p53,p21在乳癌中的表达及意义

目的 探讨p53,p21蛋白在乳癌中表达的临床意义。方法 用免疫组化SP法对20例癌旁乳腺组织和69例乳癌组织中p53和p21蛋白进行半定量检测。结果 癌旁乳腺组织中p53和p21表达阴性;乳腺癌组织中p53和p21阳性率分别为47．8％和43．5％;随细胞分化程度降低;p53表达阳性率明显升高,p21表达的阳性率明显降低。p21表达的阳性率在有、无淋巴结转移组差异显著（P＜0．05）;p53阳性、p21阴性组术后5年无瘤生存率明显低于p53阴性、p21阳性组（P＜0．05）;在乳癌组织中p21表达与p53明显相关（P＜0．05）。结论 p53和p21在乳癌中的表达可判断乳癌细胞分化程度及患者预后。     

胃肠道间质瘤中MDm2和p53蛋白的表达与预后的关系

目的 探讨MDm2和p53在胃肠道间质瘤（GISTs）中的表达及相关性。方法 采用免疫组织化学PV6000法检测52例GISTs中MDm2和p53的表达。结果 MDm2蛋白和p53蛋白阳性率分别为19．2％、48．1％，MDm2表达与肿瘤大小、发生部位、分级及病理性核分裂像有关（P〈0．05）。MDm2阳性组和阴性组5年生存率分别为40．0％和78．6％（P〈0．05）；p53蛋白阳性表达与肿瘤大小、部位、分级、病理性核分裂像和细胞密集程度有关，p53蛋白阳性组和阴性组5年生存率分别为56．0％和85．2％（P〈0．05）。结论 MDm2、p53表达与GISTs预后有关，可以作为GISTs预后的分子标记物。     

nm23和c-erbB-2及p53在结直肠癌组织的表达和意义

目的：探讨nm23和c-erbB-2及p53等抑癌基因的表达同大肠癌的浸润和淋巴结转移的相关性。方法：采用免疫组化染色LSAB法研究了nm23和c-erbB-2及p53蛋白在48例大肠癌组织中的表达以及同大肠癌的浸润和淋巴结转移等临床病理因素的关系。结果：nm23表达阳性60．5％,与淋巴结转移呈负相关（P＜0．05）;c-erbB-2表达阳性50％,与淋巴结转移呈正相关（P＜0．05）;p53表达阳性者,与肿瘤浸润程度,Dukes分期和淋巴结转移均呈正相关趋势（P＞0．05）。结论：nm23蛋白的表达同大肠癌淋巴结转移的呈负相关性,c-erbB-2蛋白等表达同大肠癌淋巴结转移的呈正相关性,大肠癌淋巴结转移是各种因素的综合作用。     

胃癌中p16、p53蛋白表达与细胞增殖、浸润、转移及预后的关系

目的 探讨p16、p53蛋白表达与胃癌细胞增殖、浸润、转移及预后的关系。方法 应用免疫组化S－P法研究100例胃癌,20例中、重度异型增生,16例萎缩性胃炎和10例正常胃黏膜p16、p53蛋白和增殖细胞核抗原（PCNA）的表达。结果 正常胃黏膜p16阳性率为80％,p53未表达。萎缩性胃炎、异型增生和胃癌组织中p16阳性率分别为68．8％、35％和43％;p53阳性率分别为12．5％、25％和56％。p16在胃癌中的阳性率与预后明显相关（P＜0．05）;p53阳性率与肿瘤病理分级、Lanren分型有显著相关（P＜0．05）,与预后关系密切（P＜0．01）。从正常胃黏膜到病变组织PCNA指数逐渐上升,以异型增生、胃癌细胞增殖显著（P＜0．01）,癌细胞PCNA指数p16阴性组,p53阳性组高于对照组,与肿瘤大小、浸润浓度密切相关（P＜0．05）。p16、p53阳性表达具有协同性（P＜0．05）。结论 胃黏膜中、重度异型增生有较高的增殖活性,基因水平上已表现出癌变特性,是癌变发生过程中的一个重要阶段。p16、p53蛋白表达在胃癌的发生发展中起重要作用,可作为判断预后的可靠指标。     

