姐弟同患Poland综合征一组报告

病例1，男性，25岁，因反复出现左侧自发性气胸人院。查体：呼吸稍急促，胸廓扁平，双侧胸大肌缺如，前胸稍凹陷，左侧胸前第二、三肋骨相互融合，气管右偏，左侧呼吸音消失。双手掌较小，约为正常人手掌大小的2／3。食、中、无名及小指均为2节短指畸形。X线胸片示左侧气胸，肺压缩90％。术中见：左肺上叶有多个肺大疮存在，并有漏气，左肺下叶正常。行肺大疱结扎术，术后恢复良好。病例2，女性，28岁，系病例1的姐姐，无自发性气胸史。查体：胸廓扁平，双侧乳房发育较差，右侧胸廓轻度内陷，双侧胸大肌缺如。双手较小，双手拇指外形正常，…     

家族性自发性气胸5例

我们遇到一家两代5例均患自发性气胸，现报道如下。 病人男，28岁。无诱因左侧胸痛伴活动后气促1周。查体：气管向右略偏，左上肺叩诊鼓音，左肺呼吸音明显弱。X线胸片示左肺野外带无肺纹区约50％，左肋膈角消失，左侧膈肌顶见液气平面。诊断：左侧自发性液气胸。于2005年8月在双腔气管插管全麻下，左侧腋下胸壁小切口胸腔镜辅助下开胸探查，术中见左肺尖处有12个黄豆到葡萄大小的肺大疱，集合成团，用强生75^#直线切割闭合器行左肺尖（肺大疱）部分切除，胸膜固定术。术后恢复良好，随访1年未复发。[第一段]     

胸腔镜治疗自发性气胸47例

1996年 5月至 1999年 5月 ,我们用胸腔镜治疗自发性气胸 47例 ,效果较好 ,现报告如下。临床资料　 47例中男 41例 ,女 6例 ;年龄 17～ 72岁。气胸发生在右侧 2 8例 ,左侧 16例 ,双侧 3例。气胸反复发作者36例 ;11例初发 ,放置胸腔引流 1周以上仍漏气。 5例合并陈旧性结核。单发或多发的肺大皮包大多在上肺尖后段或下肺背段、叶间裂处 ,大小不等 ,巨大者 3例 (肺大皮包占据胸腔5 0 %以上 )。小切口辅助开胸 (ＶＡＭＴ) 5例。手术在全麻双腔气管插管下进行 ,病侧第 6或 7肋间腋中线穿刺置胸腔镜套管 ,根据术前判断的肺大皮包位置选择镜孔 ,然…     

直背综合征误诊为纵隔肿瘤1例

病人　男 ,19岁。咳嗽、咳痰 ,胸痛 1周。曾在外院行ＣＴ检查提示纵隔肿瘤。查体 :胸廓扁平 ,上背部正常后凸消失。左侧 2～ 3肋间闻及 3/ＶＩ级收缩期杂音 ,Ｐ2 亢进 ;两下肺可闻及少许湿罗音。心电图及超声心动图检查未见异常。痰检示流感嗜血杆菌生长。Ｘ线正位胸片示两下肺少量斑片状影 ,心影左移明显 ;左侧位片见脊柱生理弧度消失 ,前后径缩小。胸部ＣＴ示胸廓横径 /胸廓前后径比值为 4 0 ;心影前缘受前胸壁压迫 ,向左侧移位明显 (图 1) ;右肺中叶、两下肺均见斑片状影。ＭＲＩ示心脏各房室腔内及纵隔区未见异常信号。诊断 :直背综合征…     

针型胸腔镜治疗原发性自发性气胸

自发性气胸是电视胸腔镜手术的最佳适应证之一。为使手术创伤更小，术后切口更加美观，2003年1月至2004年8月，我们选择了35例自发性气胸的年轻病人，借助3mm针型电视胸腔镜完成了肺修补和肺大施切除术，疗效满意。现报道如下。     

电视胸腔镜治疗自发性气胸68例

自发性气胸是由于各种原因使肺和脏层胸膜破裂，气体由肺经裂孔进入胸膜腔所致。其原因多为肺大疱破裂所致。保守治疗以观察、抽气及胸腔引流为主，但复发率高。有文献报道：自发性气胸胸腔闭式引流后复发率为16％～84％。经典的手术治疗为开胸直视切除肺大疱，但创伤大，不易被患者接受。自2003年5月至2007年8月，我院应用电视辅助胸腔镜手术（VATS）治疗自发性气胸68例，疗效满意。现报告如下：     

