White blood cell count in young adulthood and coronary artery calcification in early middle age: coronary artery risk development in young adults (CARDIA) study

White blood cell (WBC) count is associated with incident coronary heart disease (CHD). Data are sparse regarding its association in young adults with future coronary artery calcification (CAC). Our study was conducted among coronary artery risk development in young adults (CARDIA) participants (n = 3,094). We examined the association between baseline (Y0) WBC counts and CHD risk factors using linear regression models. We further assessed prospective associations between Y0 WBC and inflammatory biomarkers during the follow-up, and the presence of CAC 15 and 20 years later. In total, 272 and 566 subjects had CAC scores >0 at year (Y) 15 and Y20, respectively. Baseline total WBC counts were cross-sectionally associated with SBP, BMI, and smoking, or HDL-cholesterol (p ≤ 0.01) at Y0, and prospectively associated with C-reactive protein at Y7, Y15, and Y20, and fibrinogen at Y5 and Y20 (p < 0.01). After adjustment for potential confounding factors, baseline neutrophil count was borderline associated with CAC presence 15 years later (OR = 1.18 per unit, 95 % CI 1.00–1.44) and total WBC (OR = 1.07, 95 % CI 0.96–1.19) or eosinophil (OR = 1.12, 95 %CI 1.00–1.25) was borderline associated with CAC presence at Y20. Baseline total WBC counts in young adults was associated prospectively with CAC presence 20 years later after adjusting for age, sex, and race. Results are attenuated when other risk factors are accounted for. Our results suggest the possible early involvement of WBC, particularly eosinophils, in the early stages of atherosclerosis.     

Familial aggregation of forearm bone mineral density in Chinese

Osteoporosis is a major public health concern and its prevalence can be predicted based on forearm bone mineral density (BMD). This study is to investigate the familial aggregation of forearm BMD in a population-based, cross-sectional study in Anhui, China. Information on sociodemographic and environmental variables was obtained from 1,636 subjects from 409 nuclear families (including mother, father, and their first two children) by a standardized questionnaire. The forearm BMD was measured by peripheral dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (pDXA). Using generalized additive models with a sequential adjustment for covariates, it was clearly indicated that the forearm BMD of the mother, the father, and the first sibling each had a significant and independent relation to the forearm BMD of the second sibling. Furthermore, using multiple logistic regression, the second sibling had an odds ratio (OR) of 5.3 (95%CI: 2.0–14.5) of having an extremely low (bottom 10th percentile) proximal forearm BMD and an OR of 4.3 (95%CI: 1.6–12.0) of having an extremely low distal forearm BMD when the parental mean forearm BMD was low and the first sibling’s forearm BMD was low. Our findings showing strong familial aggregation of both proximal and distal forearm BMD values suggest that genetic factors play a significant role in determining both traits.     

Depressive symptoms, antidepressants and disability and future coronary heart disease and stroke events in older adults: the Three City Study

To investigate the association between baseline depressive symptoms and first fatal and non fatal coronary heart disease (CHD) and stroke in older adults, taking antidepressants and disability into account. In the Three City Study, a community-based prospective multicentric observational study cohort, 7,308 non-institutionalized men and women aged ≥65 years with no reported history of CHD, stroke or dementia, completed the 20-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CESD) questionnaire. First CHD and stroke events during follow-up were adjudicated by an independent expert committee. Hazard ratios (HRs) were estimated by Cox proportional hazard model. After a median follow-up of 5.3 years, 338 subjects had suffered a first non-fatal CHD or stroke event, and 82 had died from a CHD or stroke. After adjustment for study center, baseline socio-demographic characteristics, and conventional risk factors, depressive symptoms (CESD ≥ 16) were associated with fatal events only: fatal CHD plus stroke (HR = 2.50; 95 % CI 1.57–3.97), fatal CHD alone (n = 57; HR = 2.21 ; 95 %CI 1.27–3.87), and fatal stroke alone (n = 25; HR = 3.27; 95 % CI 1.42–7.52). These associations were even stronger in depressed subjects receiving antidepressants (HR = 4.17; 95 % CI 1.84–9.46) and in depressed subjects with impaired Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (HR = 8.93; 95 % CI 4.60–17.34). By contrast, there was no significant association with non fatal events (HR for non-fatal CHD or stroke = 0.94; 95 % CI 0.66–1.33). In non-institutionalized elderly subjects without overt CHD, stroke or dementia, depressive symptoms were selectively and robustly associated with first fatal CHD or stroke events.     