E-Cadherin基因在乳腺癌中的表达及临床意义

目的：研究E－Cadherin基因在乳腺癌中的表达及临床意义。方法：应用免疫组织化学方法（SABC法），检测92例乳腺癌组织E－Cadherin基因蛋白的表达，同时观察与腋淋巴结和远处转移的关系。结果：乳腺癌E－Cadherin基因表达阳性率为48．9％（45／92）。无淋巴结转移组E－Cadherin阳性率62．2％（28／47），明显高于淋巴结受累组表达阳性率36．2％（17／47）（P＜0．05）。E－Cadherin阳性组远处转移率15．6％（7／45），低于阴性组远处转移率34％（16／47，P＜0．05），E－Cadherin基因表达与疾病缓解期无关。结论：提示E－Cadherin基因在乳腺癌病程中起重要作用，对筛选乳腺癌术后高危转移患者，加强随访诊治有一定参考意义。E－Cadherin低表达可能提示病人预后不良。     

血管生成与p53、c—erb B—2癌基因蛋白在乳腺非典型增生及癌变过程中的相关性

目的探讨p53及c-erbB-2癌基因蛋白在乳腺非典型增生及癌变组织中的表达及其在非典型增生及癌变过程中与血管生成的关系.方法对103例正常乳腺、乳腺非典型增生及乳腺癌组织的p53及c-erbB-2癌基因蛋白及第8因子相关抗原FⅧ-RA进行免疫组化染色.对微血管内皮细胞面积(MEA)进行CIAS定量测定,并分析p53及c-erbB-2与MEA的相关性.结果在轻度非典型增生组织中,p53癌基因蛋白阳性表达组MEA(4194.89±498.5998)高于阴性组(3216.94±803.9394,t=2.3024,P＜0.05).中重度非典型增生组织中,p53阳性组MEA(4525.82±1360.8277)高于阴性组(3564.61±687.0646,t=2.1794,P＜0.05).c-erbB-2与MEA无相关性(P＞0.05).结论在乳腺非典型增生及癌变过程中,p53癌基因蛋白表达与血管生成具有明显相关性.     

联合评估凋亡相关蛋白Survivin和突变型p53在膀胱移行细胞癌中的表达及意义

目的：探讨凋亡相关蛋白Survivin和突变型p53在膀胱移形细胞癌（BTCC）中的表达及其临床意义。方法：应用SP免疫组织化学法检测50例BTCC及10例正常膀胱黏膜组织石蜡切片中Survivin和p53表达的情况,结合临床资料进行分析。结果：Survivin在BTCC的肿瘤标本中的阳性表达率为76％（38／50）,而正常对照组中无一例呈阳性表达;Survivin的表达与BTCC的组织学分级、预后显著相关（二者均P〈0．05）,但与临床病理分期无关（P〉0．05）;p53在13TCC肿瘤标本中的阳性表达率为68％（34／50）,与对照组阳性表达率30％（3／10）相比有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。p53的表达与BTCC组织学分级、临床分期及复发相关（均P％0．05）;相关性分析表明,BTCC肿瘤组织中Survivin的表达与p53表达呈正相关（r=0．317,P〈0．05）。结论：Survivin在BTCC组织中选择性表达,与BTCC的分化程度及复发密切相关;p53蛋白在BTCC中的表达与分级、分期及复发相关,联合评估Survivin和p53蛋白对于判断BTCC预后有重要临床指导意义。     

