强直 9例 ,TMJ强直术后 3例。患者均有严重的小下颌畸形并伴轻度的上颌后缩畸形 ,睡眠呼吸暂停指数 AI>5 ,且睡眠时血氧饱和度都有不同程度的降低。方法　应用术前后临床检查、头影测量分析和夜间多导睡眠检测筛选患者和评价治疗效果。采用电脑辅助的诊断和手术模拟及预测系统 ,获得充分扩展口咽和纠正颌面畸形的最佳手术方案 ,以 TMJ重建、牵引成骨和正颌外科方法治疗患者。结果　本研究有 15例患者接受患侧下颌升支倒置 TMJ重建、植骨前移 ,健侧升支矢状劈开、下颌前移和颏前移成形术 ;其中有 3例行二期的上颌的 L e Fort 截骨术。 6例行双侧 TMJ重建、植骨前移下颌和颏成形术。 3例施行同期双颌截骨前移和颏成形术 ;6例行单或双侧 TMJ重建、牵引成骨术。全部病例创口均正常愈合 ,无一例感染。术后复查 (平均 5 .2 5年 ,最短 1年 ,最长 8年 ) :1例术后 TMJ强直复发 ,余张口度均在 3cm以上 ;术后颌面形态获得明显改善 ;2 9例患者眠眠呼吸障碍解除和睡眠质量获得提高 ;1例 AI>5 ,睡眠呼吸障碍改善不明显。结论　 TMJ强直继发 OSAS的治疗既要兼顾关节强直的解除 ,又要矫正牙颌面畸形 ,更不容忽视睡眠呼吸障碍的治疗 ;