重组DNA甲基化酶1表达质粒对结肠癌细胞相关基因表达的影响

目的 分析DNA甲基化酶1(DNMT1)基因的真核表达质粒对人结肠癌细胞肿瘤相关基因的表达影响。方法 分别构建并转染含有人正义和反义DNMT1的真核表达质粒入结肠癌SW1116细胞，PCR和限制性内切酶证实转染结果，以Western印迹法分析各组细胞DNMT1蛋白的表达情况。定量PCR检测hMLH1、hMSH2及c—myc、p16^INK4A基因的表达。结果 经G418筛选得到稳定转染DNMT1基因的结肠癌细胞系，且分别在该转染有正义和反义质粒的细胞系中，DNMT1蛋白表达上调和下调。同时发现转染正义DNMT1的细胞中hMLH1、hMSH2及c—myc的表达降低，而转染反义DNMT1的细胞中hMSH2的表达明显增强。各组细胞p16^INK4A基因的表达差异不明显。结论 DNMT1基因调控人结肠癌细胞中肿瘤相关基因的表达。     

丝裂原激活蛋白激酶阻断剂与DNA甲基化酶抑制剂对人结肠癌细胞的协同影响

目的研究细胞外信号渊节激酶-丝裂原激活蛋白激酶途径（ERKMAPK）与DNA甲基化问的关系及对结肠癌细胞生物学行为的协同影响。方法培养人结肠癌细胞SW1116，分别以PBS、二甲基亚砜（DMSO）为对照组，PD 9805950μmol／L、5氮脱氧胞苷（5-aza—dC）5μmol／L、PD9805950μmol／L＋5-aza-dC5μmol／L进行药物干预．以定量RT-PCR检测DNA甲基化酶（Dnmt）1、3a和3b基因转录水平；流式细胞仪分析细胞周期；MTT测定细胞活力；光学显微镜下观察细胞形态学变化。结果ERK—MAPK途径阻断剂PD98059下调Dnmt 1和Dnmt 3b．Dnmt抑制剂5-aza-dC下调Dnmt 1、Dnmt 3a和Dnmt 3b，且5-aza-dC联合PD98059对Dnmt1及Dnmt 3a mRNA的表达下调更为显著。5-azo-dC明显降低G0／G1期细胞百分比（P〈0．05），G2／M期细胞百分比明显增加（P〈0．05）；PD98059使G0／G1期细胞百分比降低（P（0．05）．G2／M期增加（P〈0．05）。PD98059明显抑制细胞生长。PD98059促进细胞分化，呈上皮样改变，细胞变狭长，胞质减少，细胞排列开始出现相对整齐；5-azm-dC干预组细胞大小不一，出现较多多倍体细胞（多个核分裂相）。结论ERK-MAPK途径阻断剂及Dnmt抑制剂均能抑制结肠癌SW1116细胞分裂、增殖，并诱导细胞分化；两者有协同作用；ERK—MAPK信号转导途径能调控DNA甲基化水平。     

MEK通路抑制剂对人胰腺癌细胞生长及细胞周期相关抑癌基因表达的影响

目的 观察细胞外信号调节激酶信号通路(MEK)抑制剂对人胰腺癌细胞生长及细胞周期相关的抑癌基因表达的影响。方法 培养人胰腺癌细胞系CFPAC1、PANC1和MiaPaCa2,应用50μmol/L的MEK抑制剂PD98059处理细胞24h,四甲基偶氮唑蓝(MTT)法检测细胞增殖,流式细胞仪分析细胞周期,实时定量PCR法检测p16INK4a、p21 WAF1和p27KIP1 mRNA的表达,蛋白质印迹法检测DNA甲基化酶(Dnmt)1、3a和3b表达,甲基化特异性PCR(MSP)分析p16INK4a基因启动子甲基化状况。结果 PD98059处理24h后,CFPAC1、PANC1和MiaPaCa2细胞的增殖抑制率分别为69％、78％和45％;G0/G1期细胞比例分别从(68.21±0.73)％、(56.54±0.68)％、(54.89±0.79)％增加到(80.37±0.65)％、(72.05±0.52)％、(79.21±0.93)％(P值均＜0.05);S期和G2/M期细胞比例相应减少。PD98059处理后,CFPAC1、PANC1细胞p27KIP1、p21WAF1和p16INK4a mRNA表达增加,Dnmt1和Dnmt3b蛋白表达减少;p16INK4a启动子甲基化状态被去除。而MiaPaCa2细胞仅p27KIP1 mRNA表达增加;p21WAF1、p16INK4a mRNA和Dnmt表达均无明显变化。结论 MEK通路抑制剂可能通过下调DNA甲基化酶、上调细胞周期相关抑癌基因表达而抑制胰腺癌细胞周期进展和细胞增殖。     