T-钙黏蛋白在乳腺癌中表达及其与预后关系

目的：探讨乳腺癌患者T-钙黏蛋白表达情况与乳腺癌预后相关性。方法乳腺浸润性癌（浸润性小叶癌除外）患者280例,根据T-钙黏蛋白表达分为T-钙黏蛋白表达阴性组与阳性组,分析T-钙黏蛋白在乳腺癌中表达情况与患者不同临床、病理特点及其预后。统计学分析应用SPSS 13．0软件,计数资料采用χ2检验以及Fisher精确概率法,采用Log Rank法检测乳腺癌中T-钙黏蛋白表达情况对乳腺癌5年生存率以及5年无瘤生存率的影响, P ＜0．05为差异有统计学意义。结果 T-钙黏蛋白表达阴性组与阳性组中,年龄、肿瘤直径、病理分级、病理类型、有无绝经、有无家族史等,差异均无统计学意义（P＞0．05）。 T-钙黏蛋白表达阴性组发生淋巴结转移、淋巴管浸润及临床分期Ⅲ期比例（65．2％、37．5％、23．2％）高于 T-钙黏蛋白阳性组（41．1％、13．1％、6．0％）,χ2＝15．62、22．70、17．87, P＜0．05,差异有统计学意义,T-钙黏蛋白阴性患者较T-钙黏蛋白阳性患者术后生存率及无瘤生存率均低（Log Rank＝13．629,P＜0．01;Log Rank＝22．362,P＜0．01）,差异有统计学意义。结论 T-钙黏蛋白表达与乳腺癌多种临床病理特点有相关性,T-钙黏蛋白表达阴性患者预后差。     

BRCA1在乳腺浸润性导管癌中的表达及其与Ki-67、p53的关系

目的：观察乳腺浸润性导管癌组织中BRCA1、Ki-67及p53的表达及其与临床病理特征之间的关系。方法采用EliVisionTMplus两步免疫组化方法,检测BRCA1、Ki-67及P53在60例乳腺浸润性导管癌组织的表达情况。结果①60例乳腺浸润性导管癌组织中,BRCA1的阳性率为60．0％（36／60）,Ki-67及 p53的阳性率分别为56．67％（34／60）、48．33％（29／60）;②BRCA1蛋白表达与患者发病年龄、临床分期、伴有腋淋巴结转移以及组织学分级有关（P＜0．05）,而与肿瘤大小无关（P＞0．05）;Ki-67表达与临床分期、淋巴结转移、组织学分级有关（P＜0．05）,与发病年龄、肿瘤大小无关（P＞0．05）;p53表达与肿瘤大小、临床分期、淋巴结转移、组织学分级相关（P＜0．05）,与发病年龄无关（P＞0．05）;③BRCA1表达与 Ki-67、p53均呈负相关（r1＝－0．577,P＜0．05,r2＝－0．504,P ＜0．05）,Ki-67与p53的表达呈正相关（r ＝0．375,P＜0．05）。结论联合检测BRCA1、Ki-67及p53对乳腺癌的早期诊断、恶性程度判定和预后监测有重要意义,可为乳腺癌的个体化治疗提供有效的指针。     

p53、bcl-2、c-erbB-2在胃癌及癌前病变中表达的意义

目的：研究p53、bcl-2、c-erbB-2基因在胃癌及癌前病变中的表达，探讨其与胃癌发生的关系。方法：采用免疫组化SABC法，检测p53、bcl-2、c-erbB-2基因蛋白在98例胃癌、39例肠上皮化生、40例不典型增生和20例正常胃粘膜中的表达。结果：①p53在胃癌中的阳性表达率为55．1％，早期胃癌和进展期胃癌分别为50．0％，55．4％；在肠上皮化生中的表达率为12．8％，与早期胃癌比较有统计学差异（P〈0．05），随不典型增生程度的加重p53的表达率逐渐升高，依次为5％，20％，60％，其中轻中度与重度不典型增生差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05），而在正常胃粘膜中未见p53表达②bcl-2在正常胃粘瞑中有弱阳性表达（10．0％），在不典型增生中为50．0％，在胃癌中为44．9％，不典型增生与胃癌中的表达均显著高于正常胃粘膜（P〈0．05）。③c-erbB-2在胃癌中的阳性表达率为55．1％，其中在早期胃癌中的表达率较低（16．7％），在重度不典型增生和进展期胃癌中的表达率较高，分别为60．0％和57．6％，二者与早期胃癌比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。④c-erbB-2表达与肿瘤浸润深度、淋巴结转移有关（P〈0．05），与胃癌分化程度无关（P〉0．05）；bcl-2表达与胃癌的分化程度有关（P〈0．05），低分化者bcl-2表达率高，与淋巴结转移，浸润深度无关（P〉0．05）；p53表达与上述临床病理因素均无关（P〉0．05）。结论：p53，bcl-2，c-erbB-2参与了胃粘膜的癌变过程。     