老年肺气肿合并自发性气胸的外科治疗

目的总结探讨老年性慢性阻塞性肺气肿合并自发性气胸的外科治疗方法。方法对26例老年性肺气肿合并自发性气胸病人的临床资料进行回顾性总结分析。结果本组26例老年病人,年龄平均67.5岁,均有肺气肿及气肿型肺大疱病变肺组织,均每年至少1次发作自发性气胸,均行胸腔闭式引流术或胸腔内灌注药物病史,均在小切口下行肺大疱和部分无功能肺组织切除术,痊愈25例,死亡1例,平均住院10.5d,死亡1例为肺气肿Ⅲ级合并矽肺,术后长期漏气致呼吸衰竭所致。术后随访16例,时间6个月~5年,无一例复发。结论老年慢性阻塞性肺气肿合并自发性气胸,术前肺功能差,体质差,但如果术前适应证选择恰当、准备充分,术后治疗积极,在小切口下行肺大疱及部分无功能肺组织切除手术是一种治疗老年肺气肿合并自发性气胸的安全、可行的方法。     

电视胸腔镜与开胸手术治疗复发性自发性气胸的疗效观察

目的对比分析电视胸腔镜手术（VATS）与开胸手术治疗复发性自发性气胸的疗效,以提高近、远期治疗效果。方法将124例复发性自发性气胸患者按手术方式不同分为两组,VATS组（n=73）：采用VATS治疗;对照组（n=51）：采用常规开胸手术。比较两种术式的复发率、手术时间、住院时间、术后胸痛等。结果两组均无手术死亡。VATS组患者手术成功率为97．26％（71／73）,其中1例因胸腔严重粘连,1例因术中出血转为开胸手术。VATS组复发率与对照组比较差异无统计学意义（8．22％ vs．5．88％;χ^2=0．034,P〉0．05）;VATS组手术时间、住院时间均较对照组短（41．13±12．60min vs．88．09±41．13min;5．96±1．21d vs．8．25±1．48d,u=13．30,9．16;P〈0．05）;慢性切口疼痛发生率低于对照组（2．74％ vs．15．69％;χ^2=4．93,P〈0．05）。所有患者均得到随访,随访时间12～54个月。VATS组术后5个月内复发6例,行开胸手术治疗4例,VATS 2例;对照组术后3个月复发3例,经再次手术治疗治愈。结论VATS治疗复发性自发性气胸复发率与开胸手术相近,但住院时间短、美观、微创,近、远期疗效均较好。     

胸腔镜手术临床应用

作者等自１９９１年１１月至１９９４年３月，用胸腔镜进行胸部手术３６例次，其中包括反复发作的自发性气胸、肺大切除、胸膜固定术１４例（双侧病变同时手术１例）；肺周围型肿物，肺楔形切除术１０例；恶性胸水、胸膜活检、胸膜固定术４例；胸膜病变，胸膜活检术３例；肺部肿瘤活检术２例；双肺弥漫性病变，肺检术２例；中转开胸２例。无手术死亡和严重并发症发生。取得较为满意的诊断和治疗效果。与同期开胸探查手术相比较，胸腔     

肺减容术对肺气肿兔膈肌骨架蛋白mRNA表达的影响

目的 探讨肺减容术（LVRS）对肺气肿兔膈肌骨架蛋白信使核糖核酸（mRNA）表达的影响。方法 40只家兔随机分为正常对照组、肺气肿组、单纯开胸组和LVRS组，每组10只。正常对照组气管内滴入生理盐水，余3组采用烟熏加气管内滴入0．4％木瓜蛋白酶0．5ml／kg诱发肺气肿，建立肺气肿模型，其中肺气肿组不作手术干预；单纯开胸组仅行胸骨正中切口进入双侧胸膜腔，不行LVRS；LVRS组胸骨正中开胸后行双侧LVRS。采用逆转录-聚合酶链反应（RT-PCR）法检测膈肌组织中肌联蛋白（titin）和伴肌动蛋白（nebulin）mRNA的表达。结果 与正常对照组比较，肺气肿组和单纯开胸组膈肌组织肌联蛋白mRNA和伴肌动蛋白mRNA表达均显著降低（P〈0．01），LVRS组亦降低（P〈0．05），但高于肺气肿组和单纯开胸组（P〈0．05）。结论 LVRS能够使肺气肿兔膈肌组织中肌联蛋白和伴肌动蛋白得到明显恢复，这可能是术后膈肌功能得以恢复的分子基础。     

The relationship between aluminum and spontaneous pneumothorax; treatment, prognosis, follow-up?