Early pregnancy exposure to antihistamines and risk of congenital heart defects: results of two case–control studies

We aimed to study the association between use of antihistamines in early pregnancy and congenital heart defects (CHD) in the offspring. Design: Two case–control studies. Setting: HAVEN study, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, and Eurocat Northern Netherlands (NNL), University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands. We studied 361 children with CHD and 410 controls without congenital malformations from the HAVEN study and replicated the analyses in 445 children with CHD and 530 controls from the Eurocat NNL registry. Information about antihistamine use in early pregnancy and potential confounders was obtained from questionnaires postpartum. We calculated the association between antihistamines and CHD risk by multivariable logistic regression analysis. Main outcome measures: Odds ratios (OR) with 95 % confidence intervals (CI). In the HAVEN study, 25 of 771 mothers used antihistamines that were associated with an increased CHD risk (OR 3.0, 95 % CI 1.2–7.3), particularly atrioventricular septal defects (AVSD) (OR 5.1, 95 % CI 1.3–20.5) and perimembranous ventricular septal defects (pVSD) (OR 5.1, 95 % CI 1.8–14.4). Mothers with severe nausea who did not use antihistamines had a reduced risk (OR 0.7, 95 % CI 0.5–0.98), whereas nauseous mothers using antihistamines showed an almost fivefold increased risk of pVSD (OR 4.8, 95 % CI 1.1–21.8). The association between antihistamines and AVSD was confirmed in the Eurocat cohort (OR 3.5, 95 % CI 1.4–8.7), but we could not replicate the association with overall CHD risk. We found a positive association between antihistamine use in early pregnancy and CHD risk, particularly AVSD, which seemed to be independent of nausea/vomiting.     

Coronary artery calcium score and coronary heart disease events in a large cohort of asymptomatic men and women

Coronary artery calcium (CAC), a measure of subclinical coronary heart disease (CHD), may be useful in identifying asymptomatic persons at risk of CHD events. The current study included 10,746 adults who were 22-96 years of age, were free of known CHD, and had their CAC quantified by electron-beam tomography at baseline as part of a preventive medical examination at the Cooper Clinic (Dallas, Texas) during 1995-2000. During a mean follow-up of 3.5 years, 81 hard events (CHD death, nonfatal myocardial infarction) and 287 total events (hard events plus coronary revascularization) occurred. Age-adjusted rates (per 1,000 person-years) of hard events were computed according to four CAC categories: no detectable CAC and incremental sex-specific thirds of detectable CAC; these rates were, respectively, 0.4, 1.5, 4.8, and 8.7 (trend p<0.0001) for men and 0.7, 2.3, 3.1, and 6.3 (trend p=0.02) for women. CAC levels also were positively associated with rates of total CHD events for women and men (trend p<0.0001 each). The association between CAC and CHD events remained significant after adjustment for CHD risk factors. CAC was associated with CHD events in persons with no baseline CHD risk factors and in younger (aged <40 years) and older (aged >65 years) study participants. These findings show that CAC is associated with an increased risk of CHD events in asymptomatic women and men.     

Risk factors for symptoms of allergic rhinitis in adolescents in Castellón, Spain]

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the risk factor for symptoms of allergic rhinitis in adolescents in Castellón, Spain. METHODS: A cross-sectional population based study of Phase III of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) conducted in 2002 among adolescents from 13-14 years of age. The ISAAC questionnaire was used to define cases of allergic rhinitis. Logistic regression models were used to estimate odds ratio (OR) and their 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). RESULTS: Participation was 66.8% (3,995 adolescents of the 5,981 total). The prevalence of rhinoconjunctivitis symptoms in the last 12 months was 16.5% and the prevalence of nasal allergy at some point was 7.4%. Logistic regression showed that rhinoconjunctivitis was associated with being female (OR = 1.63; 95%CI: 1.33-2.00); a mother who smokes in the home (OR = 1.32; 95%CI: 1.08-1.63); a history of sinusitis (OR = 2.02; 95%CI: 1.51-2.70); and living on a street with heavy truck traffic (OR = 1.58; 95%CI: 1.02-2.44). Likewise, nasal allergy was associated with a family history of allergic rhinitis (OR = 2.62; 95%CI: 1.90-3.63); a history of sinusitis (OR = 2.65; 95% CI: 1.77-3.96); a history of bronchitis (OR = 1.68; 95%CI: 1.19-2.36); and social class, with a steady decline when comparing higher classes to lower classes. CONCLUSIONS: Various environmental risk factors were associated with the symptoms of nasal allergies, which points to the importance of implementing specific preventive measures.     