Short-term survival in breast cancer: the experience of the University of Malaya Medical Centre

OBJECTIVE: To study the impact of various clinicopathological factors on short-term survival in a cohort of breast cancer patients treated at the University of Malaya Medical Centre (UMMC). METHODS: All cases of breast cancer treated at UMMC from January 1999 to June 2001, except for stage IV disease, were included in the study. Survival analysis was carried out using Kaplan-Meier for univariate analysis and Cox regression for multivariate analysis. The log-rank test was used to test the significance of differences between the different survival curves. RESULTS: A total of 385 patients were included. The mean patient age at presentation was 50.3 years (SD, 11.4); 198 (51.4%) patients had lymph node-positive disease, and 187 (48.6%) had node-negative disease. The mean follow-up period was 18.7 months (SD, 8.8). The Malay ethnic group, tumours of larger size, node-positive disease, more than five positive lymph nodes, oestrogen receptor (ER) negativity and the presence of lymphovascular invasion were significant prognostic factors for shorter recurrence-free survival (RFS) in the univariate analysis. In the multivariate analysis, ER negativity was the only independent adverse prognostic factor for RFS. For overall survival (OS), tumours of larger size, node-positive disease, more than five positive lymph nodes, ER negativity and high grade tumours were associated with significantly shorter OS. However, more than five positive lymph nodes was the only independent prognostic factor for shorter OS in the multivariate analysis. Further multivariate analysis of the patients with node-positive disease showed that the Malay ethnic group, ER negativity and more than five positive lymph nodes were independent prognostic factors for shorter RFS. On the other hand, ER negativity and more than five positive lymph nodes were independent negative prognostic factors for OS in this subgroup of patients. CONCLUSION: The evaluation of various prognostic factors would provide useful information on disease progression in local patients, especially for the planning of adjuvant therapies and follow-up protocols. Differences in the pattern of breast cancer among the different ethnic groups in Malaysia warrant further studies.     

Significance of Apoptosis and Apoptotic-Related Proteins, Bcl-2, and Bax in Primary Breast Cancer

Abstract: Apoptosis and expression of apoptosis-regulating proteins, Bcl-2 and Bax, have been observed in human breast carcinomas. The authors investigated whether expression of Bcl-2 and Bax proteins and apoptotic index (AI) had significance in cases of primary breast cancer. The authors evaluated Bcl-2 and Bax immunoreactivity and AI in primary breast cancers with the ApopTag method in 91 breast cancer patients retrospectively with long-term follow-up (median 60 months). Bcl-2 expression was seen in 60 (65.9%) cases and Bax expression was observed in 59 (64.8%) cases. Increased Bcl-2 and absence or low Bax immunoreactivity were significantly associated with low AI, high tumor grade, axillary lymph node involvement, postoperative recurrence, and metastasis. Thirty-five (38.5%) samples expressed high AI, which correlated with low tumor grade, absent axillary lymph node metastasis, and low levels of Bcl-2 with Bax overexpression. In univariate analysis, the variables associated with short relapse-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) were large tumor size, axillary lymph node involvement, high histologic grade, low AI, high Bcl-2 expression, and absence or low Bax expression. In multivariate analysis, only Bcl-2 expression, lymph node status, and histologic grade were of independent prognostic value with respect to RFS and OS. Because the vast majority of the patients in this study received chemotherapy, it can be concluded that these apoptotic markers were also predictive of response to chemotherapy. Immunostaining of apoptosis-related genes, Bcl-2 and Bax, together with AI, may stratify high- versus low-risk breast cancer patients.     

Tumor Size Does Not Independently Affect Long-Term Survival after Curative Resection of Solitary Hepatocellular Carcinoma Without Macroscopic Vascular Invasion

Objective

The aim of this study was to investigate the prognostic value of tumor size alone on long-term survival and recurrence after curative resection for solitary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) without macroscopic vascular invasion.