Aluminum is known as a toxic metal today. Aluminum has already been determined to cause asthma bronchial and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. It was also reported that Shaver disease undergoing fibrosis with large bubbles and the symptoms of potroom asthma had developed in the workers working in the manufacture of aluminum. The aim of the study was to analyze the relationship between aluminum and spontaneous pneumothorax in the patients not working in the industry and also to evaluate its results. Two groups were studied: the patient group and control group. The first group consisted of 30 cases who were admitted to hospital and treated in the clinic. The other group (control group) was composed of 30 healthy individuals who had no complaints. The aluminum level in blood plasma in spontaneous pneumothorax was found significantly higher than that in the control group (P<0.001). In the spontaneous pneumothorax cases, the specificity of the aluminum was determined to be 100% and its sensitivity was determined to be 90%. The aluminum risk level in spontaneous pneumothorax group was determined to be ten times as high as that in the control group. We believe that this study will be helpful for thoracic surgeons in the treatment and follow up of spontaneous pneumothorax.     

青少年特发性胸椎侧凸患者胸椎椎弓根横径的分型及其临床意义

目的 探讨胸椎椎弓根横径的测量及分型在青少年特发性胸椎侧凸患者治疗中的临床意义.方法 对2008年10月至2009年7月收治的30例青少年特发性胸椎侧凸患者(侧凸组)和2008年8月至2009年7月于本院就诊的20例年龄匹配的非侧凸青少年患者(对照组)采用螺旋CT行胸椎连续扫描,在图像编档和通信系统(PACS)上逐层阅片,选择胸椎椎弓根显示最清楚的层面对椎弓根横径进行测量,并根据测量结果将其分为4型.分别对侧凸组凹凸侧和对照组左右侧椎弓根横径进行对比,并对侧凸组与对照组椎弓根分型的构成比进行分析.结果 两组患者胸椎椎弓根横径T1～4逐渐减少,T5～12逐渐增加.对照组同节段双侧胸椎椎弓根横径差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).侧凸组顶椎区凹侧的椎弓根横径明显小于凸侧,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).侧凸组中4型椎弓根的比例明显高于对照组,1型椎弓根的比例低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 青少年特发性胸椎侧凸患者胸椎椎弓根横径常较小,术前应根据CT胸椎椎弓根形态制定置钉策略,以减少经胸椎椎弓根置入螺钉的并发症的发生.     

Surgical management of pneumothorax: significance of effective admission or communication strategies between the district general hospitals and specialized unit

A preoperative delay in emergency surgery for spontaneous pneumothorax is associated with a poor outcome after surgery and a prolonged hospital stay. To reduce preoperative delays, all tertiary referrals from district general hospitals to our thoracic surgery unit were processed through a 'clinical decisions unit' (CDU). Prior to the establishment of the CDU, these patients were added to a waiting list for a surgical bed. This study has reviewed the effect of this change in admission policy on the efficiency of treatment for non-elective spontaneous pneumothorax. An intergroup comparison (pre-CDU group vs. post-CDU group) was made of the following parameters: referral to transfer time, transfer to surgery time and length of inpatient stay in the referring and tertiary hospitals. There were no significant differences in gender, diagnosis, treatment in the referring hospitals, postoperative clinical outcome, or indications for or type of surgery. The total length of inpatient stay in the referring and tertiary hospitals was significantly reduced for the post-CDU group (12 vs. 15 days; P<0.001), which was attributed to the earlier transfer of patients (18 vs. 78 hours; P<0.001) hours. Allowing surgical access to a traditional medical admission unit is therefore, cost-effective and significantly improves the efficiency of non-elective pneumothorax surgery.     

单孔和三孔电视胸腔镜治疗自发性气胸的对比研究

目的 探讨单孔与三孔电视胸腔镜治疗自发性气胸的临床疗效.方法 回顾性分析2012年4月-2013年4月就诊于咸阳市中心医院胸外科诊断为自发性气胸的患者58例,按照随机数字表法将患者随机分配至单孔电视胸腔镜组28例,三孔电视胸腔镜组30例,并用电话随访法进行随访.采用SPSS19.0统计学软件对两组患者的临床指标、并发症发病率及生存资料进行统计学分析.结果 与传统三孔电视胸腔镜手术相比,单孔电视胸腔镜手术具有术后住院时间更短(t=-4.151,P=0.001)、引流持续时间更短(t=-3.436,P=0.001)、切口满意度评分更高(t=-6.141,P=0.001)、术后6h疼痛视觉评分更低(t=-4.942,P=0.006)、术后24 h疼痛视觉评分更低(t=-3.326,P=0.02)及术后胸腔积液的发病率更低(Z=-2.096,P=0.036)的优点,但手术时间长(t=6.369,P=0.000),在其他并发症发病率、总生存时间(x2 =0.001,P=0.979)及中位无疾病进展生存时间(x2=1.797,P=0.180)方面差异无明显统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 与三孔电视胸腔镜手术相比,单孔电视胸腔镜手术在住院时间短、术后疼痛轻等方面具有一定的优势,但不能明显缩短手术时间和改善患者术后生活质量.     