孕前及孕早期母体因素与子代复杂先天性心脏病的相关性研究

目的 探讨孕前及孕早期母体环境暴露因素与子代复杂先心病的关系,为先天性心脏病（congenital heart disease ,CHD）的科学预防和干预提供依据。方法 选取2017年1月-2018年12月产前超声诊断为子代复杂先心病的孕妇62例为病例组,按照1∶2匹配正常孕妇为对照组,问卷调查后通过多因素logstic回归分析复杂先心病可能的危险因素和保护因素。结果 母亲不良生育史（OR:6.981, 95%CI:3.621～11.017）、孕前吸烟饮酒史（OR:2.418,95%CI:1277～6.757）、孕早期呼吸道感染（OR:3.906, 95%CI:1.115～5.242）、噪音环境（OR:2.391, 95%CI:0.898～4.710）、不良精神心理因素（OR:4.791, 95%CI:2.242～8.597）为子代复杂先心独立危险因素。而孕前及孕早期食用蛋、奶类等高蛋白物质（OR:0.517,95%CI:0.311～0.803）和补充叶酸及其它营养素（OR:2.979,95%CI:1.537～5.016）为子代复杂先心保护因素。结论 孕前及早孕期孕妇需避免上述危险因素的接触,增加高蛋白和叶酸摄入量,对降低及预防复杂CHD有重要价值。     

中国青少年不良饮食行为及影响因素分析

目的 了解我国青少年不良饮食行为情况和影响因素,为采取针对性的营养干预措施提供科学依据。方法 采用中国教育追踪调查2014—2015学年的追踪数据共10 750名八年级学生进行分析。数据分析组间比较选择χ2 检验,不良饮食行为的影响因素分析采用多元logistic回归模型。结果 青少年经常或总是饮用含糖/碳酸饮料的报告率为21.36%,而经常或总是食用油炸/烧烤食品的报告率为14.60%。多因素logistic回归分析结果显示,青少年含糖/碳酸饮料消费行为的危险因素包括家庭经济情况（富裕:OR = 1.538,95%CI: 1.258～1.882,P＜0.001）、父亲经常醉酒（OR = 1.530,95%CI: 1.308～1.789,P＜0.001）、母亲的受教育水平（初中或高中:OR = 1.237,95%CI: 1.076～1.422,P＜0.01）、父亲的受教育水平（初中或高中:OR = 1.189,95%CI: 1.011～1.397,P＜0.05）、与朋友外出运动、看电影（一年或半年一次:OR = 1.146,95%CI: 1.016～1.294,P＜0.05; 每月或每周一次:OR = 1.786,95%CI: 1.562～2.043,P＜0.001;每周一次以上:OR = 2.327,95%CI: 1.791～3.024,P＜0.001）;保护因素包括女性（OR = 0.746,95%CI: 0.672～0.829,P＜0.001）、与父母吃晚饭（一年或半年一次:OR = 0.601,95%CI: 0.412～0.878,P＜0.01;每周一次以上:OR = 0.696,95%CI: 0.495～0.979,P＜0.05）、自评整体健康情况（一般:OR = 0.783,95%CI: 0.641～0.956,P＜0.05;比较好/很好:OR = 0.652,95%CI: 0.539～0.790,P＜0.001）。青少年油炸/烧烤食品消费行为的危险因素包括女性（OR = 1.187,95%CI: 1.054～1.335,P＜0.01）、家庭经济情况（富裕:OR = 1.377,95%CI: 1.093～1.735,P＜0.01）、父亲经常醉酒（OR = 1.684,95%CI: 1.417～2.001,P＜0.001）、与朋友外出运动、看电影（每月或每周一次:OR = 1.706, 95%CI: 1.454～2.001, P＜0.001;每周一次以上:OR = 2.783,95%CI: 2.126～3.644,P＜0.001）;保护因素包括与父母吃晚饭（每周一次以上:OR = 0.673,95%CI: 0.461～0.981,P＜0.05）、自评整体健康情况（一般:OR = 0.788,95%CI: 0.634～0.980,P＜0.05,比较好/很好:OR = 0.579,95%CI: 0.469～0.714,P＜0.001）。结论 青少年不良饮食行为不仅受到个体因素影响,还与一系列家庭或社会因素密切相关。家庭、学校以及青少年本人应该多方合作,实施综合干预,提高青少年健康素养并促进其养成健康饮食习惯。     