Methods

A single-center cohort of 615 patients with solitary HCC (a single tumor, without macroscopic vascular invasion or distant metastasis) undergoing curative hepatic resection from 2002 to 2010 was retrospectively studied. Using 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 8.0, and 10.0 cm as cut-off values of tumor size, the overall survival (OS) and recurrence-free survival (RFS) rates were compared between the groups of patients with tumor size up to a certain cut-off value and the groups of patients with tumor size above that cut-off value. Thus, multiple comparisons were done. The prognostic factors of OS and RFS were evaluated using univariate and multivariate analyses.

Results

The median tumor size of all HCCs was 4.0 cm (range 0.9–22.0 cm). The in-hospital mortality rate was 1.0 %, and the overall morbidity rate was 22.3 %. The 1-, 3-, and 5-year OS rates were 96.0, 79.8, and 69.9 %, and the corresponding RFS rates were 83.6, 72.7, and 57.2 %, respectively. On univariate analyses, the 1-, 3-, and 5-year OS and RFS rates were significantly different between the individual two groups of patients as divided by the aforementioned different cut-off values of tumor sizes (all p < 0.05). However, when tumor size was put as a continuous variable into multivariate analysis, it was no longer an independent prognostic factor of OS or RFS after curative resection.

Conclusions

Tumor size did not independently affect long-term survival and recurrence after curative resection of solitary HCC without macroscopic vascular invasion. Therefore, there is no size limit that precludes hepatic resection for solitary HCC, provided the tumor is resectable.     

Molecular biomarkers for breast cancer prognosis: coexpression of c-erbB-2 and p53

OBJECTIVE: To assess the prognostic significance of molecular biomarkers, particularly c-erbB-2 and p53, through study of prospective clinical data and archival breast cancer tissues for women accrued to the Alabama Breast Cancer Project. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Defining molecular abnormalities in breast cancer is an important strategy for early detection, assessment of prognosis, and treatment selection. Evidence is strong that selective biomarkers, including c-erbB-2 and p53, have prognostic significance in breast cancer. Few studies have analyzed the prognostic significance of coexpression of biomarkers. METHODS: Study patients were those accrued to the Alabama Breast Cancer Project (1975-1978) who had archival breast cancer tissues available for analysis. Criteria for entrance into the Alabama Breast Cancer Project were T1-3 breast cancer with M0 status. Age, nodal status, and histologic grade were also documented. Patients were randomized to radical versus modified radical mastectomy, and node-positive patients were also randomized to adjuvant chemotherapy (cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and 5-fluorouracil [CMF]) versus melphalan. Archival breast cancer tissues were studied for c-erbB-2, TGF-alpha, p53, cathepsin D, bcl-2, and estrogen and progesterone receptor expression using immunohistochemistry. Survival curves were developed using the Kaplan-Meier method. Univariate analysis was performed using the log-rank test, multivariate analysis using a rank regression model. RESULTS: Three hundred eleven patients were accrued to the Alabama Breast Cancer Project, and paraffin-embedded breast cancer tissues for 90 patients were available for immunohistochemical analysis of molecular biomarkers. Univariate analysis showed nodal status, c-erbB-2 expression, and p53 expression to have prognostic significance. Coexpression of c-erbB-2 and p53 was also found to have prognostic significance by the log-rank test. Multivariate analysis showed T stage, nodal status, c-erbB-2 expression, and p53 expression to have independent prognostic significance. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that c-erbB-2 and p53 expression in breast cancer have prognostic significance. After median follow-up of 16 years, coexpression of c-erbB-2 and p53 may have more prognostic significance than traditional prognostic factors such as T stage and nodal status. Prospective study of large numbers of patients with breast cancer is encouraged to validate these findings.     

Intraoperative blood loss is not a predictor of prognosis for pancreatic cancer

Purpose

The relationship between intraoperative blood loss (IBL) and prognosis has been reported for some types of cancer, but not for pancreatic cancer, which has one of the highest mortality rates of any cancer. We conducted this study to analyze the relationship between IBL and clinical outcome for patients undergoing radical surgery for pancreatic cancer.

Methods

The subjects of this study were 144 patients who underwent curative pancreatectomy for invasive pancreatic cancer between 2002 and 2014. Clinicopathological characteristics were recorded and prognostic factors were identified by univariate and multivariate analyses.