椎弓根螺钉置入对幼犬胸椎形态发育的影响

目的:通过动物实验观察椎弓根螺钉置入对胸椎形态发育的影响。方法:将16只2月龄幼犬随机分为3组,A组(3只)为空白对照组,自T7～T13后路切开,显露椎板;B组(5只)为对照组,以螺钉穿过神经弓中心软骨联合对目标椎椎弓根仅做隧道破坏,螺钉不置留;C组(8只)为实验组,螺钉穿过神经弓中心软骨联合并留置于椎弓根内。实验的目标椎设计为T8、T10、T12,目标椎的上下两个脊椎的各相应测量指标取平均值做为其自身对照。应用CT测量并观察脊椎的形态学指标变化。结果:术后3个月,C组目标椎椎管面积、椎管横径、椎管纵径、椎弓根长度与相邻脊椎平均值比较显著减少(P<0.05),而A组、B组间未发现明显差异;各组椎体横径、椎体纵径、椎体高度测量结果显示目标椎与相邻脊椎平均值无显著性差异(P>0.05)。结论:椎弓根螺钉内固定术对于幼犬胸椎椎管、椎弓的发育有显著影响,有可能导致医源性椎管狭窄;对于椎体发育无明确影响。     

单孔胸腔镜手术联合中心静脉导管引流与单操作孔胸腔镜手术治疗自发性气胸的对比分析

目的 探讨自发性气胸采用单孔胸腔镜手术联合中心静脉导管引流与单操作孔胸腔镜手术治疗的效果。方法 回顾性分析66例于2016年1月至2016年8月期间我院施行单孔胸腔镜联合中心静脉导管引流或单操作孔胸腔镜手术治疗原发性自发性气胸的患者,分为单孔导引组（n=21）和单操作孔组（n=45）,观察两组治疗效果。结果 单孔导引组术后胸管留置时间、术后疼痛与单操作孔组比较有明显差异性（P<0.05）;两组术中出血量、手术时间和术后复发率比较无明显差异（P>0.05）。结论 两种手术方式均安全、有效。单孔胸腔镜手术联合中心静脉导管引流治疗自发性气胸法创伤小、疼痛轻。     

CBCT重建下3D打印技术对青少年正畸治疗的应用效果及美学评价

目的:探讨锥形束CT(CBCT)和3D打印技术运用于青少年正畸治疗的效果及其对外观的影响。方法:选取2016年3月-2018年8月笔者医院就诊的46例接受正畸治疗的青少年患者为研究对象,根据随机数字表法分为观察组和对照组,每组23例。观察组:行CBCT检查,通过Mimics软件将患者的CBCT数据转化成计算机辅助设计(CAD)模型,在软件上模拟牙齿移动、设计个体化舌侧正畸托槽。将文件转化成STL文件后导入3D打印机,制成个体化舌侧托槽;对照组:正畸治疗给予常规舌侧托槽与粘接。记录两组正畸治疗前和治疗后6个月的临床效果、舒适度、拥挤度、Bolton值、微笑相、正面相测量值和并发症发生率。结果:观察组托槽脱落例数显著少于对照组(P<0.05);治疗后,观察组鼻唇角、颏沟倾角、上唇长、上唇厚均大于对照组(P<0.05),而两组H角、面型角、下唇长、下唇厚比较均无明显差异(P>0.05);治疗后,观察组GI和SBI均小于对照组(P<0.05);观察组舒适度高于对照组(P<0.05);治疗后,观察组上、下列牙拥挤度、前牙Bolton值和全牙Bolton值均小于对照组(P<0.05);观察组W2/W1和W3/W2低于对照组(P<0.05),且C2/L1和C3/L1高于对照组(P<0.05);观察组并发症发生率显著小于对照组(P<0.05)。结论:在青少年正畸治疗中,应用CBCT和3D打印技术制作个体化的舌侧托槽可取得良好的临床效果,托槽固定位置准确、不易脱落,对牙龈损伤程度较轻,患者侧貌美观可得到明显的改善。     