成人过敏性鼻炎危险因素的病例-对照研究

目的 探讨成人过敏性鼻炎的环境危险因素.方法 采用1:1配对的病例-对照流行病学研究设计,选择由北京大学人民医院耳鼻喉科确诊的100例过敏性鼻炎患者为病例;同时选择该院耳鼻喉科确诊的非过敏性鼻炎患者,以年龄(相差3岁以内)、性别(同性别)为配比变量,与病例1:1相匹配者为对照.通过问卷调查的方法收集两组人群的一般社会人口学特征、疾病健康状况、吸烟史、职业接触史、室内环境状况及家族史等信息.问卷的分析和统计采用单因素及多因素的条件Logistic回归分析.结果 病例组有花粉过敏史者患过敏性鼻炎的危险性高于对照组,且有统计学意义(OR=2.04,95%CI:1.31～3.20),母亲有过敏性鼻炎增加其子女过敏性鼻炎发生的可能性(OR=2.05,95%CI:1.03～4.07),病例组职业接触粉尘率高于对照组,且有统计学意义(OR=1.46,95%CI:0.83～2.57),成人过敏性鼻炎患者居室内开窗频率低于对照组,且有统计学意义(OR=0.70,95%CI:0.34～1.18).结论 职业接触粉尘、母亲有过敏性鼻炎、花粉过敏史、开窗频率低可能是成人过敏性鼻炎的主要危险因素,与成人过敏性鼻炎的发生有一定的联系.     

恶性肿瘤家族史与肺癌发生危险的系统评价

目的探讨恶性肿瘤家族史与肺癌发生的关系。方法通过计算机检索PubMed、CENTRAL、中国生物医学文献数据库系统(CBM)、中国期刊全文数据库(CNKI)、中文科技期刊全文数据库(VIP),收集国内外在1988—2009年间公开发表的恶性肿瘤家族史与肺癌关系的病例-对照研究。采用系统评价方法对各研究结果进行分析,计算其合并优势比(OR)和95%可信区间(CI)。结果纳入合并分析的文章共17篇(10490例病例),结果表明,恶性肿瘤家族史与一级亲属肺癌的发生有关(OR=1.58,95%CI:1.31～1.91,P0.0001)。分层分析表明,一级亲属患恶性肿瘤与非吸烟者肺癌的发生有关(OR=1.46,95%CI:1.08～1.97,P=0.01);一级亲属患肺癌与肺癌的发生有关(OR=1.71,95%CI:1.49～1.95,P0.0001);一级亲属中父亲、母亲及兄弟姐妹(包括同父异母和同母异父者)患恶性肿瘤与肺癌的发生有关[OR值分别为1.43(95%CI:1.10～1.84,P=0.007)、1.36(95%CI:0.99～1.87,P=0.06)和1.51(95%CI:1.35～1.69,P0.0001)]。结论恶性肿瘤家族史明显增加一级亲属患肺癌的风险。     

Body mass index and the initial manifestation of coronary heart disease in women aged 40-59 years.

A population-based case-control study was conducted to evaluate body mass as a coronary heart disease (CHD) risk factor among women 40-59 years of age. Cases were women aged 40-59 whose first manifestation of CHD was angina (No. = 133), nonfatal myocardial infarction (No. = 90), and sudden unexpected death (No. = 18) during 1960-1982. Two randomly selected controls were matched on age and time of the initial disease manifestation of the case. The adjusted relative risk for weight and body mass index respectively demonstrated a moderate association with all CHD as well as with angina, but no association with definite CHD (myocardial infarction or sudden unexpected death). To determine if the observed association between body mass index and angina was possibly attributable to differential misclassification bias (i.e. obese women were, in contrast to non-obese women, preferentially labelled as having coronary artery disease) data for angina were stratified by confirmed versus unconfirmed cardiac origin. In the unconfirmed angina analysis, the 75th percentile for weight contrasted with the 25th percentile was associated with a 50% increase in the risk of being labelled as having angina (adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 1.59, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.11-2.28), while a similar contrast for Quetelet Index was also associated with a nearly 2-fold increase in the risk of being labelled as having angina (adjusted OR = 1.74, 95% CI: 1.18-2.57).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Mother's ability of childcare and children malnutrition