Results

Large IBL was significantly associated with advanced tumor stage, a long operation time, a large tumor, portal vein resection, and blood transfusion. According to univariate analysis, IBL was also significantly associated with overall survival (OS) and relapse-free survival (RFS); however, it was not an independent prognostic factor for OS and RFS in multivariate analysis. According to multivariate analysis, lymph node metastasis and R-status were independent prognostic factors for OS and RFS. A subgroup analysis of patients who received no blood transfusion showed similar results.

Conclusion

Minimizing IBL is very important; however, the present study found that positive lymph node metastasis and R-status were stronger independent prognostic factors for pancreatic cancer.

     

Association between lymphovascular invasion and oncological outcome in node-negative upper tract urothelial carcinoma with different stage

ObjectivesTo evaluate the prognostic impact of lymphovascular invasion (LVI) on node-negative upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) in patients treated with radical nephroureterectomy (RNU).Materials and methodsA retrospective study was performed in single tertiary referral center of middle Taiwan between 2001 and 2015. Seven hundred and twenty-eight patients were diagnosed of UTUC and underwent RNU with ipsilateral bladder cuff excision including 303 and 195 patients with N0 and Nx status respectively. LVI status was assessed as a prognostic factor for cancer-specific (CSS) and overall survival (OS) using univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis.ResultsLVI was observed in 82 patients (16.5%). LVI presentation associated with smoking status, advanced tumor stage, high tumor grade, positive surgical margin, and consequence lung/liver/bone metastasis. In the multivariate analysis, LVI was failed to predict CSS, OS, and disease-free survival (DFS) (hazard ratio [HR] [95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.07 [0.55–2.09], 1.05 [0.62–1.79], 1.15 [0.69–1.92], in CSS, OS, DFS, respectively). In the subgroup analysis of pT1-2 disease, the CSS, OS, and DFS were associated with LVI status (HR [95% CI]: 2.29 [0.44–11.84], 3.17 [1.16–8.67], 2.66 [1.04–6.79], in CSS, OS, DFS, respectively). In contrast, there was no difference in pT3 disease.ConclusionIn conclusion, LVI status was not associated with survival outcomes of node-negative UTUC in our study. The subgroup analysis showed different prognostic impacts of LVI status in node-negative UTUC with T1-2 and T3 stage. Further evidence to clarify the prognostic effect is needed to make LVI became a practical factor in clinical decision-making.     

Size of Residual Lymph Node Metastasis After Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in Locally Advanced Breast Cancer Patients Is Prognostic

Background The prognostic significance of micrometastasis after neoadjuvant chemotherapy for locally advanced breast cancer is unknown. We examined the residual lymph node metastasis size in patients after treatment with neoadjuvant chemotherapy to determine the relevance of metastasis size on outcome. Methods Stage II/III breast cancer patients treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy at our institution from 1991 to 2002 were included. We examined the relationship of postneoadjuvant chemotherapy lymph node metastasis size and number with distant disease-free survival (DDFS) and overall survival (OS). Results In 122 patients with a median follow-up of 5.4 years, we found not only that patients with an increasing number of residual positive nodes had progressively worse DDFS and OS (P < .0001 for both) compared with patients with negative nodes, but also that the size of the largest lymph node metastasis was associated with worse DDFS and OS (P < .0001 for both) in both univariate and multivariate analysis. Compared with negative nodes, even lymph node micrometastasis (<2 mm) was associated with worsened DDFS and OS (adjusted P = .02 and P = .005, respectively). Conclusions Residual micrometastatic disease in the axillary lymph nodes after neoadjuvant chemotherapy is predictive of worse prognosis than negative nodes. In this study, the lymph node metastasis size and the number of involved lymph nodes were independent powerful predictors of DDFS and OS.     