胃癌组织中肿瘤相关基因甲基化及其表达与叶酸和代谢酶MTHFR基因多态性的关系

目的:探讨人胃癌组织中癌基c-myc,抑癌基因p16INK4A,p21WAF1,错配修复基NhMLH1和hM2SH2的甲基化状态及其表达与叶酸、MTHFR基因多态性的关系．方法:胃癌38例手术切除标本的癌区、癌旁和外周正常黏膜组织,运用FOL ACS:180自动化学发光系统测定叶酸含量,PCR-RFLP技术检测MTHFR基因677(C→T)和1298(A→C)两个常见多态,并分别以Real—time RT-PCR和甲基化特异性PCR (MSP)技术检测肿瘤相关基因的表达和甲基化状态．结果:c-myc表达升高,p16INK4A,hMLH1和hMSH2表达降低的胃癌黏膜组织其基因启动子区异常甲基化．p21WAF1,hMSH2表达降低, p16INK4A高甲基化者叶酸水平明显降低,c-myc低甲基化和表达升高者中均存在低叶酸水平．MTHFR 677CC基因型的胃癌黏膜组织p16INK4A甲基化升高且表达降低,而其余肿瘤相关基因的甲基化及其表达与MTHFR两个常见多态均无明显相关性．结论:DNA甲基化在胃癌的发生、发展中具有重要作用,叶酸水平和MTHFR基因多态性通过影响部分肿瘤相关基因的甲基化状态而调控其表达．     

Effect of indomethacin on cell cycle proteins in colon cancer cell lines

AIM: To study the effect of indomethacin (IN) on human colon cancer cell line SW480 with p53 mutant and SW480 transfected wild-type p53 (wtp53/SW480) in vitro and investigate molecular mechanism of anti-tumor effect of IN on colon cancer. METHODS: SW480 cells and wtp53/SW480 cells were treated with different concentrations of IN respectively, the expressions of CDK2, CDK4 and p21WAF1/CIP1 protein were detected by Western blotting. RESULTS: IN gradually down-regulated the expression of CDK2, CDK4 protein of wtp53/SW480 cells in a dose-dependent manner, and inhibitory effect reached the maximum level at 600 μmol/L; IN up-regulated the expression of p21WAF1/CIP1 protein in a dose-dependent manner at a certain concentration range, and the expression reached the maximum level at 400 μmol/L, and returned to the base level at 600 μmol/L. The expression of CDK2, CDK4 and P21WAF1/CIP1 protein of SW480 cells did not change. CONCLUSION: IN exerts antitumor effect partly through down regulation of the expression of CDK2, CDK4, protein and up regulation of the expression of p21WAF1/PIC1.     

Methylation framework of cell cycle gene inhibitors in cirrhosis and associated hepatocellular carcinoma

One of the main regulatory pathways reported to be altered in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is that of cell cycle control involving RB1 gene-related cell inhibitors. We investigated p14(ARF), p15(INK4B), p16(INK4A), p18(INK4C), and RB1 genes in a series of HCCs and associated cirrhosis with the goal of ascertaining their pattern of inactivation by gene methylation. Thirty-three HCCs, adjacent nonneoplastic cirrhotic tissues, and 6 HCC cell lines were studied. Cirrhoses (25 of 33, 76%), HCCs (31 of 33, 94%), and 3 of 6 (50%) cell lines showed 1 or more methylated genes. Cirrhoses (17 of 33, 51%) had more frequently than HCCs (11 of 33, 33%, P =.01) only 1 methylated gene. With the exception of p18(INK4C) the genes under study showed promoter methylation with frequency ranging from 82% (p16(INK4A) in HCC) to 33% and 39% (p15(INK4B) and p16(INK4A) in cirrhoses). In cases with only 1 methylated gene, p15(INK4B) in cirrhosis (8 of 17, 47%) and p16(INK4A) in HCC (10 of 11, 91%) were the more frequently altered. An optimal correlation was found between p15 and p16 gene methylation and complete protein loss in HCC detected by immunocytochemistry, whereas a partial loss of the same proteins was a feature of methylated cirrhoses. Inactivation by DNA methylation of several genes of the RB1 pathway is common to cirrhosis and HCC. An early pattern of methylatory events (1 methylated gene) is a feature of cirrhosis rather than HCC, whereas an advanced one (> or = 3 methylated genes) is characteristic of malignancy. Early methylation changes seem to involve p15(INK4B) and p16(INK4A) in cirrhosis and p16(INK4A) in HCC. In conclusion, a stepwise progression of methylating events is a feature of the sequence cirrhosis-HCC and contributes to the process of hepatic carcinogenesis with potential clinical implications.     