OBJECTIVES: To identify and measure the risk of malnutrition associated to determining indicators of mother's ability of childcare: familial structure, education level, work, maternal physical and mental health. METHODS: A case-control study was performed. Cases (101 children whose weight/age was below 5th percentile) and controls (200 children whose weight/age was above 25th percentile) were selected using anthropometric surveys during three vaccination campaigns in 1996 and 1997. Data was collected by interviewing the children's mothers at home. To detect the net effect of each factor studied, multivariate hierarchical analyses were carried out. The factors investigated and possible control variables were grouped in blocks, arranged according to order they affected the child's nutritional status. In order to identify the control variables a p<0.20 (univariate analyses) was assumed and to identify associations between a given factor and malnutrition a p<0.05 was assumed. RESULTS: Malnutrition risk factors identified are: (a) adverse familial structure, indicated by single parenting (OR=2.2; 95%CI, 1.1-4.5); (b) hospitalization of the mother during pregnancy (OR=3.5; 95%CI, 1.6-7.7); (c) mother's poor mental health, determined by the presence of 3 to 4 symptoms of depression included in the SRQ-20 (OR=3.1; 95%CI, 0.9-10.3); and (d) family stress factors, suggestive signs of alcoholism in at least one family member (OR=2.1; 95%CI, 1.2-3.9). In addition to these factors, child's age at the time the mother resumed/started working was also independently associated to malnutrition. However, it produced mixed effects: for children aged 4 to 12 months, the mothers' resuming work resulted in a protection factor whereas their resuming later tended to increase the risk of malnutrition. CONCLUSIONS: It was evidenced that the factors that define the mother's ability of child care affect the child's nutritional status.     

父母育儿因素与学龄前儿童功能性便秘的关系研究

目的 分析学龄前儿童功能性便秘与父母育儿因素的关系,以期为功能性便秘的预防与早期干预提供参考。方法 选取2020年9月至2021年3月在青岛大学附属医院儿童保健门诊就诊的功能性便秘儿童108例为研究对象,同时选取本院正常体检的324例健康儿童作为对照组,采用一般情况调查表、育儿压力量表、家庭教养方式问卷及儿童喂养问卷进行问卷调查。结果 母亲或父母均有便秘病史（OR=2.877,95%CI:1.390~5.953;OR =8.950,95%CI:2.297~34.866）、孩子兄弟姐妹便秘病史（OR=2.109,95%CI:1.483~3.000）、不良排便习惯（OR=3.780,95%CI:1.949~7.329）、排便不顺利时责备儿童（OR=4.719,95%CI:1.963~11.347）、育儿压力（OR=1.917,95%CI:1.314~2.795）、专制型家庭教养方式（OR=2.064,95%CI:1.257~3.391）、逼迫进食（OR =1.585,95%CI:1.112~2.260）是学龄前儿童功能性便秘的相关危险因素。父子互动>2h是儿童功能性便秘发生的独立保护因素（OR=0.240,95%CI:0.078~0.741）。结论 学龄前期儿童功能性便秘的发生与父母育儿因素有着密切联系,医务人员应增加对育儿层面的关注,增加对父母育儿压力的评估,指导家长形成正确的家庭教养方式,增加父子互动时间,并采取科学合理的喂养行为与排便训练行为,从而预防功能性便秘的发生,促进儿童身心健康发展。     

Application of machine learning algorithms to predict coronary artery calcification with a sibship-based design