Association with pregnancy increases the risk of local recurrence but does not impact overall survival in breast cancer: A case–control study of 87 cases

Pregnancy-associated breast cancer (PABC) constitutes 7% of all BCs in young women. The prognosis of PABC remains controversial. In this study, we evaluated the impact of the association of pregnancy with BC on the rates of overall survival (OS), disease free survival (DFS), and distant and local recurrence-free survival.We conducted a retrospective unicenter case–control study. We enrolled PABC patients treated at our institution between 1992 and 2009. For each case, 2 BC controls were matched for age and year of diagnosis. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to assess the parameters associated with prognosis.Eighty-seven PABC patients were enrolled and matched with 174 controls. The univariate analysis did not reveal any significant differences in OS, DFS or distant recurrence rates between the 2 groups. Pregnancy associated status, a tumor larger than T2 and neoadjuvant chemotherapy as the primary treatment were significantly associated with an increased risk of local relapse. The multivariate analysis showed that the pregnancy associated status and the tumor size were strong prognostic factors of local recurrence. Pregnancy associated status negates the prognostic value of tumor size, as both T0–T2 and T3–T4 PABC patients have the same poor prognosis as control BC patients with T3–T4 tumors. Interestingly, although PABC patients have more locally advanced tumors, they did not have a higher rate of radical surgery than the control BC patients.Pregnancy associated status is a strong prognostic factor of local relapse in BC. In PABC patients, when possible, radical surgery should be the preferred first treatment step.     

MMP-2、MMP-9、Cathepsin-D在淋巴结阴性乳腺癌中的表达及其与预后的关系

目的研究MMP-2、MMP-9(matrixmetalloproteinase,基质金属蛋白酶)、Cathepsin-D(组织蛋白酶D)在淋巴结阴性乳腺癌中的表达与预后的关系。方法用免疫组织化学ABC法检测270例淋巴结阴性乳腺癌患者肿瘤组织中MMP-2、MMP-9、Cathepsin-D的表达。结果肿瘤组织中MMP-2、MMP-9、Cathepsin-D的阳性率分别为56·7%(153/270)、59·6%(161/270)、55·6%(150/270);单因素分析MMP-2阳性、MMP-9阳性及两者共表达患者有较低的无复发生存率,多因素分析发现MMP-2和MMP-9共表达能独立预测患者的无复发生存率(RR=2·487;P<0·05)。结论在淋巴结阴性乳腺癌患者中MMP-2和MMP-9的阳性表达患者的预后较差。     

Surgical management of renal cell carcinoma associated with complex inferior vena caval thrombi

The operative morbidity and mortality of radical nephrectomy are considerably higher when the vena cava is involved by the tumor. The prognostic significance of vena caval extension in this setting remains controversial. We reviewed our experience of vena caval thrombectomy specifically addressing prognostic factors. We retrospectively studied 96 patients treated at our institution between 1985 and 2001. The study population included 28 women and 68 men; (37 left- and 59 right-sided tumors). Twenty-seven patients had metastatic disease at presentation. Prognostic features (age, sex, race, side of tumor, embolization, tumor grade, tumor confinement by renal capsule, cephalic extent of thrombus, nodal status, and presence of distant metastasis) were evaluated using a Cox proportional hazards model (univariate and multivariate). These prognostic features were analyzed in the group as a whole and in the subgroup of patients who did not have metastatic disease at presentation and did not die perioperatively. There were 5 perioperative deaths. Extracapsular tumor extension and regional node involvement were present in 64% and 17% of the patients, respectively. Level of tumor thrombus were as follows: level I (41%), II (29%), III (7%), IV (15%). Fuhrman's grade was 2 in 17%, 3 in 45%, and 4 in 30% of the patients. For all 96 patients, median overall survival (OS) was 35 months. Five-year OS was 35%. The presence of distant metastasis at presentation did not significantly alter median OS (20 months with metastasis vs. 38 months without, P = 0.3), although this finding may have been confounded by selection. The presence of nodal metastasis was associated with decreased OS by multivariate analysis (P < 0.01). After exclusion of patients dying perioperatively and patients with metastasis at presentation, median OS and progression-free survival were 40 and 18 months, respectively (5-year OS was 40%). In the multivariate model, none of the factors examined were associated with OS, but age <58 years, and the presence of extracapsular tumor extension were associated with an increased risk of recurrence. In patients with renal tumors and extension of tumor thrombus into the vena cava, the level of propagation of the thrombus does not predict for OS. Selected patients with metastatic renal cancer may benefit from aggressive surgical resection of the primary tumor and associated tumor thrombus.