多种抑癌基因在食管鳞状细胞癌中的甲基化状态及其临床意义

抑癌基因甲基化与食管癌相关,目前多种抑癌基因与肿瘤家族史相关性的报道少见。目的：研究多种抑癌基因在食管鳞状细胞癌（ESCC）中的甲基化状态及其临床意义。方法：选取2010年2～7月浙江省肿瘤医院76例ESCC患者。应用MSP技术检测肿瘤组织和相应癌旁正常组织中APC、RARl32、CDHl、p16…、RASSFlA等5个抑癌基因的甲基化状态,并分析抑癌基因甲基化状态与肿瘤家族史的关系及其对预后的影响。结果：ESCC组织APC、RARe2、CDHl、p16慨、RASSFlA的甲基化率均显著高于相应癌旁正常组织（P〈0．05）。ESCC组织中APC、RARl32、CDHl、RASSFlA甲基化与肿瘤家族史相关（P〈0．05）：CDHl、RASSFlA甲基化患者的生存期明显低于非甲基化患者（P-0．015、P=0．016）。结论：ESCC患者存在抑癌基因APC、RARe2、CDHl、p16№、RASSFlA高甲基化;且APC、RARe2、CDHl、RASSFlA甲基化与肿瘤家族史显著相关,CDHl、RASSFlA甲基化患者的预后可能较差。     

Epigenetic silencing of LRRC3B in colorectal cancer

Objective. Tumor suppressor gene silencing via promoter hypermethylation is an important event in the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer (CRC). Some aberrant DNA hypermethylation has high tumor specificity, so it may contribute to early diagnosis of CRC. The objective of this study was to establish novel therapeutic and diagnostic strategies against CRC by identifying the novel methylation-related genes. Material andmethods. Two microarray-based approaches were used to identify novel methylation-related genes in CRC. We identified methylation-sensitive genes in colon cancer cell line SW1116 by comparing differential expression genes after treatment with the methylation inhibiting drug, 5-aza-2'-deoxycitidine (5-aza-dC) using gene expression microarray. Promoter microarray analysis was performed to identify cancer-specific, methylation-related genes in two patients with CRC. Gene promoter methylation was identified by methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (MSP) in primary CRC. Gene expression level was assessed using real-time PCR analysis. Results. By using gene expression microarray, up-regulation of 253 genes was detected in the CRC cell line, SW1116, after treatment with 5-aza-dC. Of the 253 genes identified by gene expression microarray analysis, LRRC3B (leucine-rich repeat containing 3B) was isolated as a potential methylation-specific gene by promoter microarray analysis. MSP analysis showed frequent methylation of LRRC3B in primary CRC (24/31 cases, 77%). In addition, the LRRC3B methylation intensity was significantly higher in cancer tissues than in the corresponding non-cancerous tissues. Decreased LRRC3B expression (17/31, 55%) was observed in the cancer tissues by real-time PCR. Conclusions.LRRC3B may be a novel methylation-sensitive tumor suppressor gene in CRC. LRRC3B methylation has significant tumor specificity and may be a biomarker of CRC.     

Methylation of the INK4A/ARF locus in blood mononuclear cells

In the detection of DNA hypermethylation as a tumor-specific epigenetic change in blood mononuclear cell fraction in patients with lymphoid and hematopoetic disorders, circulating tumor cells originating from the lymph nodes or bone marrow can be identified. However, it is still not clear whether methylation in mononuclear cells is disease specific. In the present study, we investigated whether methylation of the inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinase (INK) 4A/alternative reading frame (ARF) locus is present in a disease-specific manner in the blood mononuclear cell fraction of patients with lymphoma, multiple myeloma, or leukemia. To increase the sensitivity of detection, a two-step methylation-specific PCR approach was used to analyze the methylation status of the promoter/exon 1 regions of both p14ARF and p16INK4A genes. Our findings indicate that although INK4A/ARF locus methylation is present in mononuclear cells, this event is not disease-specific since normal subjects also display methylated DNA in their mononuclear cells. In 85.1% of the patients and in 89% of the controls, p16INK4A gene was methylated, while the methylation rates for the p14ARF gene was 32.6 and 36.5%, respectively. The presence of methylated CpG sites in DNA in samples from normal subjects was confirmed by bisulfite genomic sequencing. The difference in the methylation rate between p16INK4A and p14ARF genes among the patients was highly significant (p<0.001). Our results demonstrate that methylation of the INK4A/ARF locus is not a disease-specific molecular change in mononuclear cell fraction and that the p14ARF and p16INK4A genes are differentially methylated.     