As part of the Genetic Epidemiology Network of Arteriopathy study, hypertensive non-Hispanic White sibships were screened using 471 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to identify genes influencing coronary artery calcification (CAC) measured by computed tomography. Individuals with detectable CAC and CAC quantity > or =70th age- and sex-specific percentile were classified as having a high CAC burden and compared to individuals with CAC quantity <70th percentile. Two sibs from each sibship were randomly chosen and divided into two data sets, each with 360 unrelated individuals. Within each data set, we applied two machine learning algorithms, Random Forests and RuleFit, to identify the best predictors of having high CAC burden among 17 risk factors and 471 SNPs. Using five-fold cross-validation, both methods had approximately 70% sensitivity and approximately 60% specificity. Prediction accuracies were significantly different from random predictions (P-value<0.001) based on 1,000 permutation tests. Predictability of using 287 tagSNPs was as good as using all 471 SNPs. For Random Forests, among the top 50 predictors, the same eight tagSNPs and 15 risk factors were found in both data sets while eight tagSNPs and 12 risk factors were found in both data sets for RuleFit. Replicable effects of two tagSNPs (in genes GPR35 and NOS3) and 12 risk factors (age, body mass index, sex, serum glucose, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, systolic blood pressure, cholesterol, homocysteine, triglycerides, fibrinogen, Lp(a) and low-density lipoprotein particle size) were identified by both methods. This study illustrates how machine learning methods can be used in sibships to identify important, replicable predictors of subclinical coronary atherosclerosis.     

心理因素及癌症家族史与胃癌关系的病例对照研究

目的 研究心理因素及癌症家族史对胃癌发生的影响。方法 采用1：1配对病例－对照研究方法,对346对胃癌病例和对照进行问卷调查,应用条件Logistic回归模型进行单因素分析和多因素分析,计算比值比及其95％可信区间,结果 精神创伤及精神压抑为胃癌的危险因素,比值比分别为2．17和1．73,父亲及母亲患癌史的比值比分别为2．80和1．95。多因素分析有统计学意义的因素有精神压抑和父亲患癌史,比值比分别为1．92（95％CI1．09－3．35）,和2．60（95％CI 1．36－28）,结论 心理因素及癌症家族 史对胃癌发生有一定的影响,胃癌的发病是环境因素,心理社会因素及遗传背景共同作用的结果。     

高校大学生自伤行为与父母教养方式的关系

了解高校大学生自伤行为与父母养育方式的关系,为青少年自伤行为的识别、预防和发生提供理论基础.方法 采用分层整群抽样的方法,对芜湖市3所高校共3 683名大学生进行问卷调查,调查内容包括自伤行为量表、父母教养方式评价量表和基本人口学情况.结果 高校大学生1~2次自伤行为的报告率为30.4%,3次及以上的报告率为11.8%,自伤行为在性别(χ2=76.98)、院校类型(χ2=153.71)、父(母)亲的职业类型(χ2值分别为16.88,13.40)、主要照顾者(χ2=13.79)和与父(母)亲的关系(χ2值分别为为47.48,40.01)间差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.05).多因素Logistic回归分析显示,医学类院校、父亲过度保护、母亲偏爱被试与自伤行为正性相关(OR=2.05,95%CI=1.64~2.55;OR=1.13,95%CI=1.06~1.20;OR=1.05,95%CI=1.01~1.09).结论 女性、医学类专业大学生更容易发生自伤行为,父母教养方式与高校大学生自伤行为有关联.父母应加强与子女的沟通和给予适当的情感温暖体验,构建良好的家庭环境,减少自伤行为的发生.     

小学生语言发育影响因素与汉语阅读障碍的关联

  目的  探索儿童语言发育影响因素与汉语阅读障碍的关系,为预防和干预阅读障碍提供科学依据。  方法  整群选取深圳市宝安区12所小学12 868名三至五年级儿童家长和班主任,采用儿童阅读能力调查问卷《儿童汉语阅读障碍量表》和《儿童学习障碍筛查量表》进行问卷调查。  结果  共检出阅读障碍儿童349例,检出率为2.71%。性别、父母文化程度、父母职业、家庭月收入、儿童3岁前父母是否在外地工作、母亲平均每天与孩子相处的时间、家庭常用语言种类等因素对阅读障碍检出率差异均有统计学意义(P值均 < 0.05)。校正父母文化程度、父母职业和家庭月收入后,母亲平均每天与孩子相处的时间和家庭常用语言种类与阅读障碍发病风险存在统计学关联,表现为儿童每天与母亲相处时间>1 h降低阅读障碍的发病风险(1~2 h:OR=0.46;3~4 h:OR=0.45;5~6 h:OR=0.40;>7 h:OR=0.36,P值均 < 0.05);家庭常用两种语言降低阅读障碍的发病风险(OR=0.74,95%CI=0.57~0.96,P=0.02)。此外,有语言发育相关疾病史儿童的阅读障碍发病风险升高(OR=17.30,95%CI=7.86~38.09,P < 0.01)。  结论  增加母亲每日陪伴孩子的时间、加强对曾患语言发育相关疾病儿童的关注有助于预防阅读障碍的发生。     

Family patterns of coronary heart disease mortality: the Framingham Longevity Study.