Computed tomographic morphometry of thoracic pedicles: safety pedicle parameter measurement of the Chinese immature thoracic spine

Our objective was to quantify the morphometric characteristics of the pedicles of the Chinese immature thoracic spine. A total of 120 patients aged 5–14 years underwent standard thoracic computed tomography (CT). The patients were grouped according to age: group 1 (5–8 years of age), group 2 (9–11 years of age) and group 3 (12–14 years of age). Images were reformatted, and multiplanar reconstructions were used to attain images of thoracic pedicles on sagittal, coronal and transverse planes. The measurements included the inner and outer pedicle diameters on the transverse plane, pedicle sagittal diameter, pedicle length and the pedicle angle on the transverse. (1) Pedicle diameters on the transverse plane decreased gradually from T1 to T4 and increased gradually from T5 to T12. The shortest transverse diameter of the thoracic pedicle was T4 or T5. (2) The sagittal diameter was significantly larger than the transverse diameter except at T1. (3) The length of the pedicle from the posterior cortex to the anterior cortex of the vertebra increased from T1 to T12. (4) The pedicle angle decreased gradually from T1 to T8 and became negative below the level of T10. The length of the pedicle changed with age significantly, but the pedicle angle changed with age insignificantly. The success of transpedicular fixation requires a better understanding of morphological features at different ages and reasonable selection of the diameter, length and direction of the pedicle screws based on X-ray and CT films.     

改良型穿刺置管对自发性气胸疗效及预后影响因素分析

目的分析改良型穿刺置管对自发性气胸的疗效及预后影响因素。 方法选取2015年4月—2016年2月在山东省菏泽市立医院胸外科接受治疗的82例自发性气胸患者,按照数字法随机分为观察组及对照组,每组41例。对照组患者给予常规粗管穿刺闭式引流治疗,观察组患者则行优化胸腔穿刺置管术治疗(一次优化操作可重复用于引流),比较两组患者的术后疗效,并分析影响患者预后疗效的危险因素。 结果观察组治疗总有效率为87.8%(36/41),显著高于对照组的68.3%(28/41),差异也有统计学意义(P<0.005)。治疗3个月后,观察组复发率为4.9%(2/41),显著低于对照组的22.0%(9/41)。观察组患者血气肿和纵隔气胸的发生率均显著低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(4.9% vs 22.0%,P＝0.023;2.4% vs 19.5%,P＝0.013)。观察组患者住院时间和医疗费用均显著低于对照组,差异也有统计学意义[(5.4±2.1)d vs (11.2±2.4)d,P<0.001;(1 845.2±112.3)元vs (2 746.4±135.6)元,P<0.001]。Logistic回归分析显示,患者预后疗效的影响因素主要是未使用优化胸腔穿刺置管(OR＝2.636,95% CI：0.254～11.186,P<0.001)。 结论优化胸腔穿刺置管术治疗自发性气胸疗效显著,且能有效降低复发率及并发症发生率,缩短住院时间,减轻患者经济负担。     

Needlescopic versus conventional video-assisted thoracic surgery for primary spontaneous pneumothorax: a comparative study

BACKGROUND: Management of primary spontaneous pneumothorax by needlescopic video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) has rarely been attempted and no comparison study with conventional VATS is available. In this study, we compared the clinical outcomes of needlescopic VATS with conventional VATS in treating primary spontaneous pneumothorax. The technique and our experience with needlescopic VATS are reported. METHODS: Between April 2001 and April 2002, a total of 63 patients with recurrent, persistent, or contralateral primary spontaneous pneumothorax were recruited for this study. Operative procedures included needlescopic VATS in 28 patients and conventional VATS in 35 patients. We used a modified operative technique to improve the poor and narrower vision of the needle-videothoracoscope. RESULTS: There was no mortality or major complications in either of the two groups. Needlescopic and conventional VATS groups had comparable operation times, postoperative pain, requested doses of meperidine hydrochloride, durations of postoperative chest drainage, and length of hospital stay. After a mean follow-up of 8 months, the needlescopic VATS group had less residual neuralgia (p = 0.021) and better wound satisfaction (p = 0.043) than the conventional VATS group. Ipsilateral recurrence of pneumothorax occurred in 1 patient (3.6%) in the needlescopic VATS group but not in any patients in the conventional VATS group. CONCLUSIONS: Our experience showed that needlescopic VATS is technically feasible and can be a satisfactory alternative to conventional VATS in treating primary spontaneous pneumothorax. Limited vision of needlescopic VATS can be improved by the modified technique we used. However, conversion to conventional VATS or minithoracotomy is suggested in selected patients to prevent early recurrence.