Deletion of the p16INK4A gene in ex vivo acute adult T cell lymphoma/leukemia cells and methylation of the p16INK4A promoter in HTLV type I-infected T cell lines

The stoichiometry of the p16INK4A and p15INK4B proteins bound to the cyclin D-CDK4/6 complex regulates the entry of cells into the G1 phase of the cell cycle. Thus, their level of expression is essential in maintaining regulated cell growth. In several tumors, deletion of these genes has been reported and, more recently, promoter methylation has been suggested as an alternative mechanism to decrease the expression of these cell cycle inhibitor proteins. Here, we studied the methylation status and the integrity of the p16INK4A and p15INK4B genes in 8 chronically HTLV-I-infected T cell lines and in ex vivo cells from 14 ATLL patients. Deletion of the locus carrying both genes was not found in the HTLV-I-infected T cell lines but was found in seven of eight acute ATLL cases and in none of the PBMCs from the chronic cases or the affected lymph nodes of the lymphoma type. In contrast, partial or complete methylation of one or both genes was found only in chronically HTLV-I T cells. Thus, HTLV-I infection targets the p16INK4A and p15INK4B loci both in vitro and in vivo, although the mechanisms may differ.     

Methylation status analysis of cell cycle regulatory genes (p16INK4A, p15INK4B, p21Waf1/Cip1, p27Kip1 and p73) in natural killer cell disorders

Natural killer (NK) cell disorders are rare diseases. Genetic abnormalities of the several tumor suppressor genes, including p15INK4B, p16INK4A/p14ARF, p53, p73, and Rb genes have been reported. Deletions and point mutations of these genes are frequently detected in these diseases. It has been reported that tumor suppressor genes are inactivated by DNA methylation of the promoter region and/or first exon of the genes in a variety of human cancers. In this study we analyze the methylation status of the genes associated with cell cycle regulation, including p16INK4A, p15INK4B, p21/Waf1/Cip1, p27/Kip1, p73, and p14ARF, by methylation specific (MS) PCR and/or bisulfite sequencing. We examined 29 cases of NK cell disorders (five aggressive NK cell leukemia/lymphoma, three blastic NK cell lymphoma/leukemia, five nasal NK cell lymphoma, three myeloid/NK cell precursor acute leukemia, 13 chronic NK lymphocytosis). We found methylation of the first exon of the p16INK4A gene in two cases (one aggressive, one blastic), and methylation of the p14ARF gene in one aggressive NK cell leukemia. Bisulfite sequencing revealed that methylation of the p15 and p27 genes was rare in these disorders. MS-PCR suggested that the p73 and p21 genes were methylated in seven cases, respectively (p73: one blastic, one nasal, five chronic; p21: one myeloid/NK, one aggressive, one nasal, and four chronic); bisulfite sequencing confirmed that methylated alleles of these genes were dominant in the samples except three cases (one myeloid/NK, one aggressive, and one chronic) in which methylated alleles of the p21 genes were less than 34% of all alleles. These results suggested that inactivation of the cell cycle regulatory genes by DNA methylation could be associated with tumorigenesis in NK cell disorders, not only aggressive subtypes but also chronic subtype.     