Family patterns for age at death were examined in a 40 year follow-up of 5209 men and women (2900 deceased, 2309 living) in the Framingham Study and their parents. Age at death of both mothers and fathers was significantly older for surviving offspring when compared to decreased offspring (p less than 0.0001). When longevity was assessed according to cause of death in the offspring, parental age at death was a significant predictor of death by coronary heart disease (CHD), but not for stroke or cancer. Multiple regression analysis for offspring with sudden CHD death revealed that mother's age at death was a significant predictor of age at sudden CHD death (p less than 0.0003) whereas father's age at death was a significant predictor of age at death in non-sudden CHD death (p less than 0.004). Life table analysis showed longest survival rates associated with both parents surviving to age 75 or older followed by mother only surviving to age 75 or older, then father only, and shortest survival with neither parent surviving to age 75. Longevity appears to be more strongly associated with maternal death age than parental death age. Proportional hazards analysis of risk factors associated with CHD revealed that systolic blood pressure, sex of the individual, and cigarette smoking were the most significant predictors of death age. These findings suggest that familial similarities for death age may be mediated primarily through shared CHD risk factors within families, either genetic or non-genetic.     

独立与联合时糖尿病及高血压的心脑血管并发症风险差异

目的 探讨糖尿病及高血压在独立与联合模式下,其并发冠心病和/或脑卒中两种心脑血管并发症的患病风险差异.方法 采用多阶段分层随机抽样方法抽取长沙市19812名18岁及以上社区居民作为调查对象.以无糖尿病无高血压人群为对照,采用多组率比较的χ2检验及多因素logistic回归模型比较糖尿病及高血压在两种模式下两种并发症的风...     

Moderation and Mediation in the Relationship Between Mothers'' or Fathers'' Serious Psychological Distress and Adolescent Substance Use: Findings from a National Sample

PURPOSE: This study estimated percentages of adolescents living with a mother or father with serious psychological distress (SPD), and examined moderation and mediation of the relationships between mother or father SPD and adolescent substance use. METHODS: We analyzed data from nationally representative samples of adolescents interviewed with their mothers (n = 4734) and fathers (n = 3176) in the combined 2002 and 2003 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health (NSDUHs). RESULTS: An estimated 4.1% of adolescents living with their father had a father with SPD during the past year, and 11.5% of adolescents living with their mother had a mother with SPD during this time period. A positive association was found between mothers' SPD and adolescent binge drinking (OR = 1.49, 95% CI = 1.01-2.21), but no association was found between fathers' SPD and adolescent binge drinking. Mothers' SPD was associated with increased risk of binge drinking among adolescents aged 14-15 years (OR = 2.52, 95% CI = 1.38-4.60), and fathers' SPD was associated with lowered risk of binge drinking among black adolescents (OR = .08, 95% CI = .01-.79). A positive association was found between mothers' SPD and adolescent illicit drug use (OR = 1.55, 95% CI = 1.08-2.23), but no association was found between fathers' SPD and adolescent illicit drug use. Mothers' SPD was associated with increased risk of illicit drug use among female adolescents (OR = 2.14, 95% CI = 1.24-3.70) and among adolescents of white ethnicity (OR = 1.78, 95% CI = 1.19, 2.68). Parental involvement partially mediated the relationship between mothers' SPD and daughters' illicit drug use; mothers' SPD was associated with lower levels of parental involvement, which in turn were associated with an increased probability of daughters' illicit drug use. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, parents' SPD is associated differentially with adolescent substance use depending on the gender of parent and adolescent, adolescent age, race/ethnicity, and substance used. Parental involvement appears to be one mechanism through which mothers' SPD influences daughters' illicit drug use. Future research should further consider the interindividual effects of parents' SPD and associated parenting behaviors on adolescent risk behaviors.