胰腺癌细胞株HOXA7基因表达及其启动子区甲基化状态

目的 检测HOXA7 mRNA在胰腺癌细胞株中的表达及其启动子区的甲基化状态,探讨两者的相关性.方法 采用RT-PCR法检测人胰腺癌细胞株BxPC3、CFPAC1、PANC1和SW1990细胞的HOXA7 mRNA的表达水平.采用重亚硫酸盐测序PCR(bisulfite sequencing PCR,BSP)和结合重亚硫酸盐的限制性内切酶法(combined bisulfite restriction analysis,COBRA)检测启动子区域甲基化状态.应用去甲基化药物5-氮杂-2'-脱氧胞苷(5-aza-2-deoxycytidine,5-aza-dC)处理各细胞株,检测处理前后细胞HOXA7 mRNA表达和甲基化状态的变化.结果 胰腺癌细胞株BxPC3、CFPAC1和SW1990细胞均表达HOXA7 mRNA,而PANC1细胞不表达HOXA7 mRNA.CFPAC1、BxPC3、PANC1和SW1990中HOXA7启动子甲基化率分别为93.16%、90.65%、90.09%、52.30%,SW1990细胞的HOXA7甲基化率较其他三株细胞均明显降低(P值均＜0.01).经5-aza-dC处理后,PANC1细胞的HOXA7 mRNA重新表达,BxPC3的HOXA7 mRNA表达增强;而CFPAC1和SW1990细胞的HOXA7 mRNA在5-aza-dC处理前后无明显变化.结论 胰腺癌细胞株BxPC3和PANC1细胞的HOXA7mRNA表达与启动子区甲基化状态密切相关,而CFPAC 1和SW1990细胞两者无明显相关性.     

Mutations and altered expression of p16INK4 in human cancer.

Cell cycle arrest at the G1 checkpoint allows completion of critical macromolecular events prior to S phase. Regulators of the G1 checkpoint include an inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinase, p16INK4; two tumor-suppressor proteins, p53 and RB (the product of the retinoblastoma-susceptibility gene); and cyclin D1. Neither p16INK4 nor the RB protein was detected in 28 of 29 tumor cell lines from human lung, esophagus, liver, colon, and pancreas. The presence of p16INK4 protein is inversely correlated with detectable RB or cyclin D1 proteins and is not correlated with p53 mutations. Homozygous deletions of p16INK4 were detected in several cell lines, but intragenic mutations of this gene were unusual in either cell lines or primary tumors. Transfection of the p16INK4 cDNA expression vector into carcinoma cells inhibits their colony-forming efficiency and the p16INK4 expressing cells are selected against with continued passage in vitro. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that p16INK4 is a tumor-suppressor protein and that genetic and epigenetic abnormalities in genes controlling the G1 checkpoint can lead to both escape from senescence and cancer formation.     

氧化苦参碱对人结肠癌细胞株SW1116杀伤作用的实验研究

目的探讨氧化苦参碱(OM)对于人结肠癌细胞株SW1116的杀伤作用及其抗肿瘤作用的机制。方法采用四甲基偶氮唑蓝(MTT)比色法、流式细胞仪、PCR—ELISA和RT-PCR法检测OM对SW1116细胞的杀伤作用、细胞周期分布、端粒酶活性和端粒酶逆转录酶(hTERT)及其上游调控基因(c-myc、p53、mad1)表达的影响。结果0M对SW1116细胞具有剂量依赖性杀伤作用；可以引起G1／G0期细胞增加、S期细胞减少；OM可抑制SW1116细胞的端粒酶活性，其作用呈剂量和时间依赖性；OM可引起SW1116细胞hTERT基因表达下调，pS3和mad1基因的表达升高，对c-myc基因的表达无影响。结论OM对人结肠癌细胞株SW1116具有杀伤作用，可能通过影响hTERT及其上游调控基因的表达来抑制肿瘤细胞端粒酶活性，发挥其抗肿瘤作用。     

Aberrant methylation of <Emphasis Type="Italic">p16</Emphasis> predicts candidates for 5-fluorouracil-based adjuvant therapy in gastric cancer patients

Background Aberrant methylation of some cancer-related genes has been reported to correlate with sensitivity to chemotherapeutic agents. The present study was designed to determine whether DNA methylation in six cancer-related genes affects recurrence of gastric cancer in patients who received 5-fluorouracil-based adjuvant chemotherapy. Methods The methylation status of six genes, MGMT, CHFR, hMLH1, p16INK4a, E-cadherin, and Runx3, was analyzed in 56 surgically resected gastric cancer tissue specimens by methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction. Of the 56 patients who underwent surgical resection, 38 received 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)-based adjuvant chemotherapy postoperatively (adjuvant group), whereas the other 18 (32%) did not (surgery group). Results There were no significant differences between the two groups with respect to sex, cancer differentiation, depth of tumor invasion, lymph node metastasis, lymphatic invasion, vascular invasion and tumor stage. Among the genes, methylation of p16INK4a showed a significant correlation with longer survival in the 38 patients of the adjuvant group, but not in the 18 patients of the surgery group. A multivariate analysis identified p16INK4a methylation to be an independent factor predicting a longer recurrence-free period under 5-FU-based adjuvant chemotherapy. Conclusions The present study demonstrated for the first time that gastric cancer patients with p16INK4a methylation specifically benefit from 5-FU-based adjuvant chemotherapy.